Le dispositif institutionnel et la relation thérapeutique en salle d'accouchement : entre le risque, le savoir hégémonique et les rapports de pouvoir.

Ce mémoire vise à établir la complexité de la relation thérapeutique entre l’infirmière et le couple en salle d’accouchement. Sachant que la relation thérapeutique est essentielle à la réussite du processus de soins, sa conceptualisation demeure primordiale pour une meilleure compréhension de son impact et pour mener à bien les soins. Cette recherche ethnographique a voulu documenter les relations des infirmières avec des couples en salle d’accouchement dans un hôpital de l’île de Montréal. Ce mémoire aborde un thème central de l’anthropologie : les relations humaines. La question clef de ce mémoire questionne les facteurs qui entravent et qui favorisent la relation thérapeutique entre l’infirmière et le couple en salle d’accouchement. Cette recherche démontre des lacunes théoriques qui technicisent la relation thérapeutique et indique que la notion du risque, les normes institutionnelles, l’hégémonie du savoir obstétrical et le pouvoir médical sont des facteurs qui semblent avoir une grande influence dans la relation thérapeutique.

Étude exploratoire sur les origines du peuplement de l’île de Madagascar : une approche de craniométrie comparative appliquée sur des populations modernes

Les origines du peuplement de l’île de Madagascar ne sont encore que partiellement explorées à l’heure actuelle. Différentes populations ont contribué au peuplement de l’île, de nombreuses théories sur les origines de ce peuplement ont émergé et varient grandement selon les sources consultées. Selon l’archéologie et l’anthropologie culturelle, l’arrivée des premiers peuples remonterait à deux millénaires avant notre ère et plusieurs strates de vagues migratoires venues d’Afrique et d’Asie se sont succédées. Pour une vision complète du peuplement de toute l’île, ce sont les études en linguistique et en génétique qui ont donné les meilleures pistes en s’orientant vers une origine à prédominance indonésienne plutôt qu’africaine. Il reste cependant à confronter ces données diverses à celles issues de l’approche phénotypique, qui est peu utilisée. Mon objectif est donc d’explorer cette hypothèse à partir des données craniométriques, et ainsi de tester les modèles de peuplement proposés grâce à d’autres approches. Cet échantillon malgache (N=207) a été subdivisé sur la base de diverses données (géographie, ethnies et affiliations linguistiques). Après des analyses intra-groupe et intergroupes, ce dernier a été comparé à d’autres données craniométriques personnelles et publiées (N=1184). Deux types d’approches statistiques (multivariées classiques et issues de l’approche de la génétique des populations ou RMET) ont été utilisées afin d’obtenir des paramètres diversifiés et complémentaires. Les résultats issus des deux approches tendent vers une origine mixte (Afrique et Asie), dont la prépondérance varie en fonction de la région et du sexe. En effet, les hommes malgaches ont une origine triple (sud de l’Asie du Sud-est, sud de l’Afrique et côtes sud-est africaines), alors que les femmes ont plutôt une origine double (Afrique et Asie) selon l’approche multivariée classique. D’après les analyses RMET, on note que les individus des régions du nord et de l’est de l’île se rapprochent des populations de Tanzanie et les Malgaches présentent des similarités avec les populations indiennes. De plus, on remarque que les Malgaches du groupe nord présentent par rapport aux autres groupes un degré d’hétérogénéité plus élevé (Fst). Ce phénomène est dû probablement à des apports de populations plus diverses dès le début du peuplement de l’île dans cette région. Cette étude, basée sur un petit échantillon, confirme néanmoins les thèses antérieures sur la diversité du peuplement malgache et de plus elle démontre que les composantes prédominantes (Afrique ou Asie) varient selon les régions et le sexe.

Elemental analysis of New Zealand Nephrite Jade (pounamu) for forensic purposes

Pounamu (NZ jade), or nephrite, is a protected mineral in its natural form following the transfer of ownership back to Ngai Tahu under the Ngai Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997. Any theft of nephrite is prosecutable under the Crimes Act 1961. Scientific evidence is essential in cases where origin is disputed. A robust method for discrimination of this material through the use of elemental analysis and compositional data analysis is required. Initial studies have characterised the variability within a given nephrite source. This has included investigation of both in situ outcrops and alluvial material. Methods for the discrimination of two geographically close nephrite sources are being developed. Key Words: forensic, jade, nephrite, laser ablation, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, multivariate analysis, elemental analysis, compositional data analysis

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, Department of Archaeology, University of Reading

The Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology (BABAO) held at the University of Reading in 2007. Contents: 1) A life course perspective of growing up in medieval London: evidence of sub-adult health from St Mary Spital (London) (Rebecca Redfern and Don Walker); 2) Preservation of non-adult long bones from an almshouse cemetery in the United States dating to the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries (Colleen Milligan, Jessica Zotcavage and Norman Sullivan); 3) Childhood oral health: dental palaeopathology of Kellis 2, Dakhleh, Egypt. A preliminary investigation (Stephanie Shukrum and JE Molto); 4) Skeletal manifestation of non-adult scurvy from early medieval Northumbria: the Black Gate cemetery, Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Diana Mahoney-Swales and Pia Nystrom); 5) Infantile cortical hyperostosis: cases, causes and contradictions (Mary Lewis and Rebecca Gowland); 6) Biological Anthropology Tuberculosis of the hip in the Victorian Britain (Benjamin Clarke and Piers Mitchell); 7) The re-analysis of Iron Age human skeletal material from Winnall Down (Justine Tracey); 8) Can we estimate post-mortem interval from an individual body part? A field study using sus scrofa (Branka Franicevec and Robert Pastor); 9) The expression of asymmetry in hand bones from the medieval cemetery at Écija, Spain (Lisa Cashmore and Sonia Zakrezewski); 10) Returning remains: a curator’s view (Quinton Carroll); 11) Authority and decision making over British human remains: issues and challenges (Piotr Bienkowski and Malcolm Chapman); 12) Ethical dimensions of reburial, retention and repatriation of archaeological human remains: a British perspective (Simon Mays and Martin Smith); 13) The problem of provenace: inaccuracies, changes and misconceptions (Margaret Clegg); 14) Native American human remains in UK collections: implications of NAGPRA to consultation, repatriation, and policy development (Myra J Giesen); 15) Repatriation – a view from the receiving end: New Zealand (Nancy Tayles).

Forensic acarology: an introduction

Mites can be found in all imaginable terrestrial habitats, in freshwater, and in salt water. Mites can be found in our houses and furnishings, on our clothes, and even in the pores of our skin-almost every single person carries mites. Most of the time, we are unaware of them because they are small and easily overlooked, and-most of the time-they do not cause trouble. In fact, they may even proof useful, for instance in forensics. The first arthropod scavengers colonising a dead body will be flies with phoretic mites. The flies will complete their life cycle in and around the corpse, while the mites may feed on the immature stages of the flies. The mites will reproduce much faster than their carriers, offering themselves as valuable timeline markers. There are environments where insects are absent or rare or the environmental conditions impede their access to the corpse. Here, mites that are already present and mites that arrive walking, through air currents or material transfer become important. At the end of the ninetieth century, the work of Jean Pierre M,gnin became the starting point of forensic acarology. M,gnin documented his observations in 'La Faune des Cadavres' [The Fauna of Carcasses]. He was the first to list eight distinct waves of arthropods colonising human carcasses. The first wave included flies and mites, the sixth wave was composed of mites exclusively. The scope of forensic acarology goes further than mites as indicators of time of death. Mites are micro-habitat specific and might provide evidential data on movement or relocation of bodies, or locating a suspect at the scene of a crime. Because of their high diversity, wide occurrence, and abundance, mites may be of great value in the analysis of trace evidence.

A two-locus forensic match probability for subdivided populations

A two-locus match probability is presented that incorporates the effects of within-subpopulation inbreeding (consanguinity) in addition to population subdivision. The usual practice of calculating multi-locus match probabilities as the product of single-locus probabilities assumes independence between loci. There are a number of population genetics phenomena that can violate this assumption: in addition to consanguinity, which increases homozygosity at all loci simultaneously, gametic disequilibrium will introduce dependence into DNA profiles. However, in forensics the latter problem is usually addressed in part by the careful choice of unlinked loci. Hence, as is conventional, we assume gametic equilibrium here, and focus instead on between-locus dependence due to consanguinity. The resulting match probability formulae are an extension of existing methods in the literature, and are shown to be more conservative than these methods in the case of double homozygote matches. For two-locus profiles involving one or more heterozygous genotypes, results are similar to, or smaller than, the existing approaches.

Implications for DNA identification arising from an analysis of Australian forensic databases

Previous analyses of Australian samples have suggested that populations of the same broad racial group (Caucasian, Asian, Aboriginal) tend to be genetically similar across states. This suggests that a single national Australian database for each such group may be feasible, which would greatly facilitate casework. We have investigated samples drawn from each of these groups in different Australian states, and have quantified the genetic homogeneity across states within each racial group in terms of the "coancestry coefficient" F(ST). In accord with earlier results, we find that F(ST) values, as estimated from these data, are very small for Caucasians and Asians, usually <0.5%. We find that "declared" Aborigines (which includes many with partly Aboriginal genetic heritage) are also genetically similar across states, although they display some differentiation from a "pure" Aboriginal population (almost entirely of Aboriginal genetic heritage).

Occurrence of Poecilochirus austroasiaticus (Acari: Parasitidae) in forensic autopsies and its application on postmortem interval estimation

Despite the fact that mites were used at the dawn of forensic entomology to elucidate the postmortem interval, their use in current cases remains quite low for procedural reasons such as inadequate taxonomic knowledge. A special interest is focused on the phoretic stages of some mite species, because the phoront-host specificity allows us to deduce in many occasions the presence of the carrier (usually Diptera or Coleoptera) although it has not been seen in the sampling performed in situ or in the autopsy room. In this article, we describe two cases where Poecilochirus austroasiaticus Vitzthum (Acari: Parasitidae) was sampled in the autopsy room. In the first case, we could sample the host, Thanatophilus ruficornis (Küster) (Coleoptera: Silphidae), which was still carrying phoretic stages of the mite on the body. That attachment allowed, by observing starvation/feeding periods as a function of the digestive tract filling, the establishment of chronological cycles of phoretic behavior, showing maximum peaks of phoronts during arrival and departure from the corpse and the lowest values in the phase of host feeding. From the sarcosaprophagous fauna, we were able to determine in this case a minimum postmortem interval of 10 days. In the second case, we found no Silphidae at the place where the corpse was found or at the autopsy, but a postmortem interval of 13 days could be established by the high specificity of this interspecific relationship and the departure from the corpse of this family of Coleoptera.