Applications of in situ Fluorometers in Nearshore waters, Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005: workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop "Applications of in situ Fluorometers in Nearshore Waters" was held in Cape Elizabeth, Maine, February 2-4,2005, with sponsorship by the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), one of the ACT partner organization. The purpose of the workshop was to explore recent trends in fluorometry as it relates to resource management applications in nearshore environments. Participants included representatives from state and federal environmental management agencies as well as research institutions, many of whom are currently using this technology in their research and management applications. Manufacturers and developers of fluorometric measuring systems also attended the meeting. The Workshop attendees discussed the historical and present uses of fluorometry technology and identified the great potential for its use by coastal managers to fulfill their regulatory and management objectives. Participants also identified some of the challenges associated with the correct use of Fluorometers to estimate biomass and the rate of primary productivity. The Workshop concluded that in order to expand the existing use of fluorometers in both academic and resource management disciplines, several issues concerning data collection, instrument calibration, and data interpretation needed to be addressed. Participants identified twelve recommendations, the top five of which are listed below: Recommendations 1) Develop a "Guide" that describes the most important aspects of fluorescence measurements. This guide should be written by an expert party, with both research and industry input, and should be distributed by all manufacturers with their instrumentation. The guide should also be made available on the ACT website as well as those of other relevant organizations. The guide should include discussions on the following topics: The benefits of using fluorometers in research and resource management applications; What fluorometers can and cannot provide in terms of measurements; The necessary assumptions required before applying fluorometry; Characterization and calibration of fluorometers; (pdf contains 32 pages)

Measurements Of In Situ Stress And Mining-Induced Stress In Beiminghe Iron Mine Of China

In order to obtain the distribution rules of in situ stress and mining-induced stress of Beiminghe Iron Mine, the stress relief method by overcoring was used to measure the in situ stress, and the MC type bore-hole stress gauge was adopted to measure the mining-induced stress. In the in situ stress measuring, the technique of improved hollow inclusion cells was adopted, which can realize complete temperature compensation. Based on the measuring results, the distribution model of in situ stress was established and analyzed. The in situ stress measuring result shows that the maximum horizontal stress is 1.75-2.45 times of vertical stress and almost 1.83 times of the minimum horizontal stress in this mineral field. And the mining-induced stress measuring result shows that, according to the magnitude of front abutment pressure the stress region can be separated into stress-relaxed area, stress-concentrated area and initial stress area. At the -50 m mining level of this mine, the range of stress-relaxed area is 0-3 m before mining face; the range of stress-concentrated area is 3-55 m before mining face, and the maximum mining-induced stress is 16.5-17.5 MPa, which is 15-20 m from the mining face. The coefficient of stress concentration is 1.85.

Rhythms of division of some algae in situ and in laboratory culture. [Translation from: Studii Cerc.Biol.(Bot.) 21, 61-65, 1969. ]

The rhythm of division of 9 species belonging to different groups of algae were analysed in situ and in the laboratory. The research which developed in different environmental conditions attempted to establish the capacity for multiplication and assimilation of chlorophyll on the part of the algae under study with a view to placing them in a culture. The results obtained showed that the green multicellular algae (eg. Ulothrix) and the blue algae (eg. Lyngbya, Oscillatoria) are able to produce an appreciable quantity of dry matter, just as the unicellular algae. At the same time it arises that amongst the numerous factors of the environment, temperature plays one of the most important roles in the process of multiplication.

Measurement technique for in situ characterizing aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools

As the feature size decreases, degradation of image quality caused by wavefront aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools has become a serious problem in the low-k1 process. We propose a novel measurement technique for in situ characterizing aberrations of projection optics in lithographic tools. Considering the impact of the partial coherence illumination, we introduce a novel algorithm that accurately describes the pattern displacement and focus shift induced by aberrations. Employing the algorithm, the measurement condition is extended from three-beam interference to two-, three-, and hybrid-beam interferences. The experiments are performed to measure the aberrations of projection optics in an ArF scanner. (C) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Estudio de catalizadores basados en zeolitas HZSM-5 sometidas a tratamiento in situ con vapor de agua para la transformación de 1-buteno a propileno

El propileno es un monómero muy versátil y es la materia prima para una amplia gama de polímeros, intermedios y productos químicos. Esta versatilidad se debe a su estructura química: al igual que el etileno, el propileno contiene un doble enlace carbono - carbono, pero a diferencia de éste, el propileno contiene también un grupo metil - alílico (un grupo metilo adyacente a un doble enlace), otorgando a los químicos, diseñadores catalíticos e ingenieros dos distintas alternativas para llevar a cabo las trasformaciones químicas, por lo que son más numerosos los derivados del propilen o que del etileno (Plotkin, 2005).

Towards in situ Single Cell Systems Biology

Systems-level studies of biological systems rely on observations taken at a resolution lower than the essential unit of biology, the cell. Recent technical advances in DNA sequencing have enabled measurements of the transcriptomes in single cells excised from their environment, but it remains a daunting technical problem to reconstruct in situ gene expression patterns from sequencing data. In this thesis I develop methods for the routine, quantitative in situ measurement of gene expression using fluorescence microscopy.

The number of molecular species that can be measured simultaneously by fluorescence microscopy is limited by the pallet of spectrally distinct fluorophores. Thus, fluorescence microscopy is traditionally limited to the simultaneous measurement of only five labeled biomolecules at a time. The two methods described in this thesis, super-resolution barcoding and temporal barcoding, represent strategies for overcoming this limitation to monitor expression of many genes in a single cell. Super-resolution barcoding employs optical super-resolution microscopy (SRM) and combinatorial labeling via-smFISH (single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization) to uniquely label individual mRNA species with distinct barcodes resolvable at nanometer resolution. This method dramatically increases the optical space in a cell, allowing a large numbers of barcodes to be visualized simultaneously. As a proof of principle this technology was used to study the S. cerevisiae calcium stress response. The second method, sequential barcoding, reads out a temporal barcode through multiple rounds of oligonucleotide hybridization to the same mRNA. The multiplexing capacity of sequential barcoding increases exponentially with the number of rounds of hybridization, allowing over a hundred genes to be profiled in only a few rounds of hybridization.

The utility of sequential barcoding was further demonstrated by adapting this method to study gene expression in mammalian tissues. Mammalian tissues suffer both from a large amount of auto-fluorescence and light scattering, making detection of smFISH probes on mRNA difficult. An amplified single molecule detection technology, smHCR (single molecule hairpin chain reaction), was developed to allow for the quantification of mRNA in tissue. This technology is demonstrated in combination with light sheet microscopy and background reducing tissue clearing technology, enabling whole-organ sequential barcoding to monitor in situ gene expression directly in intact mammalian tissue.

The methods presented in this thesis, specifically sequential barcoding and smHCR, enable multiplexed transcriptional observations in any tissue of interest. These technologies will serve as a general platform for future transcriptomic studies of complex tissues.

In situ surface topography measurement method of granite base in scanning wafer stage with laser interferometer

Topography of a granite surface has an effect on the vertical positioning of a wafer stage in a lithographic tool, when the wafer stage moves on the granite. The inaccurate measurement of the topography results in a bad leveling and focusing performance. In this paper, an in situ method to measure the topography of a granite surface with high accuracy is present. In this method, a high-order polynomial is set up to express the topography of the granite surface. Two double-frequency laser interferometers are used to measure the tilts of the wafer stage in the X- and Y-directions. From the sampling tilts information, the coefficients of the high-order polynomial can be obtained by a special algorithm. Experiment results shows that the measurement reproducibility of the method is better than 10 nm. (c) 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.