Gasoducto Perú Centro

El presente trabajo es una propuesta de una Red de Transporte de Gas Natural que implementará el sistema de consumo de reservas energéticas del Perú, esta propuesta parte de un diseño que parte del actual Yacimiento de Gas Natural en la localidad de Las Malvinas – Cuzco suministrando el fluido a Junín y Pasco como puntos intermedios de entrega; el final de esta red finaliza en la cuidad de Huánuco. En este diseño se muestra un estudio básico de la demanda para determinar el caudal de transporte, el trazado, el cálculo hidráulico del diámetro en su primera aproximación, descripción de la línea de conducción y sus instalaciones auxiliares para su correcto funcionamiento, pliego de condiciones para la construcción, la planificación de la construcción y su correspondiente estudio económico donde se valorarán las inversiones, costes para estimar así su rentabilidad.

Alianza público - privada como una alternativa de desarrollo de agronegocios en la Región de San Martín - Perú : estudio de caso múltiple

El desarrollo de la agricultura continúa siendo uno de los temas centrales a nivel mundial para asegurar la seguridad alimentaria. Distintos organismos internacionales, vienen promoviendo que los gobiernos nacionales y empresas privadas aumenten la inversión en la agricultura, innovación y creación de espacios comunes entre el sector público-privado. En la región de San Martín las familias en su gran mayoría dependen de la agricultura como medio de subsistencia y generación de ingresos. En los últimos años se han venido desarrollando acciones colectivas entre el sector público, privado y cooperación internacional, para mejorar los niveles producción y articular la producción a los mercados internacionales. Como ejemplo de estos esfuerzos podemos mencionar las mesas técnicas por producto agroalimentario, las cuales se han dispersado por diferentes regiones de Perú. El objetivo de este presente trabajo fue identificar si las alianzas público-privadas fueron una alternativa para el desarrollo productivo y comercial de los sectores de cacao y sacha inchi en la región de San Martín. Para ello, se utilizó la metodología de Estudio de Caso Múltiple de la Mesa Técnica de Cacao y de Sacha Inchi, organizaciones que agrupan al sector público, privado y organizaciones de productores, y que trabajan con una visión colectiva. Las alianzas desarrolladas en la región de San Martín en los sectores de cacao y sacha inchi fueron en gran medida una alternativa para el desarrollo productivo y comercial, estas tuvieron un soporte de las variables del macroentorno. La influencia de las variables del macroentorno y la visión colectiva de los actores fue clave para la dinámica del negocio. Además, el éxito de las APP depende de la estabilidad de las variables del macroentorno y no solo de la acción colectiva de los actores que lo conforman. Las APP tuvieron un impacto positivo en la producción y comercialización de los productores, ya que contribuyen en aumentar la oferta productiva y el poder de negociación con los compradores. Se fundamenta porque los productores perciben que han mejorado sus ingresos económicos en los últimos años, principalmente en las zonas de mayor producción, eso se refleja en la dinámica económica en las zonas productoras y las inversiones que estos vienen realizando.

¿Una promesa incumplida? : la calidad de la educación superior universitaria y el subempleo profesional en el Perú

A pesar del elevado crecimiento de la economía peruana en los últimos diez años, los profesionales universitarios se enfrentan a dificultades cada vez mayores para desempeñarse en ocupaciones laborales acorde a su formación educativa superior, habilidades e inversiones educativas. Este panorama se concreta en la condición "subempleo profesional" por la cual cuatro de cada diez profesionales universitarios al 2012 se encuentran sobre-educados, ocupando vacantes no profesionales y subremunerados. Proponemos que el deterioro en la calidad de la educación superior universitaria ha sido un desencadenante del aumento de profesionales universitarios subempleados, como alternativa a la literatura que analiza causas relacionadas a la demanda laboral. El objetivo principal de esta investigación consiste en explorar y cuantificar en qué medida la calidad de la educación superior contribuye al subempleo profesional en el Perú. Usando datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (ENAHO) y el Censo Nacional Universitario (CENAUN) de los años 1996 y 2010, planteamos un modelo de elección discreta que mide los efectos de la calidad universitaria sobre la condición individual de subempleo en un horizonte de largo plazo. La fuente de variabilidad que permite identificar dichos efectos es el proceso de apertura y desregulación del mercado de universidades iniciado en la década de los noventa. Nuestros resultados indican que la probabilidad de estar subempleado, para los profesionales que asistieron a universidades de «menor calidad», aumentó de 0.19 a 030 a partir de la desregulación del mercado universitario —tomando en cuenta que la desregulación afectó tanto la calidad de la universidad a la que se asistió como la posibilidad de adquirir educación superior universitaria en general para los individuos con menores habilidades académicas.

Modernización y atraso en las haciendas de la élite económica : Perú, 1916-1932

El presente trabajo intenta reconstruir la estructura y magnitud de los activos que hacían de algunas haciendas un excelente negocio y de otras sólo una magra fuente de renta para sus propietarios. En función de este objetivo se ha recolectado información pormenorizada de alrededor de 200 propiedades para el período 1916-1932. Con el fin de uniformizar dicha información se diseñó un set de variables que pudieran facilitar el tratamiento cuantitativo de los documentos revisados. En este sentido, las fuentes consultadas permitieron establecer cinco variables básicas, las cuales eran las que mejor mostraban la estructura de los activos que tenía una hacienda, a saber, el valor de la tierra, el valor de los cultivos, el valor del ganado, las inversiones realizadas en construcciones y el capital invertido en tecnología.

Impacto del sistema ERP Madan XL en la gestión financiera de la Empresa Inversiones CH Computer /

Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Impulso de la legislación contractual de la República Popular China sobre las transacciones e inversiones económicas de naturaleza internacional celebradas en China

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Per capita versus adult-equivalent estimates of calorie availability in household budget surveys

This study aims to estimate an adult-equivalent scale for calorie requirements and to determine the differences between adult-equivalent and per capita measurements of calorie availability in the Brazilian population. The study used data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The calorie requirement for a reference adult individual was based on the mean requirements for adult males and females (2,550kcal/day). The conversion factors were defined as the ratios between the calorie requirements for each age group and gender and that of the reference adult. The adult-equivalent calorie availability levels were higher than the per capita levels, with the largest differences in rural and low-income households. Differences in household calorie availability varied from 22kcal/day (households with adults and an adolescent) to 428kcal/day (households with elderly individuals), thus showing that per capital measurements can underestimate the real calorie availability, since they overlook differences in household composition.

Bone Marrow Concentrate and Bovine Bone Mineral for Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Controlled, Randomized, Single-Blinded Clinical and Histological Trial-Per-Protocol Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential of substituting autogenous bone (AB) by bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC). Both AB and BMAC were tested in combination with a bovine bone mineral (BBM) for their ability of new bone formation (NBF) in a multicentric, randomized, controlled, clinical and histological noninferiority trial. Materials and Methods: Forty-five severely atrophied maxillary sinus from 26 patients were evaluated in a partial cross-over design. As test arm, 34 sinus of 25 patients were augmented with BBM and BMAC containing mesenchymal stem cells. Eleven control sinus from 11 patients were augmented with a mixture of 70% BBM and 30% AB. Biopsies were obtained after a 3-4-month healing period at time of implant placement and histomorphometrically analyzed for NBF. Results: NBF was 14.3%+/- 1.8% for the control and nonsignificantly lower (12.6%+/- 1.7%) for the test (90% confidence interval: -4.6 to 1.2). Values for BBM (31.3%+/- 2.7%) were significantly higher for the test compared with control (19.3%+/- 2.5%) (p < 0.0001). Nonmineralized tissue was lower by 3.3% in the test compared with control (57.6%; p = 0.137). Conclusions: NBF after 3-4 months is equivalent in sinus, augmented with BMAC and BBM or a mixture of AB and BBM. This technique could be an alternative for using autografts to stimulate bone formation.

AnSBBR Applied to a Personal Care Industry Wastewater Treatment: Effects of Fill Time, Volume Treated Per Cycle, and Organic Load

A study was performed regarding the effect of the relation between fill time, volume treated per cycle, and influent concentration at different applied organic loadings on the stability and efficiency of an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor containing immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam with recirculation of the liquid phase (AnSBBR) applied to the treatment of wastewater from a personal care industry. Total cycle length of the reactor was 8 h (480 min). Fill times were 10 min in the batch operation, 4 h in the fed-batch operation, and a 10-min batch followed by a 4-h fed batch in the mixed operation. Settling time was not necessary since the biomass was immobilized and decant time was 10 min. Volume of liquid medium in the reactor was 2.5 L, whereas volume treated per cycle ranged from 0.88 to 2.5 L in accordance with fill time. Influent concentration varied from 300 to 1,425 mg COD/L, resulting in an applied volumetric organic load of 0.9 and 1.5 g COD/L.d. Recirculation flow rate was 20 L/h, and the reactor was maintained at 30 A degrees C. Values of organic matter removal efficiency of filtered effluent samples were below 71% in the batch operations and above 74% in the operations of fed batch followed by batch. Feeding wastewater during part of the operational cycle was beneficial to the system, as it resulted in indirect control over the conversion of substrate into intermediates that would negatively interfere with the biochemical reactions regarding the degradation of organic matter. As a result, the average substrate consumption increased, leading to higher organic removal efficiencies in the fed-batch operations.

Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcriptional factors

Lima GA, Anhe GF, Giannocco G, Nunes MT, Correa-Giannella ML, Machado UF. Contractile activity per se induces transcriptional activation of SLC2A4 gene in soleus muscle: involvement of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcriptional factors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E132-E138, 2009. First published October 28, 2008; doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90548.2008.-Skeletal muscle is a target tissue for approaches that can improve insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant states. In muscles, glucose uptake is performed by the GLUT-4 protein, which is encoded by the SLC2A4 gene. SLC2A4 gene expression increases in response to conditions that improve insulin sensitivity, including chronic exercise. However, since chronic exercise improves insulin sensitivity, the increased SLC2A4 gene expression could not be clearly attributed to the muscle contractile activity per se and/or to the improved insulin sensitivity. The present study was designed to investigate the role of contractile activity per se in the regulation of SLC2A4 gene expression as well as in the participation of the transcriptional factors myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), hypoxia inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a), and thyroid hormone receptor-alpha (TR alpha). The performed in vitro protocol excluded the interference of metabolic, hormonal, and neural effects. The results showed that, in response to 10 min of electrically induced contraction of soleus muscle, an early 40% increase in GLUT-4 mRNA (30 min) occurred, with a subsequent 65% increase (120 min) in GLUT-4 protein content. EMSA and supershift assays revealed that the stimulus rapidly increased the binding activity of MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha into the SLC2A4 gene promoter. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed, in native nucleosome, that contraction induced an approximate fourfold (P < 0.01) increase in MEF2D and HIF-1a-binding activity. In conclusion, muscle contraction per se enhances SLC2A4 gene expression and that involves MEF2D, HIF-1a, and TR alpha transcription factor activation. This finding reinforces the importance of physical activity to improve glycemic homeostasis independently of other additional insulin sensitizer approaches.

Sponge halogenated natural products found at parts-per-million levels in marine mammals

Several unknown, abundant brominated compounds (BCs) were recently detected in the blubber of dolphins and other marine mammals from Queensland (northeast Australia). The BC were interpreted as potential natural products due to the lack of anthropogenic sources for these compounds. This study investigated whether some of the BCs accumulated by diverse marine mammal species are identical with natural BCs previously isolated from sponges (Dysidea sp.) living in the same habitat. Isolates from sponges and mollusks (Asteronotus cespitosus) were compared with the signals detected in the mammals' tissue. Mass spectra and gas chromatography retention times on four different capillary columns of the isolates from sponges and mammals were identical in all respects. This proves that the chemical name of the compound previously labeled BC-2 is 4,6-dibromo-2-(2'-dibromo)phenoxyanisole and that the chemical name of BC-11 is 3,5-dibromo-2-(3',5'-dibromo-2'-methoxy)phenoxyanisole. Using a quantitative reference solution of BC-2, we established that the concentrations of the brominated metabolies found in the marine mammals are frequently >1 mg/kg. The highest concentration (3.8 mg/kg), found in a sample of pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), indicates that BC-2 is a bioaccumulative, natural organohalogen compound. This is supported by the concentrations of the BCs in our samples being equal to the highest concentrations of anthropogenic BCs in any environmental sample. The quantitative determination of BC-2 in blubber of marine mammals from Africa and the Antarctic suggests that BC-2 is wide-spread. These results are direct proof that marine biota can produce persistent organic chemicals that accumulate to substantial concentrations in higher trophic organisms.

Aging per se does not influence glucose homeostasis - In vivo and in vitro evidence

OBJECTIVE - To assess the effect of age on glucose metabolism by examining 1) glucose metabolism in young and middle-aged subjects when total or regional adiposity is taken into account and 2) in vitro glucose transport in adipose tissue explants from young and middle-aged women paired for total and abdominal adiposity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Study 1: body composition, subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue areas, and fasting and oral glucose-stimulated glucose and insulin were measured in 84 young and 81 middle-aged men and in 110 young and 91 middle-aged women. Study 2: glucose uptake in subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue explants were measured in eight young and eight middle-aged women. RESULTS - Study 1: young and middle-aged men showed similar subcutaneous abdominal tissue area, whereas fat mass and visceral adipose tissue were greater in middle-aged than in young men (P < 0.01). Fat mass and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue areas were greater in middle-aged as compared with young women (P < 0.01). Fasting plasma glucose and the glucose response to an oral glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in middle-aged than in young men and women (P < 0.001). Statistical control for visceral adipose tissue area eliminated the difference seen in glucose response in men and women. Study 2: glucose transport in subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue did not differ between young and middle-aged women. CONCLUSIONS - 1) Visceral obesity, more than age per se, correlates with glucose intolerance in middle-aged subjects; 2) aging does not influence in vitro adipose tissue glucose uptake.

O processo decis??rio da reforma tribut??ria e da previd??ncia social: per??odo de 1994 a 1998

An??lise da reforma constitucional no governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso a partir dos estudos de caso da reforma tribut??ria e da previd??ncia social, compreendendo tamb??m uma reconstitui????o do processo decis??rio de pol??ticas nestas ??reas desde a era Collor.

Formar dirigentes, capacitar gestores, desenvolver gerentes: do que estamos falando? A experi??ncia da ENAP-Brasil no per??odo 2003-2007

Este texto busca em sua primeira parte analisar as contribui????es ofertadas pela Carta Iberoamericana da Fun????o P??blica na constru????o de uma linguagem comum entre nossos governos e organiza????es formadoras e depois se dedica a apresentar alguns elementos contextualizadores da atua????o da Escola Nacional de Administra????o P??blica (ENAP ??? Brasil) no que diz respeito ?? forma????o e capacita????o de dirigentes p??blicos

Relat??rio do comit?? gestor da Rede Nacional de Escolas de Governo: per??odo junho-2012/julho-2014

Este relat??rio cont??m tr??s partes. A primeira delas comp??e-se de um informe sobre a situa????o das a????es propostas pela plen??ria final do IX Encontro. A segunda apresenta breve avalia????o qualitativa das atividades desempenhadas pelo CG-Rede. Na terceira e ??ltima parte, o documento apresenta sugest??es para discuss??o e encaminhamento no X Encontro Nacional.