WSA Web 2.0 Presentation

by Adam Procter for Learning & Teaching week at University of Southampton 2009

VADS: free art and design images for education

VADS is the online resource for visual arts. It has provided services to the academic community for 12 years and has built up a considerable portfolio of visual art collections comprising over 100,000 images that are freely available and copyright cleared for use in learning, teaching and research in the UK.

Salvar las brechas en la argumentación: el desarrollo profesional en la enseñanza de la indagación científica.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

¿Puede la gramática ser divertida? : un ejemplo de actividad de gramática lúdica para niveles iniciales.

Resumen tomado de la publicación

Ensayos sobre la estimaci??n de la eficiencia t??cnica educativa bajo la presencia de endogeneidad

Esta tesis contribuye, te??rica y emp??ricamente, a entender hasta qu?? punto el problema de endogeneidad, uno de los principales problemas observado frecuentemente en los procesos de producci??n educativos, afecta a la estimaci??n de la eficiencia t??cnica mediante el An??lisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA). Asimismo, esta investigaci??n combina ideas de la literatura de evaluaci??n de impacto con las t??cnicas de medici??n de eficiencia no param??tricas con el fin de aportar potenciales soluciones para hacer frente a este problema en aplicaciones emp??ricas educativas y obtener as?? estimaciones de la eficiencia m??s precisas. El cap??tulo 1 analiza te??ricamente en qu?? medida la presencia de endogeneidad en el proceso de producci??n puede afectar a las estimaciones DEA en muestras finitas, de modo que los investigadores que aplican esta t??cnica conozcan la precisi??n de sus estimaciones. Para ello, en primer lugar se ilustra desde un punto de vista conceptual el problema de la endogeneidad y sus implicaciones en la estimaci??n de la eficiencia. En segundo lugar, utilizando datos generados en un experimento de Monte Carlo se eval??a c??mo diferentes niveles de endogeneidad positiva y negativa pueden afectar al desempe??o de DEA. A pesar de que DEA es robusto a la presencia de endogeneidad negativa, la existencia de una endogeneidad positiva y significativa perjudica gravemente el desempe??o de DEA. A partir de los resultados hallados previamente, la siguiente pregunta que surge es ??c??mo hacer frente a este problema en una aplicaci??n emp??rica cuando se sospecha de la presencia de este tipo de endogeneidad? Esto implica responder dos cuestiones, c??mo identificar el problema y c??mo enfrentarlo. A partir de las simulaciones de Monte Carlo se propone un m??todo heur??stico sencillo que permite identificar correctamente la presencia de inputs end??genos en todos los escenarios simulados. Adem??s, a partir de la t??cnica de Variables Instrumentales (VI) ampliamente utilizada en econometr??a, se ofrece una nueva estrategia que aborda efectivamente el problema de endogeneidad en la estimaci??n de la eficiencia t??cnica, el instrumental Input DEA Adicionalmente a este ejercicio te??rico. Los cap??tulos 2 y 3 proporcionan evidencia de dos aplicaciones emp??ricas en el que el problema de endogeneidad est?? presente. En el cap??tulo 2 se aplican las estrategias propuestas en el cap??tulo 1 a datos de colegios p??blicos de Educaci??n Secundaria en Uruguay. tilizando el m??todo heur??stico, se detecta que el nivel socio-econ??mico medio de los colegios est?? alta y positivamente relacionado con la eficiencia t??cnica de los mismos, y por lo tanto se aplica la estrategia II-DEA para estimar la eficiencia t??cnica de los colegios controlando por endogeneidad. En el cap??tulo 3, tomando nuevamente ideas de la literatura de evaluaci??n de impacto, se utilizan datos de un experimento natural en las escuelas de educaci??n primaria en Espa??a para estimar la eficiencia de los maestros. Seg??n la asignaci??n aleatoria de los estudiantes a las clases en los colegios, se explota la variaci??n ex??gena de la eficiencia t??cnica entre los maestros para evaluar su desempe??o. Esta estrategia permite obtener una medida objetiva del verdadero efecto del maestro sobre los logros de los estudiantes y explorar los principales factores que explican la eficiencia de los docentes. M??s all?? de los resultados concretos de cada contexto educativo analizado (que se discuten en cada cap??tulo), ambos an??lisis proporcionan evidencia robusta de que el tomar o no en consideraci??n el problema de endogeneidad conduce a resultados radicalmente diferentes en t??rminos de las recomendaciones de pol??tica educativa p??blica para mejorar la calidad de la ense??anza.

Bayesian ranking and selection of fishing boat efficiencies

The steadily accumulating literature on technical efficiency in fisheries attests to the importance of efficiency as an indicator of fleet condition and as an object of management concern. In this paper, we extend previous work by presenting a Bayesian hierarchical approach that yields both efficiency estimates and, as a byproduct of the estimation algorithm, probabilistic rankings of the relative technical efficiencies of fishing boats. The estimation algorithm is based on recent advances in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods—Gibbs sampling, in particular—which have not been widely used in fisheries economics. We apply the method to a sample of 10,865 boat trips in the US Pacific hake (or whiting) fishery during 1987–2003. We uncover systematic differences between efficiency rankings based on sample mean efficiency estimates and those that exploit the full posterior distributions of boat efficiencies to estimate the probability that a given boat has the highest true mean efficiency.

Dual technological development in Botswana agriculture: A Stochastic input distance function approach

To improve the welfare of the rural poor and keep them in the countryside, the government of Botswana has been spending 40% of the value of agricultural GDP on agricultural support services. But can investment make smallholder agriculture prosperous in such adverse conditions? This paper derives an answer by applying a two-output six-input stochastic translog distance function, with inefficiency effects and biased technical change to panel data for the 18 districts and the commercial agricultural sector, from 1979 to 1996 This model demonstrates that herds are the most important input, followed by draft power. land and seeds. Multilateral indices for technical change, technical efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) show that the technology level of the commercial agricultural sector is more than six times that of traditional agriculture and that the gap has been increasing, due to technological regression in traditional agriculture and modest progress in commercial agriculture. Since the levels of efficiency are similar, the same patient is repeated by the TFP indices. This result highlights the policy dilemma of the trade-off between efficiency and equity objectives.

Provision of environmental output within a multi-output distance function approach

This paper redefines technical efficiency by incorporating provision of environmental goods as one of the outputs of the farm. The proportion of permanent and rough grassland to total agricultural land area is used as a proxy for the provision of environmental goods. Stochastic frontier analysis was conducted using a Bayesian procedure. The methodology is applied to panel data on 215 dairy farms in England and Wales. Results show that farm efficiency rankings change when provision of environmental outputs by farms is incorporated in the efficiency analysis, which may have important political implications.

Bayesian ranking and slection of fishing boat efficiencies

The steadily accumulating literature on technical efficiency in fisheries attests to the importance of efficiency as an indicator of fleet condition and as an object of management concern. In this paper, we extend previous work by presenting a Bayesian hierarchical approach that yields both efficiency estimates and, as a byproduct of the estimation algorithm, probabilistic rankings of the relative technical efficiencies of fishing boats. The estimation algorithm is based on recent advances in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods— Gibbs sampling, in particular—which have not been widely used in fisheries economics. We apply the method to a sample of 10,865 boat trips in the US Pacific hake (or whiting) fishery during 1987–2003. We uncover systematic differences between efficiency rankings based on sample mean efficiency estimates and those that exploit the full posterior distributions of boat efficiencies to estimate the probability that a given boat has the highest true mean efficiency.

An evolutionary innovation perspective on the selection of low and zero carbon technologies in new housing

The Code for Sustainable Homes (the Code) will require new homes in the United Kingdom to be ‘zero carbon’ from 2016. Drawing upon an evolutionary innovation perspective, this paper contributes to a gap in the literature by investigating which low and zero carbon technologies are actually being used by house builders, rather than the prevailing emphasis on the potentiality of these technologies. Using the results from a questionnaire three empirical contributions are made. First, house builders are selecting a narrow range of technologies. Second, these choices are made to minimise the disruption to their standard design and production templates (SDPTs). Finally, the coalescence around a small group of technologies is expected to intensify with solar-based technologies predicted to become more important. This paper challenges the dominant technical rationality in the literature that technical efficiency and cost benefits are the primary drivers for technology selection. These drivers play an important role but one which is mediated by the logic of maintaining the SDPTs of the house builders. This emphasises the need for construction diffusion of innovation theory to be problematized and developed within the context of business and market regimes constrained and reproduced by resilient technological trajectories.

Dokumentationens dilemman : Förskollärare samtalar om pedagogisk dokumentation

Abstract  Pedagogical documentation is a certain procedure for documenting that, in recent years, has been embraced in several Swedish preschools. Teachers document children’s actions and conversations usually by photos or video recordings. This documentation is to be used for a pedagogical purpose. However, studies and governmental inspections have shown that pedagogical documentation gives rise to many questions among preschool teachers. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into what is being expressed when preschool teachers discuss pedagogical documentation, focusing on themes of content and on the participants’ expressions of their points of view. The data is comprised of transcriptions from audio recordings of discussions conducted in a research circle. The participants are eight preschool teachers that met over the course of one year. Each meeting focused on the documentation provided by a different participant. In that way the contents of the discussions were framed by the teachers own questions and narratives. Theoretically, the study departs from Social Constructionism and Discursive Psychology. The preschool teachers’ utterances have been analyzed using concepts of interpretative repertoires and ideological dilemmas. The results show the main themes to be: Knowledge content in a preschool setting, children’s learning, the teacher’s role and implementation of pedagogical documentation. The participants’ joint position is that the knowledge content at the preschool level is defined by the curriculum for the preschool. Concerning children’s learning and the teacher’s role, two main standpoints are disclosed. Ideologically those standpoints derive from two opposing theories of education. Based on how the standpoints have been expressed I have called them ”predetermined learning” versus ”non-predetermined learning”. One main distinction between the standpoints is that predetermined learning emphasizes the results of learning, while non-predetermined learning emphasizes the processes of learning. The participants’ utterances show that teachers tend to subscribe to the idea that there is only one acceptable way of working with pedagogical documentation. This sometimes creates performance anxiety and feelings of not succeeding and has led to arguments advocating an alternate approach; pedagogical documentation can be done in many ways. The ideological dilemmas within the discourse can be perceived as resources by which the participants argue about knowledge, learning, teaching and about the implementation of pedagogical documentation.

Productivity of nations: a stochastic frontier approach to TFP decomposition

This Paper Tackles the Problem of Aggregate Tfp Measurement Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (Sfa). Data From Penn World Table 6.1 are Used to Estimate a World Production Frontier For a Sample of 75 Countries Over a Long Period (1950-2000) Taking Advantage of the Model Offered By Battese and Coelli (1992). We Also Apply the Decomposition of Tfp Suggested By Bauer (1990) and Kumbhakar (2000) to a Smaller Sample of 36 Countries Over the Period 1970-2000 in Order to Evaluate the Effects of Changes in Efficiency (Technical and Allocative), Scale Effects and Technical Change. This Allows Us to Analyze the Role of Productivity and Its Components in Economic Growth of Developed and Developing Nations in Addition to the Importance of Factor Accumulation. Although not Much Explored in the Study of Economic Growth, Frontier Techniques Seem to Be of Particular Interest For That Purpose Since the Separation of Efficiency Effects and Technical Change Has a Direct Interpretation in Terms of the Catch-Up Debate. The Estimated Technical Efficiency Scores Reveal the Efficiency of Nations in the Production of Non Tradable Goods Since the Gdp Series Used is Ppp-Adjusted. We Also Provide a Second Set of Efficiency Scores Corrected in Order to Reveal Efficiency in the Production of Tradable Goods and Rank Them. When Compared to the Rankings of Productivity Indexes Offered By Non-Frontier Studies of Hall and Jones (1996) and Islam (1995) Our Ranking Shows a Somewhat More Intuitive Order of Countries. Rankings of the Technical Change and Scale Effects Components of Tfp Change are Also Very Intuitive. We Also Show That Productivity is Responsible For Virtually All the Differences of Performance Between Developed and Developing Countries in Terms of Rates of Growth of Income Per Worker. More Important, We Find That Changes in Allocative Efficiency Play a Crucial Role in Explaining Differences in the Productivity of Developed and Developing Nations, Even Larger Than the One Played By the Technology Gap

A evolução da produtividade total de fatores na economia brasileira: uma análise do período pós-real

A presente pesquisa aplica o modelo de fronteira estocástica de produção para as indústrias de transformação e da construção civil, assim como para o comércio e os serviços no Brasil, de forma a identificar as fontes de crescimento dos principais setores de atividade da economia brasileira, quais sejam: acumulação de capital físico, emprego da mão-de-obra, e produtividade total de fatores (PTF). Conforme Kumbhakar (2000), a evolução da PTF é decomposta em progresso técnico, mudanças da eficiência técnica, mudanças da eficiência alocativa e efeitos de escala. O estudo parte de dados de 1996 a 2000 das principais pesquisas anuais do IBGE realizadas com firmas: PAIC, PIA, PAC e PAS.