952 resultados para Modèle client-serveur
Resumo:
Suite aux graves crises bancaires et financières qui ont secoué la plupart de sociétés occidentales au début des années 1930, on assiste à un foisonnement de réglementations publiques sur les activités bancaires. Parmi les très nombreux pays qui mettent en place des législations bancaires, l'on compte notamment la Suisse et la Belgique. Plus précisément, la loi fédérale suisse sur les banques de novembre 1934 précède de quelques mois l'arrêté royal belge no 185 de juillet 1935. Alors que le contexte historique et l'élaboration respective de chacune de ces réglementations ont déjà fait l'objet de plusieurs analyses, la comparaison et la question des éventuels liens entre ces deux régimes de surveillance bancaire très proches sont encore largement inexplorées. Une analyse détaillée du processus d'élaboration de la réglementation bancaire belge révèle que la loi suisse a joué un rôle de modèle mis en avant en premier chef par les représentants du monde bancaire. Cette influence helvétique a contribué à façonner la régulation bancaire dans une perspective libérale ; elle répondait ainsi à deux besoins essentiels: limiter l'interventionnisme étatique au minimum, et court-circuiter le pouvoir de la banque centrale. Cette parenté de naissance entre les deux lois bancaires trouve son pendant dans les activités clés deux organismes de surveillance créés pour l'occasion, la Commission fédérale des banques à Berne et la Commission bancaire à Bruxelles. Disposant toutes deux de moyens d'actions limités, ces deux instances ont connu des parcours analogues au cours de leurs premières années d'activité.
Resumo:
Internationalization and the following rapid growth have created the need to concentrate the IT systems of many small-to-medium-sized production companies. Enterprise Resource Planning systems are a common solution for such companies. Deployment of these ERP systems consists of many steps, one of which is the implementation of the same shared system at all international subsidiaries. This is also one of the most important steps in the internationalization strategy of the company from the IT point of view. The mechanical process of creating the required connections for the off-shore sites is the easiest and most well-documented step along the way, but the actual value of the system, once operational, is perceived in its operational reliability. The operational reliability of an ERP system is a combination of many factors. These factors vary from hardware- and connectivity-related issues to administrative tasks and communication between decentralized administrative units and sites. To accurately analyze the operational reliability of such system, one must take into consideration the full functionality of the system. This includes not only the mechanical and systematic processes but also the users and their administration. All operational reliability in an international environment relies heavily on hardware and telecommunication adequacy so it is imperative to have resources dimensioned with regard to planned usage. Still with poorly maintained communication/administration schemes no amount of bandwidth or memory will be enough to maintain a productive level of reliability. This thesis work analyzes the implementation of a shared ERP system to an international subsidiary of a Finnish production company. The system is Microsoft Dynamics Ax, currently being introduced to a Slovakian facility, a subsidiary of Peikko Finland Oy. The primary task is to create a feasible base of analysis against which the operational reliability of the system can be evaluated precisely. With a solid analysis the aim is to give recommendations on how future implementations are to be managed.
Resumo:
L'État s'appuie aujourd'hui sur le secteur privé pour déployer les nombreuses activités qui sont les siennes et cela suivant de multiples formules : en tant que client ou partenaire, dans le cadre de collaborations ou au sein de structures communes (sociétés d'économie mixte), voire dans le modèle de la privatisation. La 18e Journée de droit administratif, organisée à Lausanne le 10 février 2015, a ainsi choisi pour thème une modalité particulière de cette collaboration, fréquente aujourd'hui, celle de la délégation d'activités étatiques au secteur privé. Elle implique un transfert - partiel - de responsabilité de l'État au bénéficiaire de la délégation, pour un ensemble d'activités déterminées ; tel est le cas par exemple de celles accomplies par une caisse maladie dans le domaine de l'assurance-maladie sociale, une association interprofessionnelle investie de tâches de formation professionnelle ou encore le concessionnaire d'une ligne de transport public. Dans un premier temps, l'ouvrage revisite brièvement le phénomène dans une approche non juridique. Il s'agit en particulier d'en repérer les justifications (managériales ou, plus largement, économiques) et de prendre la mesure des objections qu'on lui oppose, notamment sur le plan démocratique. Le coeur de l'analyse porte sur le régime juridique applicable à ce mécanisme. Après une introduction générale, les principaux thèmes liés à la délégation de tâches publiques sont abordés. Comment, tout d'abord, prend naissance la relation entre l'administration et le délégataire, par quel type d'acte (décision, contrat) et selon quelle procédure intervient le choix du délégataire ? Sont traitées ensuite des relations de ce dernier avec les particuliers, plus spécialement sous l'angle des droits fondamentaux. L'ouvrage présente en outre le cadre juridique pertinent lorsque la délégation porte respectivement sur une activité étatique classique (ministérielle ; non économique) ou, au contraire, sur une activité à caractère économique ; les divergences, on le verra, sont nombreuses entre ces deux grandes catégories de délégations. Une étude sectorielle, consacrée au cas spécifique de la délégation aux hôpitaux (qui porte plus précisément sur les prestations de soins aigus en milieu stationnaire, à charge de l'assurance-maladie de base), complète la perspective. Le présent ouvrage dresse en définitive un « état de la question » du droit suisse sur le thème très actuel de la délégation ; une synthèse finale permet encore de nouer la gerbe dans une approche comparative.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVE: Client change talk has been proposed as a mechanism of change in motivational interviewing (MI) by mediating the link between therapist MI-consistent behaviors (MICO) and client behavioral outcomes. We tested under what circumstances this mechanism was supported in the context of a clinical trial of brief MI for heavy drinking among nontreatment seeking young men. METHOD: We conducted psycholinguistic coding of 174 sessions using the MI Skill Code 2.1 and derived the frequency of MICO and the strength of change talk (CTS) averaged over the session. CTS was examined as a mediator of the relationship between MICO and a drinking composite score measured at 3-month follow-up, controlling for the composite measure at baseline. Finally, we tested therapist gender and MI experience as well as client readiness to change and alcohol problem severity as moderators of this mediation model. RESULTS: CTS significantly predicted outcome (higher strength related to less drinking), but MICO did not predict CTS. However, CTS mediated the relationship between MICO and drinking outcomes when therapists had more experience in MI and when clients had more severe alcohol problems (i.e., significant conditional indirect effects). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism hypothesized by MI theory was operative in our brief MI with heavy drinking young men, but only under particular conditions. Our results suggest that attention should be paid to therapist selection, training, and/or supervision until they reach a certain level of competence, and that MI might not be appropriate for nontreatment seeking clients drinking at a lower level of risk. (PsycINFO Database Record
Resumo:
Marketing has studied the permanence of a client within an enterprise because it is a key element in the study of the value (economic) of the client (CLV). The research that they have developed is based in deterministic or random models, which allowed estimating the permanence of the client, and the CLV. However, when it is not possible to apply these schemes for not having the panel data that this model requires, the period of time of a client with the enterprise is uncertain data. We consider that the value of the current work is to have an alternative way to estimate the period of time with subjective information proper of the theory of uncertainty.
Resumo:
Data traffic caused by mobile advertising client software when it is communicating with the network server can be a pain point for many application developers who are considering advertising-funded application distribution, since the cost of the data transfer might scare their users away from using the applications. For the thesis project, a simulation environment was built to mimic the real client-server solution for measuring the data transfer over varying types of connections with different usage scenarios. For optimising data transfer, a few general-purpose compressors and XML-specific compressors were tried for compressing the XML data, and a few protocol optimisations were implemented. For optimising the cost, cache usage was improved and pre-loading was enhanced to use free connections to load the data. The data traffic structure and the various optimisations were analysed, and it was found that the cache usage and pre-loading should be enhanced and that the protocol should be changed, with report aggregation and compression using WBXML or gzip.
Resumo:
The aim of this master’s thesis was to specify a system requiring minimal configuration and providing maximal connectivity in the vein of Skype but for device management purposes. As peer-to-peer applications are pervasive and especially as Skype is known to provide this functionality, the research was focused on these technologies. The resulting specification was a hybrid of a tiered hierarchical network structure and a Kademlia based DHT. A prototype was produced as a proof-of-concept for the hierarchical topology, demonstrating that the specification was feasible.
Resumo:
ERP system is now attracting the SMEs, as it is now economical and affordable for them. The current research emphasizes on “how to make ERP successful for SMEs”. The researchers have identified various critical success factors in implementation of ERP. The research gap noticed by author is the missing point of view of ERP consultant. This thesis investigates the answer of research question “What are the critical success factors in implementation of ERP system in SMEs in opinion of ERP consultants and acquiring organizations”. The purpose of this study is to identify the highly important and less important factors. The study results will suggest the ERP managers where they have to concentrate more in order to achieve success. Literature is reviewed in order to setup a base for empirical study. Aplenty of work is found related to CSFs, SMEs and ERP. The authors and factors are organized in form of a table that tells which author is agreed upon which factor. Final result of literature review is a list of 14 CSFs. The qualitative research methodology is used to investigate the ERP in Pakistani SMEs. A case study approach is selected because of unified nature of SMEs in Pakistan. A rice mill is selected as a case because it contains maximum SME attributes. The opinion of a Microsoft certified consultant is obtained by a semi-structured interview. Similarly a semi-structured interview is conducted with CIO of SME that acquired ERP. Both the interviewees are asked about all 14 factors, whether they are agree or not and why. The collected evidences then analyzed by tabulation. The factors upon which both the participants found agreed, taken as highly important. Similarly the factors upon which both participants found disagree, taken as less important. Study results present a grid with four quadrants, the CSFs highly important in opinion of both, the CSFs less important in opinion of both, CSFs important in opinion of consultant but not client, CSFs important in opinion of client but not consultant. In discussion part, the significance of each factor is discussed individually. It is discussed that why some factors are high/less important for SMEs in Pakistan. The study output communicates a message that the success of ERP system in SMEs is linked with careful management of five important factors, the project management, top management support, user training and education, consultant participation and ERP teamwork and composition. The ERP consultants and managers can divert their concentration from less important factors such as user involvement, culture readiness and ERP package selection, toward the highly important factors. The limitations of the study are small number of interviews and less people involved, provide an opportunity for future research in this field of information system.
Resumo:
There has been an increase in the interest in service design, as companies have become more customer-centric and their focus has shifted to customer experiences. The actual organisational purchasing of service design has been given little attention, until recent years. The purpose of this study is to explore the purchasing of service design from the perspectives of sellers (service design agencies) and buying clients (business organisations). In order to understand the phenomenon, also agencies and clients’ approaches to service design discipline, purchasing processes, challenges related to purchasing and ways of facilitating the purchasing are explored. The research follows qualitative research method and utilises abductive reasoning. A proposition framework was formed by combining services marketing, design and organisational buying behaviour literatures, and was tested against real-life business cases. Empirical data was gathered by interviewing eight service design agency representatives and five client representatives in Finland. The results of semi-structural interviews were analysed by finding repetitive themes. The proposition framework was updated according to interview findings. There were both similarities and differences in service design agencies and clients’ approaches to service design. Service design represents a strategic activity to both parties, and it helps in clients’ business development and in discovering opportunities. It is an ideology; a way of thinking and working. The driving force for purchasing service design seemed to be something else than service design itself. Projects have been bought for 1) change and innovation related development, 2) channel related development or for 3) customer experience related development. Seven purchasing challenge themes were recognised: 1) poor or differing service design understanding, 2) selling of service design, 3) varying expectations, 4) difficulty of pre-evaluation, 5) buyers and buying companies, 6) project process and nature and 7) unclear project results. These all can be considered to cause challenges in organisational service design purchasing. Challenges can be caused by either participant, the agency or the client, and take place at any point of the purchasing process. Some of the challenges could be considered as barriers to purchasing or they play a role in an unsuccessful service project – and therefore, result in an unsuccessful organisational purchase. Purchasing could be facilitated in various ways by either participant; some ways are more attitude based, others actionable improvements. Thesis’s theoretical and managerial findings can be utilised to both improve the selling and purchasing of service design services.