Desenvolvimento de um método expedito para avaliação da biodegradabilidade do couro

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Engenharia Sanitária

Digestão anaeróbia de resíduos agroalimentares: reutilização das frações líquidas e sólidas (state-of-art)

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia

Functional and structural studies of a mini-ferritin protein

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Bioquímica

Modelling of a wastewater treatment plant using GPS-X

Dissertation to obtain the degree of Master in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering

Predictive analytical and numerical modeling for orthogonal cutting

In this thesis, a predictive analytical and numerical modeling approach for the orthogonal cutting process is proposed to calculate temperature distributions and subsequently, forces and stress distributions. The models proposed include a constitutive model for the material being cut based on the work of Weber, a model for the shear plane based on Merchants model, a model describing the contribution of friction based on Zorev’s approach, a model for the effect of wear on the tool based on the work of Waldorf, and a thermal model based on the works of Komanduri and Hou, with a fraction heat partition for a non-uniform distribution of the heat in the interfaces, but extended to encompass a set of contributions to the global temperature rise of chip, tool and work piece. The models proposed in this work, try to avoid from experimental based values or expressions, and simplifying assumptions or suppositions, as much as possible. On a thermo-physical point of view, the results were affected not only by the mechanical or cutting parameters chosen, but also by their coupling effects, instead of the simplifying way of modeling which is to contemplate only the direct effect of the variation of a parameter. The implementation of these models was performed using the MATLAB environment. Since it was possible to find in the literature all the parameters for AISI 1045 and AISI O2, these materials were used to run the simulations in order to avoid arbitrary assumption.

Preparação e caracterização de filmes poliméricos inteligentes incorporando grafenos para aplicações biomédicas

O objectivo deste trabalho foi combinar o comportamento magnético de micropartículas de óxido de grafeno (GO) modificado com Fe3O4 (GO - 0%, 0.05%, 0.1% e 0.2%) com as propriedades do polímero álcool polivinílico (PVA), nomeadamente a sua elasticidade, de forma a obter-se materiais poliméricos com capacidade de reversão das suas características estruturais, topográficas e consequentemente controlar as suas características de transporte por ajuste de campo magnético. Preparou-se e caracterizou-se filmes/membranas poliméricas de PVA com GO na presença e ausência de campo magnético. Caracterizou-se a morfologia destas membranas, através de microscopia óptica e de varrimento electrónico; o efeito na superfície de membranas por incorporação de GO através de ângulos de contacto, a avaliação da estabilidade estrutural e química através de estudos de inchamento e degradação, adsorção de proteínas e o impacto da presença de GO e o seu comportamento magnético na permeabilidade a gases. As membranas apresentaram boa afinidade com o GO, e um bom alinhamento das micropartículas quando expostas a campo. A estabilidade estrutural foi avaliada durante um período de imersão de 28 dias, usando uma solução de PBS a 0.01M, a pH 6.9 e a 37ºC. A análise dos espectros de UV-Vis obtidos para solução de imersão ao longo do tempo não revelaram degradação das membranas. O efeito na rugosidade da superfície das membranas por incorporação de GOs obteve-se através de ensaios de ângulos de contacto de glicerol. Verificou-se um aumento destes com o aumento de %GO; uma diminuição dos ângulos quando as membranas humidificadas foram expostas a um campo magnético de intensidade 0.0832T; e um aumento destes nas membranas expostas a humidade e temperatura controlada, a 50% e 17ºC. Foi observado o efeito do conteúdo magnético existente nas membranas alinhadas e não-alinhadas, com diferentes %GO, no desempenho da adsorção de BSA, submetidas a campo. Verificou-se um aumento de adsorção na membrana com menor %GO, devido provavelmente ao aumento da sua rugosidade; e a diminuição de adsorção com o aumento de intensidade de campo. Nos ensaios de permeabilidade, observou-se que a membrana de PVA (0% GO) é mais permeável ao CO2 do que ao O2. As membranas com GOs (0.05% e 0.1%) apresentam uma maior permeabilidade ao O2 do que ao CO2, devendo-se isto a uma provável alteração topográfica das membranas por incorporação das micropartículas já referidas.

Aquaponics and its potential aquaculture wastewater treatment and human urine treatment

The main objective of this thesis is to study the developing fields of aquaponics and its potential for aquaculture wastewater treatment and human urine treatment. Aquaponics is a food production system which combines fish farming (aquaculture) with soilless crop farming (hydroponics). In this thesis the concept of aquaponics and the underlying processes are explained. Research on aquaculture wastewater and human urine wastewater is reviewed and its potential application with aquaponic systems is studied. An overview of the different types of aquaponic systems and current research on the field is also presented. A case study was conducted in a farm in Askeröd, Sweden, which involved building two aquaponic systems (System 1 and System 2) and a human urine-based aquaponic system (System 3), with different degrees of component complexity and sizes. The design, building and monitoring of System 1, System 2 and System 3 was documented and described in detail. Four day experiments were conducted which tested the evolution in concentration of Total Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4+/NH3), Nitrite (NO2-), Nitrate (NO3-), Phosphate (PO43-), and Dissolved Oxygen (O2) after an initial nutrient input. The goal was to assess the concentrations of these parameters after four days and compare them with relevant literature examples in the aquaculture industry and in source-separated urine research. Neither of the two aquaponic systems (System 1 and System 2) displayed all of the parameter concentrations in the last day of testing below reference values found in literature. The best performing of the aquaponic systems was the more complex system (System 2) combining the hydroponic Nutrient Film Technique with a Deep Water Culture component, with a Total Ammonia Nitrogen concentration of 0,20 mg/L, a Nitrite concentration of 0,05 mg/L, a Nitrate concentration of 1,00-5,00 mg/L, a Phosphate concentration of <0,02 mg/L and a Dissolved Oxygen concentration of 8,00 mg/L. The human urine-based aquaponic system (System 3) underperformed in achieving the reference concentration values in literature for most parameters. The removal percentage between the higher recorded values after the input addition and the final day of testing was calculated for two literature examples of separated urine treatment and System 3. The system had a removal percentage of 75% for Total Ammonia Nitrogen, 98% for Nitrite, 25% for Nitrate and 50% for Phosphate. These percentages still underperformed literature examples in most of the tested parameters. The results gathered allowed to conclude that while aquaculture wastewater treatment and human urine treatment is possible with aquaponics systems, overall these did not perform as well as some examples found in recirculating aquaculture systems and source-separated urine treatment literature. However, better measuring techniques, longer testing periods and more research is recommended in this field in order to draw an improved representative conclusion.

Effects of an exercise program on the functional capacity of patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease, evaluated by cardiopulmonary testing

INTRODUCTION: Despite all efforts to restrict its transmission, Chagas' disease remains a severe public health problem in Latin America, affecting 8-12 million individuals. Chronic Chagas' heart disease, the chief factor in the high mortality rate associated with the illness, affects more than half a million Brazilians. Its evolution may result in severe heart failure associated with loss of functional capacity and quality of life, with important social and medical/labor consequences. Many studies have shown the beneficial effect of regular exercise on cardiac patients, but few of them have focused on chronic Chagas' heart disease. METHODS: This study evaluated the effects of an exercise program on the functional capacity of patients with chronic Chagas' disease who were treated in outpatient clinics at the Evandro Chagas Institute of Clinical Research and the National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The exercises were performed 3 times a week for 1 h (30 min of aerobic activity and 30 min of resistance exercises and extension) over 6 months in 2010. Functional capacity was evaluated by comparing the direct measurement of the O2 uptake volume (VO2) obtained by a cardiopulmonary exercise test before and after the program (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Eighteen patients (13 females) were followed, with minimum and maximum ages of 30 and 72 years, respectively. We observed an average increase of VO2peak > 10% (p = 0.01949). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a statistically significant improvement in functional capacity with regular exercise of the right intensity.

Efeito do teor em Y2O3 nos catalisadores suportados de 8%Ni/α-Al2O3 durante a reação de oxidação parcial do Metano para produção de Hidrogénio

Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de cinco catalisadores de Níquel suportados em α-Alumina, com diferentes teores em Ítria, durante a reação de Oxidação Parcial do Metano para a produção de Hidrogénio: 8%Ni/α-Al2O3, 8%Ni/2%Y2O3.α-Al2O3, 8%Ni/2,5%Y2O3.α-Al2O3, 8%Ni/5%Y2O3.α-Al2O3 e 8%Ni/Y2O3. Foram realizados testes catalíticos numa Unidade de Reação acoplada a um equipamento de análise, microGC. A reação decorreu à temperatura de 800 °C, num reator laboratorial de quartzo, durante 18 horas, com uma mistura pura de CH4 e O2 (Condição Concentrada). Os resultados demonstraram um aumento de atividade para os catalisadores de suporte misto com maior teor em Y2O3. Usando o mesmo procedimento, a reação de OPM foi realizada também para outra mistura reacional de CH4 e O2, mas agora diluída em Hélio (Condição Diluída). Estes resultados permitiram avaliar a velocidade de reação e a atividade dos catalisadores (TOF), para diferentes valores de temperatura, numa situação inicial de ausência de coque. Numa segunda etapa, avaliou-se o desempenho dos mesmos materiais durante 2 horas de reação à temperatura constante de 800 ℃. Finalmente, através da técnica de caraterização de XPS, identificaram-se as espécies presentes na superfície dos catalisadores. Os resultados sugerem que há formação de um composto intermediário NiYO3 formado entre o metal e o promotor Y2O3, conferindo atividade e estabilidade aos catalisadores e reduzindo a deposição de coque. O catalisador com maior teor em Y2O3 (8%Ni/5%Y2O3.α-Al2O3) foi o mais beneficiado com a adição do promotor, demonstrando melhor desempenho para a produção de H2 na Reação de Oxidação Parcial do Metano.

Desenvolvimento piloto de novas tipologias de fibras sintéticas

O presente trabalho, desenvolvido nas instalações da FISIPE, teve como objectivo a caracterização de fibra oxidada (FOX),actualmente em desenvolvimento, com vista ao controlo de processo e de qualidade, e centrou-se em quatro parâmetros: i. Densidade; ii. Índice de Aromaticidade; iii. Índice de Oxigénio Limitante; iv. Grupos funcionais. No estudo da densidade realizou-se: a. Consolidação do método actualmente usado na empresa, observando-se uma redução da incerteza para metade (±0,005 gcm-3). b. Análise de diferentes amostras de FOX que apresentaram valores entre 1,348-1,387 gcm-3, que atendendo à incerteza do método, se encontram dentro dos valores de referência (1,35-1,39 gcm-3). c. Previsão de densidades ao longo da etapa de estabilização oxidativa. Confirmou-se ser apenas possível pela expressão apresentada numa das fontes consultada. Para o Índice de Aromaticidade (AI) efectuou-se: a. Estudo de quatro métodos de integração de curvas de DSC para determinação do calor de combustão que permite determinar o AI. Verificou-se que o mais indicado seria o uso da temperatura de on-set como limite inferior à linha de base de integração. b. Análise de diferentes amostras de FOX, observando-se valores de AI entre os 66% e 81%. Na determinação do Índice de Oxigénio Limitante, parâmetro exclusivo de qualidade, analisaram-se amostras de cabo pela adaptação da norma ASTM D 2863-06a. Obtiveram-se valores acima dos 40%O2 para a fibra oxidada. Para a verificação dos grupos funcionais realizou-se: a. Análise de FTIR, confirmando-se o desaparecimento de grupos nitrilo em função do tempo de oxidação, e a formação de bandas conjugadas e sobrepostas, indicando a presença de estruturas ciclizadas e aromatizadas. b. Proposta de um mecanismo reaccional para a reacção de oxidação de uma determinada fibra precursora. Com o intuito de minimizar o tempo de caracterização das FOX, procurou-se ainda encontrar uma correlação entre a densidade e o Índice de Aromaticidade, tanto ao longo da etapa de oxidação, como da fibra oxidada final. Conclui-se que não é possível estabelecer uma relação matemática para as amostras analisadas.

Relationship between plasma creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration in preterm newborn infants

Fluid management and dosage regimens of drugs in preterm infants should be based on the glomerular filtration rate. The current methods to determine glomerular flitration rate are invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. In contrast, creatinine clearance can be easy obtained and quickly determined. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma creatinine on the third and seventh day of life in preterm newborn infants, to evaluate the influence of maternal creatinine, and to demonstrate creatinine clearance can be used as a reliable indicator of glomerular filtration rate. We developed a prospective study (1994) including 40 preterm newborns (gestational age < 37 weeks), average = 34 weeks; birth weight (average) = 1840 g, in the first week of life. Inclusion criteria consisted of: absence of renal and urinary tract anomalies; O2 saturation 3 92%; adequate urine output (>1ml/kg/hr); normal blood pressure; absence of infections and no sympathomimetic amines in use. A blood sample was collected to determine plasma creatinine (enzymatic method) on the third and seventh day of life and creatinine clearance (CrCl) was obtained using the following equation: , k = 0.33 in preterm infant All plasma creatinine determinations showed normal values [third day: 0.78 mg/dl ± 0.24 (mean ± SD)and seventh day: 0.67 mg/dl ± 0.31 - (p>0.05)]. Also all creatinine clearance at third and seventh day of life were normal [third day: 19.5 ml/min ± 5.2 (mean ± SD) and seventh day: 23.8 ml/min ± 7.3 - (p>0,05)]. All preterm infants developed adequate renal function for their respective gestational age. In summary, our results indicate that, for clinical practice, the creatinine clearance, using newborn length, can be used to estimate glomerular filtration rate in preterm newborn infants.

Respiratory characteristics of Hoplostenum littorale (Siluriformes, Callichthyidae)

Hematological parameters, intraerythrocytic phosphates, hemoglobin, and whole blood Bohr effect of the South American armored catfish Hoplostenum littorale were studied during different seasons of the year. In addition, the degree of dependence on air breathing was determined for this species. The hematological parameters presented seasonal variations, which were not correlated to oxygen, temperature, and water level oscillations. Five anodic hemoglobin fractions were detected in starch gel electrophoresis. In addition to ATP, GTP and Fe-GTP being detected, 2,3-DPG was also detected in red blood cells of H. littorale. The latter is an intraerythrocytic phosphate characteristic to red blood cells of mammalians. The increased production of 2,3-DPG could be associated with decreasing Hb-O2 affinity and both features could be related to environmental temperature increase. Whole blood Bohr effect was influenced by water temperature. This study confirms H. littorale to be continuous and not obligate air breather, under all dissolved oxygen level conditions.

Antibacterial properties of fibrous stents coated with silver oxide nanocoatings

Stents are rigid and perforated tubular structures, which are inserted into blood vessels in order to prevent or inhibit the constriction of blood flow, restoring the normal blood flow, when blood vessels are clogged, being used in 70% of angioplasties. These medical devices assume great importance in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) which are the leading cause of death worldwide. In the European Union CVD account for 40% of deaths and assume an estimated annual cost of 196 billion euros[1]. Stents must possess certain requirements, in order to, adequately, perform its function, such as biocompatibility (so that its use does not c ause damage on the health of its user), mechanical strength, radiopacity (so that it is easy to view), longitudinal flexibility, ease of handling, corrosion resistance and having high strength and high radial expansion ability to recover. Stents can be made of different materials, but metals, particularly stainless steel, are the most common. However, metallic stents present several dRawbacks such as corrosion and restenosis, leading to health complications for the patient, or even death. In order to minimize these disadvantages, new materials, like fibrous materials, have been used [2]. Monofilaments present high potential for stents development because, in addition to its biocompatibility, these materials allow the application of various surface treatments, such as antibacterial coatings. Furthermore, monofilament exhibit excellent mechanical properties, like greater stiffness and good results when subjected to compression, tensile and bending forces, since these forces will be directly supported by the monofilament [3]. To minimize the reaction of the human body and Limit the adhesion of microorganisms to the stent surface, some coatings have been developed, including the use of novel metals with antimicrobial properties, like silver. The main objective of this study was the development of fibrous stents, incorporation of silver oxide nanocoating. For the development of the stent, polyester monofilaments with 0.27mm of diameter were used in braiding technology, with a mandrel diameter of 6mm and a braiding angle of 35⁰. The mechanical behaviour of the stent were evaluated by mechanical testing under longitudinal and radial compression, bending. The results of compressive strength tests are according with value from literature: 1.13 to 2.9 N for radial compression and 0. 16-5.28N to longitudinal compression. From literature is also possible to verify that stents must present 75% of unchanged diameter during the bending test and must possess a porosity between 70% and 80% [4]. The produced polyester stent presents values of 1.29N for radial compression, 0.23N for longitudinal compression, 80% of porosity and 85.5% of unchanged diameter, during bending tests. For the antibacterial functionalization, silver oxide nanocoatings were prepared, through reactive magnetron g, with an Ag target in an Ar +O2 atmosphere. In order to evaluate the nanostructure and morphology of the coatings, d ifferent technique s like X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and and X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS were used. From the analyses of XRD it is possible to verify that the peaks corresponds to planes of Ag2 O and MATERIAIS 2015 Porto, 21-23 June, 2015 characterize a cubic phase. The presence of Ag2 O is corroborated by XPS spectrum, where it is possible to observe silver, not only, in oxide state, but a lso in mettalic state, and it is possible to verify the presence of silver clusters, confirmed by SEM analysis. Films’ roughness and topography, parameters influencing the wettability of the surface and microorganism adhesion, were measured by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and it was observed that the roughness is very low (under 10 nm). Coatings’ hydrophobicity and surface tension parameters were determined by contact angle measurement, and it was verified the hydrophobic behavior of the coatings. For antibacterial tests were used Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (IE186) and Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 6538), and halo inhibition zone tests were realized. Ag+release rates were studied by means of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP -MS). The obtained results suggest that silver oxide coatings do not modify significantly surface properties of the substrate, like hydrophobicity and roughness, and present antimicrobial properties for both bacteria used.

Seasonal and spatial variations in limnological conditions of a floodplain lake (lake Catalão) connected to both the Solimões and Negro Rivers, Central Amazonia

Lakes play an important role in biogeochemical, ecological and hydrological processes in the river-floodplain system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the limnological conditions of Catalão Lake, an Amazon floodplain lake. Thus, some of the main limnological environment variables (O2, temperature, pH, nutrient, electrical conductivity) of the Catalão Lake were analyzed under temporal and spacial scales. The study was conducted between November/2004 and August/2005. Sampling excursion were carried out every three months; one excursion for each of the four different hydrological periods (low water, rising water, high water and falling water). Sampling points were chosen so that it could be obtained a gradient of the distance from Negro River. Limnological profiles in Catalão Lake showed generally acidic to slightly alcaline water, with low levels of dissolved oxygen and low concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorous. The Negro River seems to exert the main influence during the rising water period, while the Solimões River is the principal controlling river during peak water. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) grouped the seasonal collections by hydrological period, showing the formation of a north-south spatial gradient within the lake in relation to the limnological variables. Multivariate dispersion analysis based on distance-to-centroid method demonstrated an increase in similarity over the course of the hydrological cycle, as the lake was inundated in response to the flood pulse of the main river channels. However, the largest spatial homogeneity in the lake was observed in the epilimnion layer, during the falling water period. The daily analysis of variation indicated an oligomitic pattern during the years in which the lake was permanently connected to the Negro River. Although Catalão Lake receives large quantities of both black water from the Negro River and sediment-filled water from the Solimões River, the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake are more similar to those of the Solimões (várzea lake) than the Negro (blackwater lake).

Pseudomonas aeruginosa diversification during infection development in cystic fibrosis lungs

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica (área de especialização em Engenharia Clínica)