Anorexie: évaluation et prise en charge somatiques [Anorexia: somatic assessment and management].

Anorexia nervosa, which affects about 2-3% of the general population, is the psychiatric illness with the highest rate of mortality. The management is often complex, requiring multiple stakeholders on the patient's physical and psychiatric. The new specialized centre "abC" (anorexia-bulimia, Centre vaudois) was created with the objective of providing quality services to patients involved and to provide a network facilitating the interaction between physicians and specialized institutions. This is an inter-institutional and interdisciplinary collaboration born of the CHUV and the eHnv (Hospitalized Institutions in Nord Vaudois). The abC includes an outpatient pole (CHUV) and a hospital unit on the site of Saint Loup. At term, it will include a day centre (CHUV).

Prevalência de lesões de tornozelo nos jogadores de Futebol do Sporting Clube da Praia – época 2008/09

O presente trabalho inscreve-se no âmbito do curso de Licenciatura em Fisioterapia na Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde e visa essencialmente estudar os factores de risco das lesões do tornozelo contraídos pelos jogadores de futebol do Sporting Clube da Praia. Minghelli et al. (2012), apoiando-se em vários autores (Cohen et al., 1997; Reilly, 2003), referem que o futebol exige dos jogadores a aquisição de diversas vertentes físicas, como resistência, velocidade, força, agilidade e flexibilidade e se caracteriza pelo intenso contacto físico, movimentos curtos, rápidos e não contínuos como a aceleração, desaceleração e mudanças súbitas de direcção. Ainda, aludem que estas exigências físicas cada vez maiores obrigam os atletas a exercitarem-se próximo dos limites máximos de exaustão, levando uma maior predisposição à ocorrência de lesões. Em termos metodológicos, combinamos duas técnicas de recolha de dados empíricos – questionário e observação. Estes procedimentos foram efectuados no momento da realização do exame físico dos jogadores, dos testes especiais e específicos para a avaliação e do diagnóstico da articulação do tornozelo. O universo foi de 27 jogadores do Sporting Clube da Praia da época 2008/09. Os dados foram tratados no software estatístico SPSS, versão 16,0. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que as lesões da articulação do tornozelo são os traumatismos mais comuns em desportos, caracterizadas por um dano que tenha ocorrido em um ou mais dos ligamentos localizados na articulação do tornozelo, que ocorrem como resultado de movimentos ou stress repetitivos, mas também podem estar associadas com factores anatómicos como pronação excessiva ou alinhamento cavo no membro inferior, os quais caracterizam os piores tipos de lesão. Por outro lado, indicam que os factores predisponentes às lesões do tornozelo, muito em particular as entorses, podem ser separados em factores intrínsecos e extrínsecos. Os intrínsecos são inerentes ao próprio praticante, nos quais se incluem a recuperação inadequada, estrutura, peso, sobrecarga no membro dominante, lesão nervosa e processo degenerativo muscular, e desequilíbrio da força muscular. Os factores extrínsecos estão relacionados com o piso irregular, carga externa intensidade ou nível de treino, bem como a própria qualidade do calçado, muitas vezes inadequado para a prática desportiva em condições específicas. Esses dados permitem-nos ainda comprovar que a entorse foi a lesão mais contraída pelos referidos jogadores.

Mirror extreme BMI phenotypes associated with gene dosage at the chromosome 16p11.2 locus.

Both obesity and being underweight have been associated with increased mortality. Underweight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 18.5 kg per m(2) in adults and ≤ -2 standard deviations from the mean in children, is the main sign of a series of heterogeneous clinical conditions including failure to thrive, feeding and eating disorder and/or anorexia nervosa. In contrast to obesity, few genetic variants underlying these clinical conditions have been reported. We previously showed that hemizygosity of a ∼600-kilobase (kb) region on the short arm of chromosome 16 causes a highly penetrant form of obesity that is often associated with hyperphagia and intellectual disabilities. Here we show that the corresponding reciprocal duplication is associated with being underweight. We identified 138 duplication carriers (including 132 novel cases and 108 unrelated carriers) from individuals clinically referred for developmental or intellectual disabilities (DD/ID) or psychiatric disorders, or recruited from population-based cohorts. These carriers show significantly reduced postnatal weight and BMI. Half of the boys younger than five years are underweight with a probable diagnosis of failure to thrive, whereas adult duplication carriers have an 8.3-fold increased risk of being clinically underweight. We observe a trend towards increased severity in males, as well as a depletion of male carriers among non-medically ascertained cases. These features are associated with an unusually high frequency of selective and restrictive eating behaviours and a significant reduction in head circumference. Each of the observed phenotypes is the converse of one reported in carriers of deletions at this locus. The phenotypes correlate with changes in transcript levels for genes mapping within the duplication but not in flanking regions. The reciprocal impact of these 16p11.2 copy-number variants indicates that severe obesity and being underweight could have mirror aetiologies, possibly through contrasting effects on energy balance.

Médecine de l'adolescence : troubles des conduites alimentaires atypiques [Adolescent medicine : eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS)]

Young people (mostly females) suffering from eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) are more and more numerous and their difficulties pose serious problems to health care providers as well as the society. These situations correspond to eating disorders which do not totally meet the DSM-IV criteria for either anorexia or bulimia nervosa. The duration of the symptoms, the extent of suffering as well as the impact on daily life should be taken into account to set-up the treatment. The therapeutic approach to these disorders should ideally include both cognitive/dietary and psychodynamic approaches. The Multidisciplinary Unit for Adolescent Health in Lausanne has set-up a group treatment for these patients.

Alexithymia and depression in eating disorders.

We compared alexithymia and depression ratings for non-hospitalized women meeting DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa (n=32) and bulimia nervosa (n=32) to ratings for healthy women (n=74). Alexithymia was evaluated by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and depression by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD). TAS and HAD scores were significantly higher in anorexic compared to bulimic patients, although these two scales were significantly and positively correlated (r=0.53, P=0.001). After taking depression into account as a confounding variable, rates of alexithymia did not vary according to the type of eating disorder (anorexia or bulimia).

Influencia de los medios de comunicación y de los grupos sociales en la percepción de la imagen corporal en pacientes con anorexia neviosa

La anorexia nerviosa es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria que se caracteriza por unapérdida de peso superior al saludablemente recomendado, conductas para perder peso y evitarel aumento de peso, miedo a la obesidad y distorsión de la imagen corporal. Tanto la incidenciacomo la prevalencia de este tipo de trastornos ha aumentado considerablemente en las últimasdécadas, son varios los estudios que afirman que hay una estrecha relación entre la influencia delos factores socioculturales y el grado de distorsión de la imagen corporal en este tipo depacientes.El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la influencia que ejercen los medios de comunicación ylos grupos sociales en la distorsión de la imagen corporal de pacientes con anorexia nerviosa.Para lograr este objetivo se realizará un estudio fenomenológico con pacientes de 16 a 21 añosque se visiten en un hospital de día de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Los datos serecogerán mediante de una entrevista semiestructurada basada en los ítems del cuestionario deinfluencia de los modelos estéticos corporales (CIMEC). El análisis de los datos obtenidos serápor edición, transcribiendo la entrevista, identificando los segmentos significativos paraposteriormente poderlos analizar.En relación con las consideraciones finales, es un estudio que dentro de la subjetividad podríaser realmente útil para conocer desde el punto de vista del paciente cómo influyen los medios decomunicación y las relaciones sociales en la anorexia nerviosa, permitiendo la propuesta deacciones futuras que ayuden a estos adolescentes y adultos jóvenes a hacer frente a la presiónque ejerce la sociedad.

Absence of association between specific common variants of the obesity-related FTO gene and psychological and behavioral eating disorder phenotypes.

Extensive population-based genome-wide association studies have identified an association between the FTO gene and BMI; however, the mechanism of action is still unknown. To determine whether FTO may influence weight regulation through psychological and behavioral factors, seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FTO gene were genotyped in 1,085 individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 677 healthy weight controls from the international Price Foundation Genetic Studies of Eating Disorders. Each SNP was tested in association with eating disorder phenotypes and measures that have previously been associated with eating behavior pathology: trait anxiety, harm-avoidance, novelty seeking, impulsivity, obsessionality, compulsivity, and concern over mistakes. After appropriate correction for multiple comparisons, no significant associations between individual FTO gene SNPs and eating disorder phenotypes or related eating behavior pathology were identified in cases or controls. Thus, this study found no evidence that FTO gene variants associated with weight regulation in the general population are associated with eating disorder phenotypes in AN participants or matched controls. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

El otro cuerpo de la identidad: análisis de modelos culturales de los trastornos del cuerpo femenino

Justificación: El presente estudio se centra en la construcción de la identidad corporal en la anorexia nerviosa, desde una perspectiva social y cultural y tiene en cuenta las aportaciones de diferentes autores desde la perspectiva feminista de la salud y desde la antropología, dado que ambos planteamientos adoptan una visión mas amplia de los trastornos mentales y proponen comprenderlos en el contexto del malestar en la cultura. Objetivo: Analizar y comparar las variables que configuran los modelos culturales en nuestra sociedad sobre la identidad femenina, construida sobre todo a partir de la corporalidad y a través de la experiencia de mujeres diagnosticadas de anorexia. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa. Las técnicas básicas utilizadas han sido las entrevistas en profundidad y la observación participante. Resultados: Tras el análisis de las entrevistas se evidenciaron diferentes categorías que se han agrupado en tres grandes apartados la percepción de la identidad, la percepción social del cuerpo y la aceptabilidad del propio cuerpo. Conclusión: Podríamos decir que los modelos de identidad femenina que plantea la sociedad respecto a la imagen ideal y a los medios para conseguirlo producen un conflicto del que resulta difícil escapar tanto a las mujeres catalogadas de normales, como aquellas diagnosticadas de anorexia nerviosa

El otro cuerpo de la identidad: análisis de modelos culturales de los trastornos del cuerpo femenino

Justificación: El presente estudio se centra en la construcción de la identidad corporal en la anorexia nerviosa, desde una perspectiva social y cultural y tiene en cuenta las aportaciones de diferentes autores desde la perspectiva feminista de la salud y desde la antropología, dado que ambos planteamientos adoptan una visión mas amplia de los trastornos mentales y proponen comprenderlos en el contexto del malestar en la cultura. Objetivo: Analizar y comparar las variables que configuran los modelos culturales en nuestra sociedad sobre la identidad femenina, construida sobre todo a partir de la corporalidad y a través de la experiencia de mujeres diagnosticadas de anorexia. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa. Las técnicas básicas utilizadas han sido las entrevistas en profundidad y la observación participante. Resultados: Tras el análisis de las entrevistas se evidenciaron diferentes categorías que se han agrupado en tres grandes apartados la percepción de la identidad, la percepción social del cuerpo y la aceptabilidad del propio cuerpo. Conclusión: Podríamos decir que los modelos de identidad femenina que plantea la sociedad respecto a la imagen ideal y a los medios para conseguirlo producen un conflicto del que resulta difícil escapar tanto a las mujeres catalogadas de normales, como aquellas diagnosticadas de anorexia nerviosa

Formation of a direct arterial blood supply to the anterior pituitary gland following complete or partial interruption of the hypophyseal portal vessels

If regions of the anterior pituitary gland received systemic blood via a direct arterial blood supply these regions would escape hypothalamic regulation and thus be a sequela in endocrine disorders. Since, in the untreated rat, all of the blood supply to the anterior pituitary gland is via the hypophyseal portal vessels, we hypothesized that partial interruption of the portal vessels could provoke the establishment of a direct arterial blood supply (arteriogenesis). We utilized the injection of polystyrene microspheres (15 or 9 micron diameter) into the left ventricle of the heart to test this hypothesis. Microspheres are trapped in the first capillary plexus they reach since they are too large to traverse the capillaries. No microspheres reached the anterior pituitary gland of control rats, a finding consistent with the fact that the anterior pituitary gland receives all of its blood supply via the hypophyseal portal blood vessels. Microspheres were observed in the primary portal capillary plexus in the infundibulum (median eminence), infundibular stalk (pituitary stalk), and infundibular process (pars nervosa), the first capillary plexus which they reached. A lesion of the medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) which destroyed the long portal vessels did not result in arteriogenesis since few, if any, microspheres were observed in the anterior pituitary gland. We confirmed, using vascular casts, that these lesions resulted in the long-term destruction of the primary portal capillaries in the infundibulum and of the long portal vessels. In MBH-lesioned animals it appears that all of the blood supply of the anterior pituitary gland is via short portal vessels arising from the infundibular stem and process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Decrease in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency during a five-hour peripheral Ghrelin infusion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey

RESUME : La ghrelin est un peptide sécrété par l'estomac jouant un rôle important dans le maintien de l'homéostasie énergétique. Ses taux plasmatiques sont augmentés durant des périodes prolongées de déficit nutritionnel. Une carence énergétique étant souvent associée à une inhibition de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-ovarien, nous avons postulé que l'augmentation des taux circulant de ghrelin pourrait diminuer l'activité du générateur hypothalamique de pulsations de GnRH. Le protocole expérimental impliquait des singes rhésus adultes ovariectomisés (n=6) qui dans un premier temps recevaient durant 3 heures une perfusion de solution saline physiologique afin de mesurer la sécrétion pulsatile de LH à l'état basai. L'expérience se poursuivait alors durant 5 heures par une perfusion intraveineuse de ghrelin humaine (un bolus de 100-150µg suivi par 100-150µg/h) ou le maintien de la perfusion de solution saline physiologique. Des échantillons de sang étaient prélevés toutes les 15 minutes. La perfusion de ghrelin a augmenté ses taux plasmatiques de 2.9 fois par rapport aux valeurs de base. L'administration de ghrelin a significativement diminué la fréquence des pulsations de LH (de 0.89±0.07/h à l'état basai à 0.57±0.10/h durant la perfusion de ghrelin; p<0.05, moyenne±SEM), alors que la fréquence des pulsations de LH est restée inchangée durant la perfusion de solution physiologique. L'amplitude des pulsations de LH n'a pas été modifiée. La ghrelin a également stimulé de manière significative la sécrétion de cortisol et d'hormone de croissance, mais n'a toutefois pas eu d'effet sur la sécrétion de leptin. En conclusion, la ghrelin peut inhiber l'activité du générateur de pulsations de GnRH et pourrait ainsi contribuer à l'inhibition de l'axe de la reproduction observée durant des périodes de carence nutritionnelle, comme notamment chez les patientes souffrant d'anorexie mentale. La ghrelin peut également activer l'axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien. Le lien dans cette situation entre l'activation de l'axe surrénalien et l'inhibition de l'axe de la reproduction reste à démontrer. ABSTRACT: Ghrelin, a nutrition-related peptide secreted by the stomach, is elevated during prolonged food deprivation. Because undernutrition is often associated with a suppressed reproductive axis, we have postulated that increasing peripheral ghrelin levels will decrease the activity of the GnRH pulse generator. Adult ovariectomized rhesus monkeys (n = 6) were subjected to a 5-h iv human ghrelin (100- to 150µg bolus followed by 100-150 µg/h) or saline infusion, preceded by a 3-h saline infusion to establish baseline pulsatile LH release. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals throughout the experiment. Ghrelin infusion increased plasma ghrelin levels 2.9-fold of baseline. Ghrelin significantly decreased LH pulse frequency (from 0.89 ± 0.07/h in baseline to 0.57 ± 0.10/h during ghrelin infusion; P<0.05, mean ± SEM), whereas LH pulse frequency remained unchanged during saline treatment. LH pulse amplitude was not affected. Ghrelin also significantly stimulated both Cortisol and GH release, but had no effect on leptin. We conclude that ghrelin can inhibit GnRH pulse activity and may thereby mediate the suppression of the reproductive system observed in conditions of undernutrition, such as in anorexia nervosa. Ghrelin also activates the adrenal axis, but the relevance of this to the inhibition of GnRH pulse frequency remains to be established.

Personality trait risk factors for attempted suicide among young women with eating disorders.

OBJECTIVE: - Clinical observations and a review of the literature led us to hypothesize that certain personality and character traits could provide improved understanding, and thus improved prevention, of suicidal behaviour among young women with eating disorders. METHOD: - The clinical group consisted of 152 women aged between 18 and 24 years, with DSM-IV anorexia nervosa/restrictive type (AN-R = 66), anorexia nervosa/purging type (AN-P = 37), bulimia nervosa/non-purging type (BN-NP = 9), or bulimia nervosa/purging type (BN-P = 40). The control group consisted of 140 subjects. The assessment measures were the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-second version (MMPI-2) scales and subscales, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) used to control for current depressive symptoms, plus a specific questionnaire concerning suicide attempts. RESULTS: - Suicide attempts were most frequent in subjects with purging behaviour (30.0% for BN-P and 29.7% for AN-P). Those attempting suicide among subjects with eating disorders were mostly students (67.8%). For women with AN-R the scales for 'Depression' and 'Antisocial practices' represented significant suicidal risk, for women with AN-P the scales for 'Hysteria', 'Psychopathic deviate', 'Shyness/Self-consciousness', 'Antisocial Practices', 'Obsessiveness' and 'Low self-esteem' were risk indicators and for women with BN-P the 'Psychasthenia', 'Anger' and 'Fears' scales were risk indicators. CONCLUSION: - This study provides interesting results concerning the personality traits of young women with both eating disorders and suicidal behaviour. Students and those with purging behaviour are most at risk. Young women should be given more attention with regard to the risk of suicide attempts if they: (a). have AN-R with a tendency to self-punishment and antisocial conduct, (b). have AN-P with multiple physical complaints, are not at ease in social situations and have antisocial behaviour, or (c). if they have BN-P and tend to be easily angered with obsessive behaviour and phobic worries. The MMPI-2 is an interesting assessment method for the study of traits indicating a risk of suicidal behaviour in young subjects, after controlling for current depressive pathology.

Repercusiones de la anorexia y la bulimia en la salud oral, prevención y tratamiento

El presente artículo trata de aportar una puesta al día de los problemas que presentan los pacientes afectados de anorexia y de bulimia nerviosa. Se expone la información que el odontólogo debe tener en cuenta respecto al conocimiento de la enfermedad, sus manifestaciones orales, los criterios diagnósticos y los enfoques preventivos y terapéuticos necesarios.

Repercusiones de la anorexia y la bulimia en la salud oral, prevención y tratamiento

El presente artículo trata de aportar una puesta al día de los problemas que presentan los pacientes afectados de anorexia y de bulimia nerviosa. Se expone la información que el odontólogo debe tener en cuenta respecto al conocimiento de la enfermedad, sus manifestaciones orales, los criterios diagnósticos y los enfoques preventivos y terapéuticos necesarios.

El otro cuerpo de la identidad: análisis de modelos culturales de los trastornos del cuerpo femenino

Justificación: El presente estudio se centra en la construcción de la identidad corporal en la anorexia nerviosa, desde una perspectiva social y cultural y tiene en cuenta las aportaciones de diferentes autores desde la perspectiva feminista de la salud y desde la antropología, dado que ambos planteamientos adoptan una visión mas amplia de los trastornos mentales y proponen comprenderlos en el contexto del malestar en la cultura. Objetivo: Analizar y comparar las variables que configuran los modelos culturales en nuestra sociedad sobre la identidad femenina, construida sobre todo a partir de la corporalidad y a través de la experiencia de mujeres diagnosticadas de anorexia. Metodología: Investigación cualitativa. Las técnicas básicas utilizadas han sido las entrevistas en profundidad y la observación participante. Resultados: Tras el análisis de las entrevistas se evidenciaron diferentes categorías que se han agrupado en tres grandes apartados la percepción de la identidad, la percepción social del cuerpo y la aceptabilidad del propio cuerpo. Conclusión: Podríamos decir que los modelos de identidad femenina que plantea la sociedad respecto a la imagen ideal y a los medios para conseguirlo producen un conflicto del que resulta difícil escapar tanto a las mujeres catalogadas de normales, como aquellas diagnosticadas de anorexia nerviosa