Atención farmacéutica en pacientes de la tercera edad

El proyecto de investigación en Atención Farmacéutica, plantea mediante un abordaje científico, metodológico y multidisciplinario el Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico en Pacientes Adultos Mayores, contribuyendo así a mejorar la calidad de vida de los mismos optimizando los recursos existentes. Los pacientes que cursan la Tercera Edad, padecen en general más de una patología crónica, y reciben simultáneamente gran número de medicamentos para el tratamiento de las mismas. Estos planes terapéuticos múltiples, conocidos como polifarmacia incrementan la incidencia de problemas relacionados con los medicamentos (PRM). Estos fármacos incorporados de forma disociada, sin una minuciosa evaluación y seguimiento por parte del profesional farmacéutico, conlleva a estados de morbilidad, desencadenando en algunos casos la muerte del paciente. Esta evidencia requiere del equipo de salud urgente atención, dado que la inobservancia en la evolución de la curva del tratamiento farmacológico impide, ante una desviación, la posibilidad de acciones correctivas, que apunten a la seguridad y eficacia de la farmacoterapia.Para encauzar esta investigación, se tendrán en cuenta los siguientes criterios de inclusión: - Pacientes de más de 60 años - De ambos sexos. - Auto válidos (incluidos en la categoría A del índice de Katz). - Que padezcan patologías crónicas.

Atención farmacéutica en pacientes de la tercera edad.

El proyecto de investigación en Atención Farmacéutica*, plantea mediante un abordaje científico, metodológico y multidisciplinario el Seguimiento Farmacoterapéutico en Pacientes Adultos Mayores, contribuyendo así a mejorar la calidad de vida de los mismos optimizando los recursos existentes. Los pacientes que cursan la Tercera Edad padecen en general más de una patología crónica y reciben simultáneamente gran número de medicamentos para el tratamiento de las mismas. Estos planes terapéuticos múltiples, conocidos como polifarmacia, incrementan la incidencia de Problemas Relacionados con los Medicamentos (PRM). Estos fármacos incorporados de forma disociada, sin una minuciosa evaluación y seguimiento por parte del profesional farmacéutico, conlleva a estados de morbilidad, desencadenando en algunos casos la muerte del paciente. Esta evidencia requiere del equipo de salud urgente atención, dado que la inobservancia en la evolución de la curva del tratamiento farmacológico impide, ante una desviación, la posibilidad de acciones correctivas, que apunten a la seguridad y eficacia de la farmacoterapia. Para encauzar esta investigación, se tendrán en cuenta los siguientes criterios de inclusión: 1)Pacientes de más de 60 años; 2)De ambos sexos; 3)Auto-válidos (incluidos en la categoría A del índice de Katz); 4)Que padezcan patologías crónicas

Estenose aórtica grave em pacientes assintomáticos: o dilema do tratamento clínico versus cirúrgico

A estenose valvar aórtica é cada vez mais prevalente concordante com o envelhecimento populacional. Por conseguinte, torna-se mais comum o atendimento de pacientes assintomáticos com estenose aórtica grave. Embora os pacientes com estenose aórtica grave sem sintomas façam parte de um mesmo grupo, são heterogêneos sob o ponto de vista clínico, laboratorial e ecocardiográfico. A abordagem desses pacientes traz à tona o dilema do tratamento clínico versus cirúrgico: submeter o paciente aos riscos da cirurgia ou mantê-lo em observação clínica sob o perigo do dano miocárdio irreversível ou mesmo da morte súbita? Sob esta perspectiva, baseando-se na literatura atual, este artigo fornece ferramentas que auxiliam na estratificação dos pacientes. A área valvar, grau de calcificação, velocidade de fluxo transvalvar aórtico, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e teste de esforço alterado são os fatores que colocam os portadores de estenose aórtica grave assintomáticos em um grupo denominado de muito alto risco, em que a estratégia cirúrgica passa a ser considerada.

Heart Failure with Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

AbstractBackground:The prevalence and clinical outcomes of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction after acute myocardial infarction have not been well elucidated.Objective:To analyze the prevalence of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction and its association with mortality.Methods:Patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 1,474) were prospectively included. Patients without heart failure (Killip score = 1), with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction ≥ 50%), and with systolic dysfunction (Killip score > 1 and left ventricle ejection fraction < 50%) on admission were compared. The association between systolic dysfunction with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and in-hospital mortality was tested in adjusted models.Results:Among the patients included, 1,256 (85.2%) were admitted without heart failure (72% men, 67 ± 15 years), 78 (5.3%) with heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (59% men, 76 ± 14 years), and 140 (9.5%) with systolic dysfunction (69% men, 76 ± 14 years), with mortality rates of 4.3%, 17.9%, and 27.1%, respectively (p < 0.001). Logistic regression (adjusted for sex, age, troponin, diabetes, and body mass index) demonstrated that heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.35–6.27; p = 0.006) and systolic dysfunction (OR 5.38; 95% CI 3.10 to 9.32; p < 0.001) were associated with in-hospital mortality.Conclusion:One-third of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted with heart failure had preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. Although this subgroup exhibited more favorable outcomes than those with systolic dysfunction, this condition presented a three-fold higher risk of death than the group without heart failure. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction encounter elevated short-term risk and require special attention and monitoring during hospitalization.

Performance of Surgical Risk Scores to Predict Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

AbstractBackground:Predicting mortality in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains a challenge.Objectives:To evaluate the performance of 5 risk scores for cardiac surgery in predicting the 30-day mortality among patients of the Brazilian Registry of TAVI.Methods:The Brazilian Multicenter Registry prospectively enrolled 418 patients undergoing TAVI in 18 centers between 2008 and 2013. The 30-day mortality risk was calculated using the following surgical scores: the logistic EuroSCORE I (ESI), EuroSCORE II (ESII), Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, Ambler score (AS) and Guaragna score (GS). The performance of the risk scores was evaluated in terms of their calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow test) and discrimination [area under the receiver–operating characteristic curve (AUC)].Results:The mean age was 81.5 ± 7.7 years. The CoreValve (Medtronic) was used in 86.1% of the cohort, and the transfemoral approach was used in 96.2%. The observed 30-day mortality was 9.1%. The 30-day mortality predicted by the scores was as follows: ESI, 20.2 ± 13.8%; ESII, 6.5 ± 13.8%; STS score, 14.7 ± 4.4%; AS, 7.0 ± 3.8%; GS, 17.3 ± 10.8%. Using AUC, none of the tested scores could accurately predict the 30-day mortality. AUC for the scores was as follows: 0.58 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49 to 0.68, p = 0.09] for ESI; 0.54 (95% CI: 0.44 to 0.64, p = 0.42) for ESII; 0.57 (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.67, p = 0.16) for AS; 0.48 (95% IC: 0.38 to 0.57, p = 0.68) for STS score; and 0.52 (95% CI: 0.42 to 0.62, p = 0.64) for GS. The Hosmer–Lemeshow test indicated acceptable calibration for all scores (p > 0.05).Conclusions:In this real world Brazilian registry, the surgical risk scores were inaccurate in predicting mortality after TAVI. Risk models specifically developed for TAVI are required.

Discriminative classifiers for speaker recognition

Speaker Recognition, Speaker Verification, Sparse Kernel Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine

Analysis Treatment Guideline versus Clinical Practice Protocol in Patients Hospitalized due to Heart Failure

Background: Despite the availability of guidelines for treatment of heart failure (HF), only a few studies have assessed how hospitals adhere to the recommended therapies. Objectives: Compare the rates of adherence to the prescription of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) at hospital discharge, which is considered a quality indicator by the Joint Commission International, and to the prescription of beta-blockers at hospital discharge, which is recommended by national and international guidelines, in a hospital with a case management program to supervise the implementation of a clinical practice protocol (HCP) and another hospital that follows treatment guidelines (HCG). Methods: Prospective observational study that evaluated patients consecutively admitted to both hospitals due to decompensated HF between August 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2008. We used as comparing parameters the prescription rates of beta-blockers and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge and in-hospital mortality. Results: We analyzed 1,052 patients (30% female, mean age 70.6 ± 14.1 years), 381 (36%) of whom were seen at HCG and 781 (64%) at HCP. The prescription rates of beta-blockers at discharge at HCG and HCP were both 69% (p = 0.458), whereas those of ACEI/ARB were 83% and 86%, respectively (p = 0.162). In-hospital mortality rates were 16.5% at HCP and 27.8% at HCG (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There was no difference in prescription rates of beta-blocker and ACEI/ARB at hospital discharge between the institutions, but HCP had lower in-hospital mortality. This difference in mortality may be attributed to different clinical characteristics of the patients in both hospitals.

Immunogenetic and protective activity of an extract of Schistosoma mansoni

The immunogenic and protective activity of an extract of S. mansoni, obtained by incubation of viable adult worms in buffered saline, was evaluated in rabbits and mice. Animal immunization with this extract resulted in the development of both humoral and cellular immune response. All immunized rabbits developed high levels (91 to 100%) of cytotoxic antibodies as determined by in vitro assays of cytotoxic activity of their sera against viable schistosomules. Immunized animals challenged with S. mansoni cercariae showed a lower parasite load than that of normal controls. Protective activity was 88.6% and 54.0% in immunized rabbits and mice, respectively.

Characterization of human heterophil hemolysins induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection

Heterophil antibodies could be detected in sera from normal or from patient with chronic schistosomiasis. Their hemolytic activities depend on the integrity of the complement classic pathway. The heterophil antibodies from patient sera presented a higher specificity for Schistosoma mansoni antigen preparations than those detected in normal sera. Most of the hemolytic activity observed in normal sera can be destroyed at 56ºC for 4 min. On the other hand, about 80% of the sera from infected patients are partially or totally resistant to this heat-treatment. The hemolytic activities of sera were eluted from a gel filtration column in different fractions of the first peak.

Introdução recente da esquistossomose mansoni no Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil

Os autores descrevem os principais casos humanos autóctones de esquistossomose mansoni em Itajubá, no sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, Brsil. Trata-se de três crianças com 8 e 10 anos de idade, residentes em um mesmo bairro da cidade, da qual nunca se ausentaram. Nas coleções hídricas que banham Itajubá foram coletados 1.995 exemplares de Biomphalaria tenagophila e 94 de B. peregrina, todos negativos para formas larvares de Schistosoma mansoni. Em reunião com membros da comunidade, ligados à área de saúde, os autores propuseram um plano de trabalho para o controle da doença na fase atual.

Atividade moluscicida de alguns produtos naturais sobre Biomphalaria glabrata

Foi avaliada, em laboratório, a ação moluscicida de extratos aquosos (macerado e fervido), hexânico e etanólico de Aristolochia brasiliensis, Caesalpinia peltophoroides, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Delonix regia, Spathodea campanulata e Tibouchina scrobiculata. As soluções dos extratos obtidos foram testadas sobre caramujos adultos e desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata, criados em laboratório, nas concentrações de 1, 10, 20, 200 e 1000ppm. Dos extratos testado o mais ativo foi o etanólico das flores da D. regia (flamboyant) que apresentou atividade moluscicida sobre caramujos adultos na concentração de 20ppm.

Pesquisa simultânea de antígeno, anticorpo e imunocomplexos específicos no soro de pacientes com esquistossomose crônica

São descritas as principais etapas de uma técnica simples e sensível para a pesquisa, na mesma placa, do antígeno, do anticorpo e de imunocomplexos específicos baseada no "Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay" (ELISA). A técnica se mostrou de grande utilidade na pesquisa do antígeno, do anticorpo e de imunocomplexos específicos no soro de pacientes com esquistossomose hépato-intestinal crônica.

Atividade moluscicida do extrato butílico de Phytolaca dodecandra (Endod) sobre Biomphalaria glabrata

O extrato butílico da Phytolacca dodecandra (tipo 44) obtido de frutos procedentes da Etiópia, foi testado como moluscicida em nosso laboratório e no campo. As concentrações letais, CL90, com 24 horas de exposição, para Biomphalaria glabrata adulta, recém-eclodidas e desovadas foram de 4,5, 23,0 e 102,0 ppm, respectivamente. Para peixes, Lebistes reticulatus, a CL90 foi de 2,0 ppm. Esses resultados foram semelhantes aos obtidos por Lemma em 1984, na Etiópia. Em dois criadouros com água parada, tratados com 10ppm de estrato butílico e 3ppm de niclosamida, ocorreu 84,0 e 100,0% de mortalidade B. glabrata, respectivamente. Os dois produtos foram tóxicos para peixes (L. reticulatus) no campo. É discutida a possibilidade do uso de moluscidas de origem vegetal, como alternativa para o combate a focos de esquistossomose no Brasil.