985 resultados para Juventude e violência - Londrina (PR) - 2000-2003
Resumo:
O uso de inoculantes à base de Azospirillum brasilense vem crescendo no Brasil, como substituição parcial da adubação nitrogenada na cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.). Contudo, a nova tecnologia pode ser afetada pela incompatibilidade com os agrotóxicos utilizados nos tratamentos de sementes. Visando verificar alternativas à aplicação tradicional de inoculantes via sementes, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito de doses de inoculante com A. brasilense e métodos de inoculação. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na Embrapa Soja, em Londrina-PR, com trigo (cv. Gaivota) recebendo 1 e 2,5 doses de inoculante (200 e 500 mL 50 kg-1 sementes, respectivamente) e métodos de inoculação [via semente (IS), sulco (ISC), pulverização foliar (IPF) e solo (IPS)] com 75% da dose recomendada de N-mineral (60 kg N ha-1), além de testemunhas sem inoculação e com 100% e 75% N. Foi avaliada a produção de biomassa de plantas (massa da parte aérea seca, MPAS e massa de raízes secas, MRS), N total acumulado na parte aérea (NTPA), teor de clorofila (TC), volume de raízes (VR) e número de perfilhos (NP). Os dados foram submetidos à ANAVA (Duncan, p?0,05). Constatou-se diferença significativa de MRS no tratamento com IPF e 1 dose de inoculante, proporcionando um incremento de 62% em relação à testemunha não inoculada e com 100% N. Esse tratamento também resultou em aumento significativo no NP. Do mesmo modo, o tratamento com IPF com 2,5 doses resultou em aumento significativo de 22,9% no TC em relação à testemunha não inoculada com 75% N. Foi possível observar o efeito positivo de A. brasilense mesmo quando aplicado após a emergência das plântulas. Para o NTPA, o tratamento com IS e 1 dose foi estatisticamente superior em relação ao tratamento não inoculado e com 75% N. A MPAS e o VR não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Deste modo, a inoculação por pulverização foliar pode representar uma alternativa à inoculação tradicional nas sementes, podendo ser empregada em situações que haja incompatibilidade com produtos químicos usados no tratamento de sementes.
Resumo:
A eficiência da fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN) em soja (Glycine max) tem possibilitado altos rendimentos de grãos à cultura, sem a necessidade de aplicação do fertilizante nitrogenado. Devido à importância desse processo biológico para a cultura da soja, o emprego de técnicas que possam garantir os benefícios da FBN torna-se necessário. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de metabólitos secundários (Fatores Nod, oligossacarídeos lipoquitínicos) nos componentes de produção em soja inoculada com Bradyrhizobium e coinoculada com Azospirillum. Foi conduzido um experimento a campo na Embrapa Soja, Londrina, PR (23°12' S e 51°11' W, altitude de 585 m e clima Cfa, segundo Köppen), durante a safra 2013/2014. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1 ? Controle (sem inoculação - SI e sem N); T2 ? Controle nitrogenado (SI e com N: 100 kg ha-1 na semeadura e 100 kg ha-1 no florescimento); T3 ? Inoculado com Bradyrhizobium; T4 ? Coinoculação (Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum); T5 ? Coinoculação + Fatores Nod; T6 ? Inoculado com Bradyrhizobium + Fatores Nod. Ao final do ciclo da cultura, avaliou-se a altura de plantas (AP), o número de vagens por planta (NVP), o número de grãos por planta (NGP) e o peso de 100 grãos (PCG). Todas as variáveis analisadas apresentaram diferenças significativas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). O T2 apresentou maior AP (média de 90 cm), apenas em relação ao T4 (média de 74 cm), sem diferir estatisticamente dos demais tratamentos. Os maiores valores médios de NVP foram encontrados no T3 (102 cm) e no T6 (95 cm), diferindo apenas do T2. O T4 e o T6 apresentaram as maiores médias de NGP, sendo 10% maior que no T3, mas diferindo apenas do T1. A maior média de PCG foi observada no T2 (13,6 g), que não diferiu estatisticamente dos T5 (com 13,3 g) e T6 (com 13,2 g). A adição dos metabólitos secundários aumentou o NGP e PCG, em relação ao T3. Além disso, a coinoculação com Azospirillum promoveu aumento do NGP. Dessa forma, a utilização dessas estratégias pode ser benéfica para FBN e, por consequência, elevar a produtividade.
Resumo:
Para se estudar a absorção de macronutrientes em função da idade da planta, instalou-se um experimento , em condições de campo, no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja / EMBRAPA, em Londrina (PR). O solo usado foi o Latossolo Roxo eutrófico e o delineamento estatístico o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas seis doses de adubo: 0-0-0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1; 1-2-1; 2-2-1 e 2-0-0 (NPK) , correspondendo a 0 = zero; 1 = 45 e 2 = 90 kg/ha (N, P2O5, K2O). Destas doses foram escolhidas a melhor e a pior em termos de produção de grãos, para o estudo das concentrações de nutrientes. A população de plantas foi de 62.500 plantas/ha com 0,80 m entre linhas. Conclui-se: a. as concentrações mínimas ocorreram próximo ao período de maximo acúmulo de matéria seca (88 dias); b. para fins de diagnose foliar pode -se usar os seguintes valores: N 3,60%; P = 0,39%; K = 3,41%; Ca = 2,43%; Mg = 0,59% e S = 0,20%.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo de se determinar a absorção de micronutrientes em função da idade da planta de girassol, conduziu-se um experimento no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja/EMBRAPA, em Londrina (PR). No solo Latossolo Roxo eutrófico foram aplicadas seis doses de adubo: 0-0-0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1; 1-2-1 e 2-0-0 (NPK) , correspondendo a 0 = zero; 1 =45 e 2 = 90 kg/ha. Destas doses foram escolhidas a melhor e a pior quanto à produção de grãos, para se estudar a concentração dos micronutrientes. Conclui-se: a. as concentrações mínimas ocorreram próximo ao período de máximo acúmulo de matéria seca (88 dias); b. para fins de diagnose foliar pode-se usar os seguintes valores, no início da floração: Cu = 27 ppm; Mn = 200 ppm; Zn = 31 ppm; B = 125 ppm e Fe = 227 ppm.
Resumo:
Para a determinação do acúmulo de microrutrientes em função da idade da planta, instalou-se um experimento em Latossolo Roxo eutrófico, no Centro Nacional de Pesquisas de Soja/ EMBRAPA, Londrina (PR). Foram aplicadas seis doses de adubo NPK, dos quais foram usadas duas para estudar o acúmulo de micronutrientes: 0-0-0 e 90-45-45 kg/ha para a cultivar Con tissol e 0-0-0 e 45-45-45 kg/ha para a cultivar Guayacan. Coletaram-se amostras para análise de 14 em 14dias a partir da emergência. Pode-se concluir: a. o acúmulo máximo de micronutrientes ocorreu aos 88 dias e o ponto de inflexão aos 56 dias após a emergência; b. as quantidades totais absorvidas pelas plantas obedeceu ã ordem: Fe > Mn > B > Zn > Cu; c. a exportação de micronutrientes a través da colheita de grãos segue a ordem: Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > B; d. o acúmulo máximo, em g de micronutrientes para uma produção de 1.000 kg de grãos foi: Fe = 933; Mn = 787; B = 383; Zn = 59,3; Cu = 22,8 e B= 12,3.
Resumo:
Com o objetivo de se estudar o acúmulo de matéria seca, em função da idade da planta e a produção de grãos do girassol, instalou-se um experimento, em condições de campo, no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja/EMBRAPA, em Londrina, PR. O solo utilizado foi o Latossolo Roxo eutrófico e o delineamento estatístico foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Foram aplicadas seis doses de adubo: 0-0-0; 1-1-1; 2-1-1-; 1-2-1; 2-2-1 e 2-0-0 (NPK), correspondendo a 0 = zero;1 = 45 kg/ha e 2 = 90 kg/ha (N, P(2)0(5) e K2O. Para o estudo do crescimento da planta foram escolhidas a melhor e pior dose. O espaçamento foi de 0,80 m entre linhas com cinco plantas por metro linear. A colheita de amostras foi efetuada de 14 em 14 dias, da emergência até a colheita. Nas condições em que o experimento foi conduzido pode concluir que: a) a produção de matéria seca não foi afetada por nenhuma dose de adubo; b) a produção de grãos foi maior quando não houve adubação NPK; c) a maior velocidade de crescimento da planta ocorreu, em média, aos 56 dias após a emergência; d) o acúmulo máximo de matéria seca foi aos 88 dias após a emergência.
Resumo:
El trabajo analiza los factores exógenos que pueden influir en la ecoeficiencia (E/E) de la gestión de los residuos municipales. Se dividen los residuos municipales en outputs deseables e indeseables en los períodos 2000-2003, de la comunidad de Cataluña (España) y se propone un modelo que contempla el uso de la Función de distancia Direccional (DDF). Los datos obtenidos en DDF son contrastados con tres factores socioeconómicos en un análisi de regresión de tobit. Los resultados demuestran que existe un aumento porcentual de la E/E, se debe estudiar más en los aspectos endógenos que en los exógenos de la gestión de residuos. En tal sentido se propone continuar esta investigación con estudios de casos en los municipios estudiados.
Resumo:
Lung cancer mortality in young women in the European Union (EU) has steadily increased until the mid 1990 s and has levelled off thereafter, but trends have been heterogeneous in various countries. We analyzed therefore age-standardized trends in lung cancer mortality in young women (20-44) for the 6 major European countries, using joinpoint regression. In the early 1970s the highest lung cancer mortality in young women was in the UK (2.1/100,000). UK rates, however, steadily declined and in 2000-2004 they were the lowest of all 6 major EU countries (1.2/100,000). The second lowest rate in 2000-2002 was in Italy, whose rates remained around 1.1/100,000 between 1970 and 1994, and increased to 1.4 thereafter. In Germany and Poland, lung cancer rates in young women rose from 0.8-1.0/100,000 in the early 1970s to 1.7-1.9 in the mid 1990 s and levelled off during the last decade. Major rises over recent years were observed in France (from 0.8/100,000 in 1985-1989 to 2.2 in 2000-2003) and in Spain (from 0.8 in the 1985-1989 to 1.7 in 2000-2004). Thus, France showed both the highest rate observed over the last 3 decades and the largest rise over the last 2 decades. Since recent trends in the young give relevant information to the likely future trends in middle age, the female lung cancer epidemic is likely to expand in southern Europe from the current rates of 5.0/100,000 in Spain and 7.7 in France to approach 20/100,000 within the next 2-3 decades. Urgent interventions for smoking cessation in women are therefore required.
Resumo:
L'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és analitzar si hi ha modificacions i/o canvis en la identitat dels presoners nord-americans quan entren en el corredor de la mort en el període 2000- 2003. En cas afirmatiu, el treball que presento vol esbrinar-ne les possibles causes. L'objectiu secundari és determinar si es pot parlar de l'existència de mecanismes psicosocials i polítics aplicats de manera sistemàtica o bé es tracta d'un seguit de reaccions i hàbits gairebé inconscients de les parts implicades.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVES: To assess whether patients' characteristics and healthcare resources consumption and costs were different between native and migrant populations in Switzerland. METHODS: All adult patients followed-up in the Swiss HIV-cohort study in our institution during 2000-2003 were considered. Patients' characteristics were retrieved from the cohort database. Hospital and outpatient resource use were extracted from individual charts and valued with 2002 tariffs. RESULTS: The 66 migrants were younger (29 +/- 8 years versus 37 +/- 11, p < 0.001), less often of male gender (38 % versus 70 %, p < 0.001), predominantly infected via heterosexual contact (87 % versus 52 %, p < 0.01), with lower mean CD4 level at enrollment (326 +/- 235 versus 437 +/- 305, p = 0.002) than their 200 native counterparts. Migrants had fewer hospitalizations, more frequent outpatient visits, laboratory tests, and lower total cost of care per year of follow-up (<euro> 2'215 +/- 4'206 versus 4'155 +/- 12'304, p = 0.037). Resource use and costs were significantly higher in people with < 200 CD4 cell counts in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Migrant population had more advanced disease, more outpatient visits but less hospitalizations, resulting in lower costs of care when compared with native population.
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In Guatemala, the Ministry of Health (MoH) began a vector control project with Japanese cooperation in 2000 to reduce the risk of Chagas disease infection. Rhodnius prolixus is one of the principal vectors and is targeted for elimination. The control method consisted of extensive residual insecticide spraying campaigns, followed by community-based surveillance with selective respraying. Interventions in nine endemic departments identified 317 villages with R. prolixus of 4,417 villages surveyed. Two cycles of residual insecticide spraying covered over 98% of the houses in the identified villages. Fourteen villages reinfestated were all resprayed. Between 2000-2003 and 2008, the number of infested villages decreased from 317 to two and the house infestation rate reduced from 0.86% to 0.0036%. Seroprevalence rates in 2004-2005, when compared with an earlier study in 1998, showed a significant decline from 5.3% to 1.3% among schoolchildren in endemic areas. The total operational cost was US$ 921,815, where the cost ratio between preparatory, attack and surveillance phases was approximately 2:12:1. In 2008, Guatemala was certified for interruption of Chagas disease transmission by R. prolixus. What facilitated the process was existing knowledge in vector control and notable commitment by the MoH, as well as political, managerial and technical support by external stakeholders.
Resumo:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, une bactérie environnementale ubiquitaire, est un des pathogènes nosocomiaux les plus fréquents aux soins intensifs. La source de ce microorganisme peut être soit endogène, 2,6 à 24 % des patients hospitalisés étant colonisés au niveau digestif, soit exogène. La proportion des cas d'infections à P. aeruginosa d'origine exogène, donc secondaires à une transmission par manuportage ou par l'eau du réseau utilisée pour la toilette ou d'autres soins, reste débattue. Or une meilleure évaluation du taux d'infections exogènes est importante pour la mise en place de mesures de contrôle appropriées. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer sur une période de 10 ans les rôles respectifs des sources exogènes (robinets, autres patients) et endogène dans la colonisation et/ou l'infection par P.aeruginosa chez les patients des Soins Intensifs, ainsi que de documenter les variations épidémiologiques au cours du temps. L'étude a été menée dans les unités de Soins Intensifs du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV). Les patients colonisés et/ou infectés par P. aeruginosa entre 1998 et 2007ont été identifiés via la base de données du laboratoire de microbiologie. Ils ont été inclus dans l'étude s'ils étaient hospitalisés dans une des unités de Soins Intensifs, Durant cette période, des prélèvements pour recherche de P. aeruginosa ont été effectués sur des robinets des soins intensifs. Un typage moléculaire a été effectué sur toutes les souches cliniques et environnementales isolées en 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004 et 2007. Les patients inclus dans l'étude ont été répartis en quatre catégories (A-D) selon le résultat du typage moléculaire leur souche de P. aeruginosa. La catégorie A inclut les cas pour lesquels le génotype de P. aeruginosa est identique à un des génotypes retrouvé dans l'environnement. La catégorie B comprend les cas pour lesquels le génotype est identique à celui d'au moins un autre patient. La catégorie C comprend les cas avec un génotype unique et la catégorie D comprend les cas pour lesquels la souche était non disponible pour le typage. Les cas des catégories A et B sont considérés comme ayant une origine exogène. Au cours des années de l'étude, le nombre d'admissions aux soins intensifs est resté stable. En moyenne, 86 patients par année ont été identifiés colonisés ou infectés par P. aeruginosa aux Soins Intensifs. Durant la première année d'investigation, un grand nombre de patients colonisés par une souche de P. aeruginosa identique à une de celles retrouvées dans l'environnement a été mis en évidence. Par la suite, possiblement suite à l'augmentation de la température du réseau d'eau chaude, le nombre de cas dans la catégorie A a diminué. Dans la catégorie B, le nombre de cas varie de 1,9 à 20 cas/1000 admissions selon les années. Ce nombre est supérieur à 10 cas/1000 admissions en 1998, 2003 et 2007 et correspond à des situations épidémiques transitoires. Tout au long des 10 ans de l'étude, le nombre de cas dans la catégorie C (source endogène) est demeuré stable et indépendant des variations du nombre de cas dans les catégories A et B. En conclusion, la contribution relative des réservoirs endogène et exogène dans la colonisation et/ou l'infection des patients de soins Intensifs varie au cours du temps. Les facteurs principaux qui contribuent à de telles variations sont probablement le degré de contamination de l'environnement, la compliance des soignants aux mesures de contrôle des infections et la génétique du pathogène lui-même. Etant donné que ce germe est ubiquitaire dans l'environnement aqueux et colonise jusqu'à 15% des patients hospitalisés, la disparition de son réservoir endogène semble difficile. Cependant, cette étude démontre que son contrôle est possible dans l'environnement, notamment dans les robinets en augmentant la température de l'eau. De plus, si une souche multi-résistante est retrouvée de manière répétée dans l'environnement, des efforts doivent être mis en place pour éliminer cette souche. Des efforts doivent être également entrepris afin de limiter la transmission entre les patients, qui est une cause importante et récurrente de contamination exogène. - Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading nosocomial pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). The source of this microorganism can be either endogenous or exogenous. The proportion of cases as a result of transmission is still debated, and its elucidation is important for implementing appropriate control measures. To understand the relative importance of exogenous vs. endogenous sources of P. aeru¬ginosa, molecular typing was performed on all available P. aeruginosa isolated from ICU clinical and environmental specimens in 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004 and 2007. Patient samples were classified according to their P. aeruginosa genotypes into three categories: (A) identical to isolate from faucet; (B) identical to at least one other patient sample and not found in faucet; and (C) unique genotype. Cases in cat¬egories A and Β were considered as possibly exogenous, and cases in category C as possibly endogenous. A mean of 34 cases per 1000 admissions per year were found to be colonized or infected by P. aeruginosa. Higher levels of faucet contamination were correlated with a higher number of cases in category A. The number of cases in category Β varied from 1.9 to 20 cases per 1000 admissions. This num¬ber exceeded 10/1000 admissions on three occasions and was correlated with an outbreak on one occasion. The number of cases con¬sidered as endogenous (category C) was stable and independent of the number of cases in categories A and B. The present study shows that repeated molecular typing can help identify variations in the epidemiology of P. aeruginosa in ICU patients and guide infection control measures.
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Financial markets play an important role in an economy performing various functions like mobilizing and pooling savings, producing information about investment opportunities, screening and monitoring investments, implementation of corporate governance, diversification and management of risk. These functions influence saving rates, investment decisions, technological innovation and, therefore, have important implications for welfare. In my PhD dissertation I examine the interplay of financial and product markets by looking at different channels through which financial markets may influence an economy.My dissertation consists of four chapters. The first chapter is a co-authored work with Martin Strieborny, a PhD student from the University of Lausanne. The second chapter is a co-authored work with Melise Jaud, a PhD student from the Paris School of Economics. The third chapter is co-authored with both Melise Jaud and Martin Strieborny. The last chapter of my PhD dissertation is a single author paper.Chapter 1 of my PhD thesis analyzes the effect of financial development on growth of contract intensive industries. These industries intensively use intermediate inputs that neither can be sold on organized exchange, nor are reference-priced (Levchenko, 2007; Nunn, 2007). A typical example of a contract intensive industry would be an industry where an upstream supplier has to make investments in order to customize a product for needs of a downstream buyer. After the investment is made and the product is adjusted, the buyer may refuse to meet a commitment and trigger ex post renegotiation. Since the product is customized to the buyer's needs, the supplier cannot sell the product to a different buyer at the original price. This is referred in the literature as the holdup problem. As a consequence, the individually rational suppliers will underinvest into relationship-specific assets, hurting the downstream firms with negative consequences for aggregate growth. The standard way to mitigate the hold up problem is to write a binding contract and to rely on the legal enforcement by the state. However, even the most effective contract enforcement might fail to protect the supplier in tough times when the buyer lacks a reliable source of external financing. This suggests the potential role of financial intermediaries, banks in particular, in mitigating the incomplete contract problem. First, financial products like letters of credit and letters of guarantee can substantially decrease a risk and transaction costs of parties. Second, a bank loan can serve as a signal about a buyer's true financial situation, an upstream firm will be more willing undertake relationship-specific investment knowing that the business partner is creditworthy and will abstain from myopic behavior (Fama, 1985; von Thadden, 1995). Therefore, a well-developed financial (especially banking) system should disproportionately benefit contract intensive industries.The empirical test confirms this hypothesis. Indeed, contract intensive industries seem to grow faster in countries with a well developed financial system. Furthermore, this effect comes from a more developed banking sector rather than from a deeper stock market. These results are reaffirmed examining the effect of US bank deregulation on the growth of contract intensive industries in different states. Beyond an overall pro-growth effect, the bank deregulation seems to disproportionately benefit the industries requiring relationship-specific investments from their suppliers.Chapter 2 of my PhD focuses on the role of the financial sector in promoting exports of developing countries. In particular, it investigates how credit constraints affect the ability of firms operating in agri-food sectors of developing countries to keep exporting to foreign markets.Trade in high-value agri-food products from developing countries has expanded enormously over the last two decades offering opportunities for development. However, trade in agri-food is governed by a growing array of standards. Sanitary and Phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical regulations impose additional sunk, fixed and operating costs along the firms' export life. Such costs may be detrimental to firms' survival, "pricing out" producers that cannot comply. The existence of these costs suggests a potential role of credit constraints in shaping the duration of trade relationships on foreign markets. A well-developed financial system provides the funds to exporters necessary to adjust production processes in order to meet quality and quantity requirements in foreign markets and to maintain long-standing trade relationships. The products with higher needs for financing should benefit the most from a well functioning financial system. This differential effect calls for a difference-in-difference approach initially proposed by Rajan and Zingales (1998). As a proxy for demand for financing of agri-food products, the sanitary risk index developed by Jaud et al. (2009) is used. The empirical literature on standards and norms show high costs of compliance, both variable and fixed, for high-value food products (Garcia-Martinez and Poole, 2004; Maskus et al., 2005). The sanitary risk index reflects the propensity of products to fail health and safety controls on the European Union (EU) market. Given the high costs of compliance, the sanitary risk index captures the demand for external financing to comply with such regulations.The prediction is empirically tested examining the export survival of different agri-food products from firms operating in Ghana, Mali, Malawi, Senegal and Tanzania. The results suggest that agri-food products that require more financing to keep up with food safety regulation of the destination market, indeed sustain longer in foreign market, when they are exported from countries with better developed financial markets.Chapter 3 analyzes the link between financial markets and efficiency of resource allocation in an economy. Producing and exporting products inconsistent with a country's factor endowments constitutes a serious misallocation of funds, which undermines competitiveness of the economy and inhibits its long term growth. In this chapter, inefficient exporting patterns are analyzed through the lens of the agency theories from the corporate finance literature. Managers may pursue projects with negative net present values because their perquisites or even their job might depend on them. Exporting activities are particularly prone to this problem. Business related to foreign markets involves both high levels of additional spending and strong incentives for managers to overinvest. Rational managers might have incentives to push for exports that use country's scarce factors which is suboptimal from a social point of view. Export subsidies might further skew the incentives towards inefficient exporting. Management can divert the export subsidies into investments promoting inefficient exporting.Corporate finance literature stresses the disciplining role of outside debt in counteracting the internal pressures to divert such "free cash flow" into unprofitable investments. Managers can lose both their reputation and the control of "their" firm if the unpaid external debt triggers a bankruptcy procedure. The threat of possible failure to satisfy debt service payments pushes the managers toward an efficient use of available resources (Jensen, 1986; Stulz, 1990; Hart and Moore, 1995). The main sources of debt financing in the most countries are banks. The disciplining role of banks might be especially important in the countries suffering from insufficient judicial quality. Banks, in pursuing their rights, rely on comparatively simple legal interventions that can be implemented even by mediocre courts. In addition to their disciplining role, banks can promote efficient exporting patterns in a more direct way by relaxing credit constraints of producers, through screening, identifying and investing in the most profitable investment projects. Therefore, a well-developed domestic financial system, and particular banking system, would help to push a country's exports towards products congruent with its comparative advantage.This prediction is tested looking at the survival of different product categories exported to US market. Products are identified according to the Euclidian distance between their revealed factor intensity and the country's factor endowments. The results suggest that products suffering from a comparative disadvantage (labour-intensive products from capital-abundant countries) survive less on the competitive US market. This pattern is stronger if the exporting country has a well-developed banking system. Thus, a strong banking sector promotes exports consistent with a country comparative advantage.Chapter 4 of my PhD thesis further examines the role of financial markets in fostering efficient resource allocation in an economy. In particular, the allocative efficiency hypothesis is investigated in the context of equity market liberalization.Many empirical studies document a positive and significant effect of financial liberalization on growth (Levchenko et al. 2009; Quinn and Toyoda 2009; Bekaert et al., 2005). However, the decrease in the cost of capital and the associated growth in investment appears rather modest in comparison to the large GDP growth effect (Bekaert and Harvey, 2005; Henry, 2000, 2003). Therefore, financial liberalization may have a positive impact on growth through its effect on the allocation of funds across firms and sectors.Free access to international capital markets allows the largest and most profitable domestic firms to borrow funds in foreign markets (Rajan and Zingales, 2003). As domestic banks loose some of their best clients, they reoptimize their lending practices seeking new clients among small and younger industrial firms. These firms are likely to be more risky than large and established companies. Screening of customers becomes prevalent as the return to screening rises. Banks, ceteris paribus, tend to focus on firms operating in comparative-advantage sectors because they are better risks. Firms in comparative-disadvantage sectors finding it harder to finance their entry into or survival in export markets either exit or refrain from entering export markets. On aggregate, one should therefore expect to see less entry, more exit, and shorter survival on export markets in those sectors after financial liberalization.The paper investigates the effect of financial liberalization on a country's export pattern by comparing the dynamics of entry and exit of different products in a country export portfolio before and after financial liberalization.The results suggest that products that lie far from the country's comparative advantage set tend to disappear relatively faster from the country's export portfolio following the liberalization of financial markets. In other words, financial liberalization tends to rebalance the composition of a country's export portfolio towards the products that intensively use the economy's abundant factors.
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Este estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale – MAVAS – para uso no Brasil. As etapas metodológicas seguiram as diretrizes internacionais para adaptação cultural de escalas psicométricas: equivalência conceitual, equivalência semântica, equivalência de itens e equivalência operacional. A validade de conteúdo realizada por um grupo de juízes resultou numa escala composta por 23 itens divididos em quatro fatores com Coeficientes de Validade de Conteúdo (CVC) satisfatórios nos parâmetros avaliados: (0,88) para clareza de linguagem, 0,91 pertinência prática e 0,92 para relevância teórica. Os dados foram coletados no ano de 2011, em Londrina, PR, Brasil. Concluiu-se que a MAVAS-BR está traduzida e adaptada culturalmente para uso no Brasil e que o instrumento traduzido e adaptado apresenta validade de conteúdo satisfatória. Estudos futuros relacionados à MAVAS-BR são sugeridos, dentre eles a avaliação de suas qualidades psicométricas, como a validade de construto e a confiabilidade do instrumento.
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Entre os macronutrientes, o fósforo é o que com maior freqüência proporciona aumento na produtividade das culturas. Tem-se demonstrado que a obtenção de nitrogênio por algumas das simbioses rizóbio-leguminosas exige teores maiores de fósforo do que a planta adubada com nitrogênio. Visando aumentar a eficiência no aproveitamento de fósforo no solo sem incrementar a dose de adubação, testaram-se modos de localização de adubo com fosfato solúvel para as culturas de feijão e de grão-de-bico. O feijão, em ensaio instalado em Jaguapitã (PR), foi semeado, em outubro de 1986, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro com 113 g kg-1 de argila e 2,2 mg dm-3 de P. O adubo fosfatado foi distribuído a 7 cm, e as sementes a 3 cm de profundidade, ambos no sulco de semeadura. Comparou-se a adubação no sulco com a adubação em covas, em doses de 50 e de 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5, como superfosfato triplo (SFT). Incluiu-se um tratamento extra com 25 kg ha-1 de P2O5 em covas, além de testemunha sem adubação fosfatada. O feijão foi semeado em covas. O ensaio com grão-de-bico foi instalado em Londrina (PR), em junho de 1987, em um Latossolo Roxo com 760 g kg-1 de argila e 3,6 mg dm-3 de P. A adubação foi feita a 7 cm de profundidade, e a semeadura a 3 cm de profundidade. Nesse ensaio, foram testados, nas parcelas, os tratamentos: testemunha sem rizóbio, inoculação com rizóbio e sem inoculação + 30 kg ha-1 de N e, nas subparcelas, a adubação fosfatada em linha ou em covas. O grão-de-bico foi semeado em linha. Foram avaliados os teores de N, P, Zn e Mn nas folhas de feijão, bem como a produtividade e a nodulação de feijão e de grão-de-bico. Não houve nodulação em feijão e a tendência para maior nodulação em grão-de-bico, quando a adubação foi aplicada em covas, não foi significativa. Houve aumento de cerca de 40% no rendimento do feijão e de 3l% no de grão-de-bico pela adubação em covas, em relação à adubação em linha. Em feijão, a eficiência na utilização de P em covas foi de 15,5, 10,4 e 7,4 kg de grãos por kg de P2O5, respectivamente, para 25, 50 e 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5. Em contraste, a adubação em linha proporcionou eficiência de utilização próxima a 4. A aplicação de adubo em covas pode ser uma alternativa para aumentar a eficiência da adubação fosfatada em feijão e em grão-de-bico.