Genomic rearrangements in trypanosomatids: an alternative to the "one gene" evolutionary hypotheses?

Most molecular trees of trypanosomatids are based on point mutations within DNA sequences. In contrast, there are very few evolutionary studies considering DNA (re) arrangement as genetic characters. Waiting for the completion of the various parasite genome projects, first information may already be obtained from chromosome size-polymorphism, using the appropriate algorithms for data processing. Three illustrative models are presented here. First, the case of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis/L. (V.) peruviana is described. Thanks to a fast evolution rate (due essentially to amplification/deletion of tandemly repeated genes), molecular karyotyping seems particularly appropriate for studying recent evolutionary divergence, including eco-geographical diversification. Secondly, karyotype evolution is considered at the level of whole genus Leishmania. Despite the fast chromosome evolution rate, there is qualitative congruence with MLEE- and RAPD-based evolutionary hypotheses. Significant differences may be observed between major lineages, likely corresponding to major and less frequent rearrangements (fusion/fission, translocation). Thirdly, comparison is made with Trypanosoma cruzi. Again congruence is observed with other hypotheses and major lineages are delineated by significant chromosome rearrangements. The level of karyotype polymorphism within that "species" is similar to the one observed in "genus" Leishmania. The relativity of the species concept among these two groups of parasites is discussed.

La nación de "los otros". Afrodescendientes porteños y la construcción de la nación argentina a fines del siglo XIX

Investigación producida a partir de una estancia en Buenos Aires en septiembre del 2007. Los procesos de consolidación de las naciones-estado llevan consigo una serie de políticas y prácticas que se focalizan en la construcción del "pueblo". Particularmente, la construcción del estado nacional argentino en el siglo XIX implicó la definición -por parte de los grupos de poder- de un pueblo que cumpliera con las expectativas que se esperaban de una joven nación que se encaminaba hacia la civilización y el progreso, es decir, lo que en esa época se correspondía con un imaginario de pueblo blanco y europeo. Así, se propiciaron políticas de erosión de quienes habitaban en el territorio nacional pero que no cumplían con aquellos mandatos, promoviendo su “invisibilización”. Nosotros trabajamos una de estas comunidades erosionadas de la memoria y de la historia nacional argentina, la comunidad de afrodescendientes de Buenos Aires. El objeto de la investigación que se está llevando a cabo es justamente el análisis de la población afroargentina de Buenos Aires en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX, un momento en que su presencia e historia estaban siendo negadas de los discursos y de las prácticas. Esta investigación de corte histórico-antropológico necesita para su consecución de un trabajo exhaustivo de archivos, objetivo principal de la beca de investigación fuera de Cataluña. Lo que se intentó en el viaje fue encontrar y rescatar fuentes que permitieran entrever las dinámicas de esta comunidad, sus formas de resistir y/o de negociar un estado nacional cada vez más fuerte y que sentaba las bases de lo que debía ser el “pueblo argentino”.

First record of molluscs naturally infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis (Chen, 1935) (Nematoda: Metastrongylidae) in Brazil

Seeking the identification of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as a potential etiological agent of three clinical cases of eosinophilic meningitis, mollusc specimens were collected in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The snails were identified as Sarasinula marginata (45 specimens), Subulina octona (157), Achatina fulica (45) and Bradybaena similaris (23). Larvae obtained were submitted to polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism diagnosis. Their genetic profile were corresponded to A. cantonensis. Rattus norvegicus experimentally infected with third-stage larvae, developed menigoencephalitis, and parasites became sexually mature in the lungs. Additionally, larvae obtained from A. fulica snails, from São Vicente, state of São Paulo, also showed genetic profiles of this nematode. This is the first record of Brazilian molluscs infected with this nematode species.

Comparison of the infectivity of Trypanosoma cruzi insect-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes after mucosal and cutaneous contaminative challenges

Trypanosoma cruzi infects humans when infected triatomine vector excreta contaminate breaks in skin or mucosal surfaces. T. cruzi insect-derived metacyclic trypomastigotes (IMT) invade through gastric mucosa after oral challenges without any visible inflammatory changes, while cutaneous and conjunctival infections result in obvious local physical signs. In this study we compared the infectivity of T. cruzi IMT in mice after cutaneous and oral contaminative challenges simulating natural infections. The 50% infective dose (ID50) for oral challenge was 100 fold lower than the ID50for cutaneous challenge, indicating that oral mucosal transmission is more efficient than cutaneous transmission.

Detección de violencia contra la mujer en la consulta del médico de familia.

Objectives. To find out the magnitude of violence against female partners among patients who visit their family doctor. To study frequency and acceptance of its investigation by the family doctor and to assess the effectiveness of a screening question on abuse. Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting. Primary care, 4 samples from 2 urban health centres in Jaén, Spain. Participants. Who participated 170 women randomly selected from the female consulting population. Measurements. Interviews by means of the Bradley modified test and the anxiety and depression Goldberg scales. Perceived health, frequency of detection of domestic violence, by the family doctor, and female opinions were also studied. Results. During the last year, abuse against women was detected in 22.9% of the female population consulting their family doctor (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 16.6-29.2). Abused women had a worse perception of health (odds ratio [OR] =4.2; 95% CI, 1.02-17.5) and a higher probability of depression (OR=4.7; 95% CI, 1.8-12.5) independently from the rest of variables. The question "How are the things going with your partner?" as a screening of abuse does obtain a positive probability quotient of 6.23 (95% CI, 3.6-10.9), a specificity of 89% and a negative predictive value of 90%. Of those interviewed, 96.5% would not mind if their family doctor approached the couple's relationships, a situation that occurs in 24.7% of cases. Conclusions. Some degree of abuse was detected in almost a quarter of women who consult their family doctor. Family doctors do not usually ask about family and partner relationships and environment, although for almost all women it is well appreciated and the item has an increased likelihood ratio and high negative predictive value in detecting abuse.

Impaired activation of protein kinase C-zeta by insulin and phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-(PO4)3 in cultured preadipocyte-derived adipocytes and myotubes of obese subjects.

Insulin resistance in obesity is partly due to diminished glucose transport in myocytes and adipocytes, but underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Insulin-stimulated glucose transport requires activation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase (3K), operating downstream of insulin receptor substrate-1. PI3K stimulates glucose transport through increases in PI-3,4,5-(PO(4))(3) (PIP(3)), which activates atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). However, previous studies suggest that activation of aPKC, but not PKB, is impaired in intact muscles and cultured myocytes of obese subjects. Presently, we examined insulin activation of glucose transport and signaling factors in cultured adipocytes derived from preadipocytes harvested during elective liposuction in lean and obese women. Relative to adipocytes of lean women, insulin-stimulated [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake and activation of insulin receptor substrate-1/PI3K and aPKCs, but not PKB, were diminished in adipocytes of obese women. Additionally, the direct activation of aPKCs by PIP(3) in vitro was diminished in aPKCs isolated from adipocytes of obese women. Similar impairment in aPKC activation by PIP(3) was observed in cultured myocytes of obese glucose-intolerant subjects. These findings suggest the presence of defects in PI3K and aPKC activation that persist in cultured cells and limit insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes and myocytes of obese subjects.

Validity of the Katz Index to assess activities of daily living by informants in neuropathological studies

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze the evidences of construct validity of the Katz Index for the retrospective assessment of activities of daily living (ADL) by informants, to assist neuropathological studies in the elderly. METHOD A cross-sectional study analyzed the functional ability of ADL measure by the Katz Index, of 650 cases randomly selected from the Brazilian Brain Bank of the Ageing Brain Study Group (BBBABSG) database. Sample was divided in two subsamples for the analysis (N=325, each) and then stratified according to cognitive decline assessed by the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). Factor analyses with calculations of internal consistency and invariance were performed. RESULTS Factor analysis evidenced a unidimensional instrument with optimal internal consistency, in all subgroups. Goodness of fit indices were obtained after two treatments of covariance, indicating adequacy of the scale for assessing ADL by informants. The scale is invariant to cognitive decline meaning that it can be used for subjects with or without cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Katz Index is valid for the retrospective assessment of basic ADL by informants, with optimal reliability.

Capacidades de Timing e Selectividade dos Gestores de Fundos de Investimento Mobiliário: Evidência Empírica para o Caso Português

Com esta investigação propomos analisar o desempenho de uma amostra de fundos de investimento mobiliário portugueses, durante o período Janeiro de 2002 a Dezembro de 2009, utilizando a medida de Jensen (1968) e a metodologia de timing proposta por Henriksson e Merton (1981). Os resultados obtidos pela medida de Jensen sugerem que, no geral, os fundos têm desempenhos inferiores ao mercado na ordem dos 0,34% ao ano. Contudo este valor não é estatisticamente significante. Os fundos internacionais conseguem “bater” o mercado, enquanto os fundos nacionais e fundos da União Europeia têm desempenhos inferiores. Tendo por base a medida de Henriksson e Merton (1981), verificamos que os gestores possuem poucas capacidades de selectividade (0,42% ao ano) e falham nas suas previsões quanto à evolução do mercado – timing. Enquanto os gestores internacionais parecem evidenciar melhores capacidades de selectividade, os gestores nacionais registam melhores capacidades de timing. Os resultados sugerem igualmente que existe uma acentuada correlação negativa entre ambas as componentes do desempenho e uma distance effect na componente timing. Os testes realizados através de metodologias não condicionais e condicionais confirmam a robustez dos resultados iniciais em relação à especificação do modelo. No entanto, sugerem que, em média, a introdução de factores de risco adicionais e sua posterior combinação com informação condicional em pouco afecta as estimativas de timing, mas melhora os coeficientes de determinação e as estimativas de selectividade, sendo, em média, os alfas condicionais maiores que os alfas não condicionais.

Improvement of a test-chamber for behavioral studies on adult females of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Culicidae)

A test-chamber (K&L-Chamber) made of cardboard and acrylic plastic, and consisting in four sections (A, B, C and D) was developed by Klowden & Lea (1978) for Aedes aegypti host-seeking behavior studies. Later, Foster & Lutes (1985) also used an identical chamber to successfully evaluate the efficacy of electronic repellers. It was described here a modified K&L-Chamber for behavioral studies of Ae. aegypti adults. The chamber was made in polystyrene, consisting of three sections (A, B and C) and using a human hand and a fluorescent lamp as stimulus to attract the mosquitoes. The suitability of the present test-chamber was validated assaying 80 replicates and releasing 10 Ae. aegypti females in each replicate. The females were released in the section A and allowed to fly to the section C. A mean of 96.0% (s.e. 0.213) Ae. aegypti females successfully reached section C. The present test-chamber is cheaper and easier to handle and as efficient as K&L-Chamber, when compared to Foster & Lutes (1978) that noticed 93.8% of Ae. aegypti reaching the trap section.

CAPACIDADES DE TIMING E SELECTIVIDADE DOS GESTORES DE FUNDOS DE INVESTIMENTO MOBILIÁRIO: EVIDÊNCIA EMPÍRICA PARA O CASO PORTUGUÊS

Com esta investigação propomos analisar o desempenho de uma amostra de fundos de investimento mobiliário portugueses, entre Janeiro de 2002 e Dezembro de 2009, mediante a aplicação da medida de Jensen (1968) e da metodologia de timing proposta por Henriksson e Merton (1981). Os resultados obtidos pela medida de Jensen sugerem que no geral os fundos têm desempenhos inferiores ao mercado, na ordem dos 0,34% ao ano. Contudo este valor não é estatisticamente significativo. Os fundos internacionais conseguem “bater” o mercado enquanto os fundos nacionais e fundos da União Europeia têm desempenhos inferiores. Tendo por base a medida de Henriksson e Merton (1981), verificamos que os gestores possuem poucas capacidades de selectividade (0,42% ao ano) e falham nas suas previsões quanto à evolução do mercado – timing. Enquanto os gestores internacionais parecem evidenciar melhores capacidades de selectividade, os gestores nacionais registam melhores capacidades de timing. Os resultados sugerem igualmente a existência de uma acentuada correlação negativa entre ambas as componentes do desempenho e uma distance effect na componente timing. Os testes realizados através de metodologias não condicionais e condicionais confirmam a robustez dos resultados iniciais em relação à especificação do modelo de Henriksson e Merton (1981). No entanto, sugerem que em média a introdução de factores de risco adicionais e sua posterior combinação com informação condicional em pouco afectam as estimativas de timing, mas melhoram os coeficientes de determinação e as estimativas de selectividade, sendo em média os alfas condicionais maiores que os alfas não condicionais.

Mitä musiikkiopistojen pääsykokeissa testataan? : tutkimus Helsingissä sijaitsevien SML:n liittoon kuuluvien musiikkiopistojen pääsykokeista

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitä musiikkiopistoissa käytössä olevat pääsykoetestit mittaavat sekä mitataanko niissä varsinaisesti musikaalisuutta. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin lahjakkuuden ja musikaalisuuden teorioita sekä niiden suhdetta käytössä oleviin pääsykoetesteihin. Tutkimus kohdistui Helsingissä sijaitsevien Suomen musiikkioppilaitosten liittoon (SML) kuuluvien musiikkiopistojen 4-7-vuotiaille pyrkijöille suunnattuihin pääsykokeisiin. Tutkimusaineisto koostui pääsykoekäytäntöjen osalta musiikkiopistojen rehtoreiden teemahaastattelusta sekä analysoitavaksi saaduista kirjallisista yksilö- tai ryhmätesteistä. Helsingissä sijaitsevista yhdestätoista musiikkiopistosta kymmenen osallistui teemahaastatteluun (10/11), ja ensimmäisessä vaiheessa mukana olleista kymmenestä opistosta seitsemällä oli tarjota myös pyydetty kirjallinen materiaali tutkimuksen toista vaihetta, kirjallisen testiaineiston analyysia varten (7/10). Haastattelujen ja testien analyysin perusteella saatiin selville musiikillisia ja ei-musiikillisia osatekijöitä, joiden mittaamisesta pääsykoe muodostui. Tutkimusmenetelmänä oli sisällönanalyysi. Johtopäätösten kannalta oli olennaista analysoida saatuja tuloksia suhteessa teoriataustassa esiteltyihin lahjakkuus- ja musikaalisuuskäsityksiin. Tulosten valossa on ilmeistä, että musikaalisuuden määrittelyn ongelmallisuudesta johtuen ei voida yksiselitteisesti vastata kysymykseen siitä, mitataanko pääsykoetesteissä juuri musikaalisuutta. Käytetyt testit mittaavat sekä musiikillisia että ei-musiikillisia tekijöitä ja erityisesti niihin harjaantumista. Testien kehittämisessä tulisi selkeämmin huomioida lapsen ikäkauden asettamat haasteet sekä lapsen yleiseen kehitykseen että erityiseen musiikilliseen kehitykseen kohdistuva tutkimus.

Fatores envolvidos na supressividade a Rhizoctonia solani em alguns solos tropicais brasileiros

O experimento foi realizado em condições de casa de vegetação, na Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, no período de março a agosto de 1995, visando determinar, em sete classes de solo, a supressividade ao fungo Rhizoctonia solani e estudar o possível relacionamento dessa característica com a mineralogia, propriedades físicas e químicas e populações de fungos do solo. Após proceder à inoculação dos solos com R. solani, multiplicada em grãos de sorgo autoclavados, observou-se que o índice de doença em plântulas de soja aumentou em todos eles. Tal índice foi sempre maior na camada de 0-20 cm, associando-se com o maior teor de matéria orgânica, com exceção do Solo Orgânico eutrófico (SOe), o qual apresentou um índice de doença similar nas duas profundidades (0-20 e 20-40 cm). O efeito supressivo a R. solani, observado no material do Plintossolo distrófico (PTd) e no Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro álico (LEa), relacionou-se com a textura muito argilosa, com a alta saturação por alumínio e com a vegetação (fase cerrado), mesmo com a ausência de Trichoderma spp. Os materiais do Solo Orgânico eutrófico (SOe), do Latossolo Roxo distrófico (LRd) e da Terra Roxa Estruturada eutrófica (TRe) apresentaram maior conducividade a R. solani , possivelmente relacionada com o caráter eutrófico e com o teor da matéria orgânica, decorrente do tipo de cobertura vegetal (fase vegetação). O material do Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro álico textura média (LEam) e o do Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo álico (LVa) mostraram comportamento intermediário. O índice de doença correlacionou-se negativamente com a saturação por alumínio e teor de argila e positivamente com a saturação de bases (V) e com o pH. A mineralogia parece não ter influência direta na supressividade ou conducividade dos solos estudados, provavelmente por variar apenas no que se refere às formas de óxidos de ferro.