Differential Activities of the Two Closely Related Withanolides, Withaferin A and Withanone: Bioinformatics and Experimental Evidences

Background and Purpose: Withanolides are naturally occurring chemical compounds. They are secondary metabolites produced via oxidation of steroids and structurally consist of a steroid-backbone bound to a lactone or its derivatives. They are known to protect plants against herbivores and have medicinal value including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, adaptogenic and anti-oxidant effects. Withaferin A (Wi-A) and Withanone (Wi-N) are two structurally similar withanolides isolated from Withania somnifera, also known as Ashwagandha in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. Ashwagandha alcoholic leaf extract (i-Extract), rich in Wi-N, was shown to kill cancer cells selectively. Furthermore, the two closely related purified phytochemicals, Wi-A and Wi-N, showed differential activity in normal and cancer human cells in vitro and in vivo. We had earlier identified several genes involved in cytotoxicity of i-Extract in human cancer cells by loss-of-function assays using either siRNA or randomized ribozyme library. Methodology/Principal Findings: In the present study, we have employed bioinformatics tools on four genes, i.e., mortalin, p53, p21 and Nrf2, identified by loss-of-function screenings. We examined the docking efficacy of Wi-N and Wi-A to each of the four targets and found that the two closely related phytochemicals have differential binding properties to the selected cellular targets that can potentially instigate differential molecular effects. We validated these findings by undertaking parallel experiments on specific gene responses to either Wi-N or Wi-A in human normal and cancer cells. We demonstrate that Wi-A that binds strongly to the selected targets acts as a strong cytotoxic agent both for normal and cancer cells. Wi-N, on the other hand, has a weak binding to the targets; it showed milder cytotoxicity towards cancer cells and was safe for normal cells. The present molecular docking analyses and experimental evidence revealed important insights to the use of Wi-A and Wi-N for cancer treatment and development of new anti-cancer phytochemical cocktails.

Cell-targeted regulation of gene expression through synthetic RNA devices

The ability to interface with and program cellular function remains a challenging research frontier in biotechnology. Although the emerging field of synthetic biology has recently generated a variety of gene-regulatory strategies based on synthetic RNA molecules, few strategies exist through which to control such regulatory effects in response to specific exogenous or endogenous molecular signals. Here, we present the development of an engineered RNA-based device platform to detect and act on endogenous protein signals, linking these signals to the regulation of genes and thus cellular function.

We describe efforts to develop an RNA-based device framework for regulating endogenous genes in human cells. Previously developed RNA control devices have demonstrated programmable ligand-responsive genetic regulation in diverse cell types, and we attempted to adapt this class of cis-acting control elements to function in trans. We divided the device into two strands that reconstitute activity upon hybridization. Device function was optimized using an in vivo model system, and we found that device sequence is not as flexible as previously reported. After verifying the in vitro activity of our optimized design, we attempted to establish gene regulation in a human cell line using additional elements to direct device stability, structure, and localization. The significant limitations of our platform prevented endogenous gene regulation.

We next describe the development of a protein-responsive RNA-based regulatory platform. Employing various design strategies, we demonstrated functional devices that both up- and downregulate gene expression in response to a heterologous protein in a human cell line. The activity of our platform exceeded that of a similar, small-molecule-responsive platform. We demonstrated the ability of our devices to respond to both cytoplasmic- and nuclear-localized protein, providing insight into the mechanism of action and distinguishing our platform from previously described devices with more restrictive ligand localization requirements. Finally, we demonstrated the versatility of our device platform by developing a regulatory device that responds to an endogenous signaling protein.

The foundational tool we present here possesses unique advantages over previously described RNA-based gene-regulatory platforms. This genetically encoded technology may find future applications in the development of more effective diagnostic tools and targeted molecular therapy strategies.

Efeito de ExoU na ativação de NF-κB e na secreção de IL-8 por células humanas infectadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ExoU, uma citotoxina produzida pelo patógeno oportunista Pseudomonas aeruginosa e translocada para o citossol de células hospedeiras via sistema de secreção do tipo III, é associada à gravidade de infecções agudas. Estudos anteriores realizados em nosso laboratório relataram a potente atividade pró-inflamatória de ExoU, responsável por um intenso recrutamento de neutrófilos para o sítio de infecção. No presente trabalho, o efeito de ExoU na modulação da ativação do fator transcricional NF-κB e na regulação da expressão e da secreção da quimiocina para neutrófilos IL-8 foi avaliado em culturas de células epiteliais respiratórias e endoteliais humanas infectadas com a cepa PA103 de P. aeruginosa (produtora de ExoU) ou com a mutante deletada no gene exoU, PA103κexoU. Análises por RT-PCR semi-quantitativo mostraram que a infecção pela cepa produtora de ExoU levou ao aumento dos níveis de mRNA de IL-8, enquanto ensaios de alteração da mobilidade eletroforética (EMSA), supershift e com gene repórter mostraram que ExoU induziu a translocação nuclear do heterodímero transativador p65/p50 de NF-κB e a ativação da transcrição de genes dependente deste fator transcricional. Adicionalmente, o tratamento das culturas celulares com um inibidor de NF-κB antes da infecção bacteriana reduziu significativamente os níveis de mRNA de IL-8 e da secreção desta quimiocina. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram que ExoU ativa NF-κB e, consequentemente, estimula a expressão e a secreção de IL-8 por células epiteliais respiratórias e células endoteliais infectadas com P. aeruginosa

Ação molecular da 1,25(OH)2D3 em células endoteliais humanas submetidas a diferentes concentrações de leptina

Altas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina têm sido relacionadas ao aumento da formação de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) que podem desempenhar um papel regulador central em eventos inflamatórios e cardiovasculares. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado que a vitamina D é capaz de reduzir marcadores do estresse oxidativo, bem como modular a produção de citocinas inflamatórias. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do pré-tratamento com concentração fisiológica (10-10 M) e suprafisiológica(10-7 M) de 1,25(OH)2D3 na produção do ânion superóxido (O2) e nos fatores de transcrição NF-κB e Nrf2,em células endoteliais humanas estimuladas com diferentes concentrações de leptina (1 e 10 ng/mL). Quando as células foram pré-tratadas com 1,25(OH)2D3, e estimuladas com leptina (1 e 10 ng/mL), a 1,25(OH)2D3 reduziu (p<0,05) a produção de ânion superóxido (O ), principalmente na concentração de 10-7 M. O fator de transcrição NF-κB foi positivamente ativado em células incubadas com 10 ng/mL de leptina, entretanto, quando se realizou o pré-tratamento com 1,25(OH)2D3 houve redução da translocação do NF-κB, assim como a produção de citocinas reguladas por este fator de transcrição. Também foi observado que o pré-tratamento com 10-7 M de 1,25(OH)2D3 aumentou de forma significativa (p<0,05) a expressão do fator de transcrição Nrf2 na fração nuclear em comparação ao controle, principalmente quando associada à 10 ng/mL de leptina (p<0,05). Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados indicam que o tratamento com ambas as concentrações, 10-10 e 10-7 M de 1,25(OH)2D3 em células endoteliais humanas, foram eficazes em inibir a produção do ânion superóxido (O2), citocinas pró-inflamatórias, bem como inibir a translocação nuclear do fator de transcrição NF-κB, e ativar a via antioxidante Nrf2. Estes achados sugerem que o pré-tratamento com ambas as concentrações (fisiológica e suprafisiológica) de 1,25(OH)2D3 na presença de alta concentração de leptina, pode ter um efeito positivo no endotélio através da regulação de marcadores de inflamação e atividade antioxidante

Alterações da expressão da proteína PHEX na Hanseníase

A hanseníase é uma doença infecciosa causada pelo Mycobacteruim leprae, um bacilo intracelular obrigatório, que prolifera principalmente na pele e nos nervos periféricos no interior de células como macrófagos e células de Schwann. A transmissão ocorre por meio das mucosas das vias respiratórias, provavelmente por aerossóis expelidos por indivíduos infectados. O homem é o seu hospedeiro natural sendo a multiplicação do bacilo muito lenta, com um período de geração estimado de 14 dias. Apesar da mínima variação no genoma do M. leprae, a doença é caracterizada por um espectro de formas clínicas bem definido, decorrente da capacidade de resposta imune do hospedeiro. Em pacientes classificados como multibacilares (MB) a doença é disseminada, com inúmeras lesões de pele e proliferação bacilar considerável. Nesses indivíduos ocorre hiporresponsividade celular ao M. leprae. Nas formas paucibacilares (PB), os pacientes apresentam uma ou poucas lesões, a carga bacilar é pequena e, às vezes não observada por meio da baciloscopia tradicional e ocorre resposta imune patógeno-específica. As incapacidades físicas nos pacientes decorrem da neuropatia e osteopatia e podem ser irreversíveis. Essas deformidades podem avançar mesmo após a diminuição da carga bacilar com o final do tratamento poliquimioterápico. A presente tese teve por objetivo estudar as implicações da proteína PHEX nas alterações fisiopatológicas da hanseníase, em especial as alterações ósseas. A proteína PHEX (Phosphate-regulating gene with Homologies to Endopeptidase on the X chromosome) é expressa em várias células humanas e, no primeiro artigo que compõe essa tese, demonstramos que o M.leprae leva à diminuição da expressão de PHEX em linhagens de células de Schwann e osteoblastos humanos. Este efeito foi igualmente causado por outras espécies de micobactérias. No segundo manuscrito ora submetido, observamos que em leucócitos sanguíneos de pacientes hansenianos também ocorreu modulação negativa de PHEX. Este efeito não se relacionou com a capacidade de produção de citocinas inflamatórias frente ao M. leprae in vitro ou com alterações bioquímicas. O efeito inibidor da mineralização ocasionado pela modulação negativa de PHEX talvez contribua para a doença óssea da hanseníase, auxiliando a explicar a capacidade do M. leprae de penetrar e sobreviver no osso.

Structure-function analysis of the inverted terminal repeats of the Sleeping Beauty transposon

Translocation of Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon requires specific binding of SB transposase to inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of about 230 bp at each end of the transposon, which is followed by a cut-and-paste transfer of the transposon into a target DNA sequence. The ITRs contain two imperfect direct repeats (DRs) of about 32 bp. The outer DRs are at the extreme ends of the transposon whereas the inner DRs are located inside the transposon, 165-166 bp from the outer DRs. Here we investigated the roles of the DR elements in transposition. Although there is a core transposase-binding sequence common to all of the DRs, additional adjacent sequences are required for transposition and these sequences vary in the different DRs. As a result, SB transposase binds less tightly to the outer DRs than to the inner DRs. Two DRs are required in each ITR for transposition but they are not interchangeable for efficient transposition. Each DR appears to have a distinctive role in transposition. The spacing and sequence between the DR elements in an ITR affect transposition rates, suggesting a constrained geometry is involved in the interactions of SB transposase molecules in order to achieve precise mobilization. Transposons are flanked by TA dinucleotide base-pairs that are important for excision; elimination of the TA motif on one side of the transposon significantly reduces transposition while loss of TAs on both flanks of the transposon abolishes transposition. These findings have led to the construction of a more advanced transposon that should be useful in gene transfer and insertional mutagenesis in vertebrates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

12C6+重离子辐照对细胞端粒酶活性表达的影响

端粒是染色体末端由重复DNA序列和相关蛋白组成的一种特殊结构，具有稳定染色体结构及完整性的功能，会随染色体复制与细胞分裂而缩短。端粒酶是一种核糖核蛋白，能以自身RNA模板合成端粒DNA，催化合成TTAGGG重复序列，添加到染色体末端，维持端粒长度不变。端粒酶主要由hTR, TEPl和hTERT组成，一般认为hTERT是端粒酶激活的限速因素。大多数永生化细胞和恶性肿瘤细胞具有端粒酶活性，因而端粒酶目前已成为为细胞持续分裂提供遗传基础的原因。由于端粒酶与细胞衰老、肿瘤发生等关系如此密切，因此已成为肿瘤放射治疗研究热点。目的： 本文利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置（Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou,HIRFL）产生的碳离子（31MeV/u 12C6+）对人体细胞、癌细胞进行不同剂量的辐照，探索细胞中端粒酶活性的变化及与之相关的生物学信息。材料与方法： 以人肝细胞HL－7702，肝癌细胞SMMC－7721为实验对象，用不同剂量1Gy、2Gy、3Gy、4Gy的重离子分别对两种细胞进行照射，用多聚酶链式反应-银染端粒重复序列扩增法（PCR- telomeric repeat amplification protocol，TRAP-PCR）检测不同剂量下细胞端粒酶活性的变化。并提取不同剂量下的细胞转入培养皿中，培养10天，固定，染色。统计大于50个细胞的克隆数，绘制细胞存活曲线。结果与讨论： 结果显示，人肝细胞HL-7702自身没有端粒酶活性，经1Gy辐照后也没有端粒酶活性，在2、3Gy处出现端粒酶活性，4Gy处端粒酶活性又消失。肝癌细胞SMMC-7721在1－3Gy处随着剂量的增大端粒酶活性升高，在4Gy处又开始下降；在1－3Gy处随着时间的推移端粒酶活性随着时间而加强（p<0.05）。随着剂量的增大，细胞存活率呈剂量依赖型下降。分析得知，重离子辐射可以诱导人肝细胞产生端粒酶活性，也可以改变肝癌细胞的端粒酶活性。端粒酶参与细胞受辐照后DNA单链损伤的修复；辐照后DNA双链断裂导致端粒酶活性减弱。本实验与其他低LET射线相比，使重离子在辐照治疗中的优势得以体现

Utility of telomerase-pot1 fusion protein in vascular tissue engineering.

While advances in regenerative medicine and vascular tissue engineering have been substantial in recent years, important stumbling blocks remain. In particular, the limited life span of differentiated cells that are harvested from elderly human donors is an important limitation in many areas of regenerative medicine. Recently, a mutant of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase enzyme (TERT) was described, which is highly processive and elongates telomeres more rapidly than conventional telomerase. This mutant, called pot1-TERT, is a chimeric fusion between the DNA binding protein pot1 and TERT. Because pot1-TERT is highly processive, it is possible that transient delivery of this transgene to cells that are utilized in regenerative medicine applications may elongate telomeres and extend cellular life span while avoiding risks that are associated with retroviral or lentiviral vectors. In the present study, adenoviral delivery of pot1-TERT resulted in transient reconstitution of telomerase activity in human smooth muscle cells, as demonstrated by telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP). In addition, human engineered vessels that were cultured using pot1-TERT-expressing cells had greater collagen content and somewhat better performance in vivo than control grafts. Hence, transient delivery of pot1-TERT to elderly human cells may be useful for increasing cellular life span and improving the functional characteristics of resultant tissue-engineered constructs.

The Innate Immune System in Acute and Chronic Wounds.

Significance: This review article provides an overview of the critical roles of the innate immune system to wound healing. It explores aspects of dysregulation of individual innate immune elements known to compromise wound repair and promote nonhealing wounds. Understanding the key mechanisms whereby wound healing fails will provide seed concepts for the development of new therapeutic approaches. Recent Advances: Our understanding of the complex interactions of the innate immune system in wound healing has significantly improved, particularly in our understanding of the role of antimicrobials and peptides and the nature of the switch from inflammatory to reparative processes. This takes place against an emerging understanding of the relationship between human cells and commensal bacteria in the skin. Critical Issues: It is well established and accepted that early local inflammatory mediators in the wound bed function as an immunological vehicle to facilitate immune cell infiltration and microbial clearance upon injury to the skin barrier. Both impaired and excessive innate immune responses can promote nonhealing wounds. It appears that the switch from the inflammatory to the proliferative phase is tightly regulated and mediated, at least in part, by a change in macrophages. Defining the factors that initiate the switch in such macrophage phenotypes and functions is the subject of multiple investigations. Future Directions: The review highlights processes that may be useful targets for further investigation, particularly the switch from M1 to M2 macrophages that appears to be critical as dysregulation of this switch occurs during defective wound healing.

Antifungal photodynamic therapy

In photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), a combination of a sensitising drug and visible light causes selective destruction of microbial cells. The ability of light-drug combinations to kilt microorganisms has been known for over 100 years. However, it is only recently with the beginning of the search for alternative treatments for antibiotic-resistant pathogens that the phenomenon has been investigated in detail. Numerous studies have shown PACT to be highly effective in the in vitro destruction of viruses and protozoa, as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Results of experimental investigations have demonstrated conclusively that both dermatomycetes and yeasts can be effectively killed by photodynamic action employing phenothiazinium, porphyrin and phthatocyanine photosensitisers. Importantly, considerable setectivity for fungi over human cells has been demonstrated, no reports of fungal resistance exist and the treatment is not associated with genotoxic or mutagenic effects to fungi or human cells. In spite of the success of cell culture investigations, only a very small number of in vivo animal. and human trials have been published. The present paper reviews the studies published to date on antifungal applications of PACT and aims to raise awareness of this area of research, which has the potential to make a significant impact in future treatment of fungal infections. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

A molecular model for drug binding to tandem repeats of telomeric G-quadruplexes.

The extreme 3'-ends of human telomeres consist of 150–250 nucleotides of single-stranded DNA sequence together with associated proteins. Small-molecule ligands can compete with these proteins and induce a conformational change in the DNA to a four-stranded quadruplex arrangement, which is also no longer a substrate for the telomerase enzyme. The modified telomere ends provide signals to the DNA-damage-response system and trigger senescence and apoptosis. Experimental structural data are available on such quadruplex complexes comprising up to four telomeric DNA repeats, but not on longer systems that are more directly relevant to the single-stranded overhang in human cells. The present paper reports on a molecular modelling study that uses Molecular Dynamics simulation methods to build dimer and tetramer quadruplex repeats. These incorporate ligand-binding sites and are models for overhang–ligand complexes.

A review of studies of ionizing radiation-induced double-strand break clustering

Underpinning current models of the mechanisms of the action of radiation is a central role for DNA damage and in particular double-strand breaks (DSBs). For radiations of different LET, there is a need to know the exact yields and distributions of DSBs in human cells. Most measurements of DSB yields within cells now rely on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as the technique of choice. Previous measurements of DSB yields have suggested that the yields are remarkably similar for different types of radiation with RBE values less than or equal to1.0. More recent studies in mammalian cells, however, have suggested that both the yield and the spatial distribution of DSBs are influenced by radiation quality. RBE values for DSBs induced by high-LET radiations are greater than 1.0, and the distributions are nonrandom. Underlying this is the interaction of particle tracks with the higher-order chromosomal structures within cell nuclei. Further studies are needed to relate nonrandom distributions of DSBs to their rejoining kinetics. At the molecular level, we need to determine the involvement of clustering of damaged bases with strand breakage, and the relationship between higher-order clustering over sizes of kilobase pairs and above to localized clustering at the DNA level. Overall, these studies will allow us to elucidate whether the nonrandom distributions of breaks produced by high-LET particle tracks have any consequences for their repair and biological effectiveness. (C) 2001 by Radiation Research Society.

Functional genomics to identify therapeutic prophylactic targets

Infectious diseases are a leading cause of global human mortality. The use of antimicrobials remains the most common strategy for treatment. However, the isolation of pathogens resistant to virtually all antimicrobials makes it urgent to develop effective therapeutics based on new targets. Here we review a new drug discovery paradigm focusing on identifying and targeting host factors important for infection as well as pathogen determinants involved in disease progression. We summarize innovative strategies which by combining bioinformatics with transcriptomics and chemical genetics have already identified host factors essential for pathogen entry, survival and replication. We describe how the discovery of RNA interference which allows loss-of-function studies has facilitated functional genomic studies in human cells. It is expected that these studies will identify targets to be used as host-directed drug therapy which, together with antimicrobials targeting microbial virulence factors, will efficiently eliminate the invading pathogen.

Measuring a cell's response to stress:the p53 pathway.

GM-CSF receptor targeted treatment of primary AML in SCID mice using Diphtheria toxin fused to huGM-CSF

The severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model may be used to evaluate new approaches for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have previously demonstrated the killing of SCID mouse leukemia initiating cells by in vitro incubation with human GM-CSF fused to Diphtheria toxin (DT-huGM-CSF). In this report, we show that in vivo treatment with DT-huGM-CSF eliminates AML growth in SCID mice. Seven cases of AML were studied. SCID mice were treated intraperitoneally with the maximally tolerated dose of 75 microg/kg/day for 7 days. Antileukemic efficacy was determined at days 40 and 80 after transplantation, by enumerating the percentages of human cells in SCID bone marrow using flow cytometry and short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction (STR-PCR) analysis. Four out of seven AML cases were sensitive to in vivo treatment with DT-huGM-CSF at both evaluation time points. In three of these cases, elimination of human cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry and STR-PCR. One AML case showed moderate sensitivity for DT-huGM-CSF, and growth of the two remaining AML cases was not influenced by DT-huGM-CSF. Sensitivity was correlated with GM-CSFR expression. Our data show that DT-huGM-CSF can be used in vivo to reduce growth of AML and warrant further development of DT-huGM-CSF for the treatment of human AML.