Single-Particle Momentum Distributions for Bosonic Trimer States in Two and Three Dimensions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Zero, minimum and maximum relative radial acceleration for planar formation flight dynamics near triangular libration points in the Earth-Moon system

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Resonance capture at arbitrary inclination

Resonance capture is studied numerically in the three-body problem for arbitrary inclinations. Massless particles are set to drift from outside the 1: 5 resonance with a Jupiter-mass planet thereby encountering the web of the planet's diverse mean motion resonances. Randomly constructed samples explore parameter space for inclinations from 0 to 180 degrees with 5 degrees increments totalling nearly 6 x 10(5) numerical simulations. 30 resonances internal and external to the planet's location are monitored. We find that retrograde resonances are unexpectedly more efficient at capture than prograde resonances and that resonance order is not necessarily a good indicator of capture efficiency at arbitrary inclination. Capture probability drops significantly at moderate sample eccentricity for initial inclinations in the range [10 degrees,110 degrees]. Orbit inversion is possible for initially circular orbits with inclinations in the range [60 degrees,130 degrees]. Capture in the 1:1 co-orbital resonance occurs with great likelihood at large retrograde inclinations. The planet's orbital eccentricity, if larger than 0.1, reduces the capture probabilities through the action of the eccentric Kozai-Lidov mechanism. A capture asymmetry appears between inner and outer resonances as prograde orbits are preferentially trapped in inner resonances. The relative capture efficiency of retrograde resonance suggests that the dynamical lifetimes of Damocloids and Centaurs on retrograde orbits must be significantly larger than those on prograde orbits implying that the recently identified asteroids in retrograde resonance, 2006 BZ8, 2008 SO218, 2009 QY6 and 1999 LE31 may be among the oldest small bodies that wander between the outer giant planets.

Natural formations at the Earth-Moon triangular point in perturbed restricted problems

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Chaotic Dynamics in a Low-Energy Transfer Strategy to the Equilateral Equilibrium Points in the Earth-Moon System

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Pareto Frontier for the time-energy cost vector to an Earth-Moon transfer orbit using the patched-conic approximation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O problema da relação mente-corpo e a consciência como sua manifestação

Pós-graduação em Filosofia - FFC

Supersymmetric Isospectral Formalism for the Calculation of Near-Zero Energy States: Application to the Very Weakly Bound He-4 Trimer Excited State

We propose a novel mathematical approach for the calculation of near-zero energy states by solving potentials which are isospectral with the original one. For any potential, families of strictly isospectral potentials (with very different shape) having desirable and adjustable features are generated by supersymmetric isospectral formalism. The near-zero energy Efimov state in the original potential is effectively trapped in the deep well of the isospectral family and facilitates more accurate calculation of the Efimov state. Application to the first excited state in He-4 trimer is presented.

Multi-planet extrasolar systems - detection and dynamics

20 years after the discovery of the first planets outside our solar system, the current exoplanetary population includes more than 700 confirmed planets around main sequence stars. Approximately 50% belong to multiple-planet systems in very diverse dynamical configurations, from two-planet hierarchical systems to multiple resonances that could only have been attained as the consequence of a smooth large-scale orbital migration. The first part of this paper reviews the main detection techniques employed for the detection and orbital characterization of multiple-planet systems, from the (now) classical radial velocity (RV) method to the use of transit time variations (TTV) for the identification of additional planetary bodies orbiting the same star. In the second part we discuss the dynamical evolution of multi-planet systems due to their mutual gravitational interactions. We analyze possible modes of motion for hierarchical, secular or resonant configurations, and what stability criteria can be defined in each case. In some cases, the dynamics can be well approximated by simple analytical expressions for the Hamiltonian function, while other configurations can only be studied with semi-analytical or numerical tools. In particular, we show how mean-motion resonances can generate complex structures in the phase space where different libration islands and circulation domains are separated by chaotic layers. In all cases we use real exoplanetary systems as working examples.

Stability and dynamics of terrestrial planets in binary star systems: application on Alpha Centauri

Binary stars are frequent in the universe, with about 50% of the known main sequence stars being located at a multiple star system (Abt, 1979). Even though, they are universally thought as second rate sites for the location of exo-planets and the habitable zone, due to the difficulties of detection and high perturbation that could prevent planet formation and long term stability. In this work we show that planets in binary star systems can have regular orbits and remain on the habitable zone. We introduce a stability criterium based on the solution of the restricted three body problem and apply it to describe the short period planar and three-dimentional stability zones of S-type orbits around each star of the Alpha Centauri system. We develop as well a semi-analytical secular model to study the long term dynamics of fictional planets in the habitable zone of those stars and we verify that planets on the habitable zone would be in regular orbits with any eccentricity and with inclination to the binary orbital plane up until 35 degrees. We show as well that the short period oscillations on the semi-major axis is 100 times greater than the Earth's, but at all the time the planet would still be found inside the Habitable zone.

Messung des Realteils der gebundenen 3 He-Streulänge

Streulängen beschreiben die s-Wellen-Streuung niederenergetischer Neutronen an Kernen. Solche Streuprozesse laufen nahezu ausschließlich über die starke Wechselwirkung ab. Wegen der Spinabhängigkeit der starken Wechselwirkung werden den Multiplett-Streulängen, d.h. den Streulängen der Gesamtspinzustände J, im Allgemeinen verschiedene Werte zugeordnet. Im Experiment sind die Multiplett-Streuzustände an makroskopischen Proben in der Regel nicht unmittelbar zugänglich. Messbar sind jedoch der polarisationsabhängige und -unabhängige Anteil der Streulänge, welche als inkohärente Streulänge und kohärente Streulänge bezeichnet werden und Linearkombinationen der Multiplettstreulängen sind. Durch komplexe Streulängen lässt sich der für reine Streuprozesse entwickelte Formalismus erweitern: Der Imaginärteil der Streulänge beschreibt dann die Absorption von Projektilen im Target. Sämtliche Reaktionsquerschnitte lassen sich als Funktionen der Streulänge angeben. Verbesserte Messungen der 3He-Streulängen sind für die Entwicklung theoretischer Modelle von Wenig-Nukleonen-Systemen wichtig. Für die Systeme (n,D) und (n,T) wurden in den letzten Jahren u.a. präzise theoretische Vorhersagen für die Multiplett-Streulängen gemacht. Die Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen untermauert, dass die theoretischen Unsicherheiten dieser Werte nur etwa 1 Promille betragen. Demgegenüber ist die theoretische Behandlung des n-3He-Systems aufwändiger. Bis zu Beginn der 1980er Jahre wurde eine Reihe von Vorhersagen für die Multiplett-Streulängen gemacht, die auf erfolgreichen Dreinukleon-Potentialmodellen basierten, untereinander aber vollkommen inkompatibel waren. Daneben waren zwei disjunkte Wertepaare für die Multiplett-Streulängen mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen verträglich. Obwohl es begründete Argumente zugunsten eines der Wertepaare gab, bestand die Hoffnung auf eine experimentelle Verifikation durch direkte Messung der inkohärenten Streulänge bereits 1980. Die Bestimmung des Realteils der inkohärenten Streulänge liefert in der Multiplettstreulängenebene eine Gerade, die fast orthogonal zum Band des Realteils der kohärenten Streulänge verläuft. Vermutlich aufgrund der unzureichenden Kenntnis der Realteile hat in den letzten Jahren keine nennenswerte Weiterentwicklung der Modelle für das System n–3He stattgefunden. Diese Arbeit entstand in der Absicht, durch polarisierte und unpolarisierte Experimente an 3He quantitative Fakten zur Beurteilung konkurrierender Vier-Nukleonen-Modelle zu schaffen und somit der theoretischen Arbeit auf diesem Feld einen neuen Impuls zu geben. Eine jüngst veröffentlichte theoretische Arbeit [H. M. Hofmann und G. M. Hale. Phys. Rev. C, 68(021002(R)): 1–4, Apr. 2003] zur spinabhängigen Streulänge des 3He belegt, dass die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit unternommenen Anstrengungen auf reges Interesse stoßen. Durch die Anwendung zweier sehr unterschiedlicher experimenteller Konzepte wurden Präzisionsmessungen der Realteile der kohärenten und inkohärenten Neutronenstreulänge des 3He durchgeführt. Während sich die Methode der Neutroneninterferometrie seit Ende der 1970er Jahre als Standardverfahren zur Messung von spinunabhängigen Streulängen etabliert hat, handelt es sich bei der Messung des pseudomagnetischen Präzessionswinkels am Spinecho-Spektrometer um ein neues experimentelles Verfahren. Wir erhalten aus den Experimenten für die gebundenen kohärenten und inkohärenten Streulängen neue Werte, welche die Unsicherheiten im Falle der kohärenten Streulänge um eine Größenordnung, im Falle der inkohärenten Streulänge sogar um den Faktor 30 reduzieren. Die Kombination dieser Resultate liefert verbesserte Werte der, für die nukleare Wenigkörper-Theorie wichtigen, Singulett- und Triplett-Streulängen. Wir erhalten neue Werte für die kohärenten und inkohärenten Anteile des gebundenen Streuquerschnitts, das für die Neutronenstreuung an der 3He-Quantenflüssigkeit wichtige Verhältnis von inkohärentem und kohärentem Streuquerschnitt und für den freien totalen Streuquerschnitt.

Investigation of the nuclear matter density distributions of the exotic 12 Be, 14 Be and 8 B nuclei by elastic proton scattering in inverse kinematics

The proton-nucleus elastic scattering at intermediate energies is a well-established method for the investigation of the nuclear matter distribution in stable nuclei and was recently applied also for the investigation of radioactive nuclei using the method of inverse kinematics. In the current experiment, the differential cross sections for proton elastic scattering on the isotopes $^{7,9,10,11,12,14}$Be and $^8$B were measured. The experiment was performed using the fragment separator at GSI, Darmstadt to produce the radioactive beams. The main part of the experimental setup was the time projection ionization chamber IKAR which was simultaneously used as hydrogen target and a detector for the recoil protons. Auxiliary detectors for projectile tracking and isotope identification were also installed. As results from the experiment, the absolute differential cross sections d$sigma$/d$t$ as a function of the four momentum transfer $t$ were obtained. In this work the differential cross sections for elastic p-$^{12}$Be, p-$^{14}$Be and p-$^{8}$B scattering at low $t$ ($t leq$~0.05~(GeV/c)$^2$) are presented. The measured cross sections were analyzed within the Glauber multiple-scattering theory using different density parameterizations, and the nuclear matter density distributions and radii of the investigated isotopes were determined. The analysis of the differential cross section for the isotope $^{14}$Be shows that a good description of the experimental data is obtained when density distributions consisting of separate core and halo components are used. The determined {it rms} matter radius is $3.11 pm 0.04 pm 0.13$~fm. In the case of the $^{12}$Be nucleus the results showed an extended matter distribution as well. For this nucleus a matter radius of $2.82 pm 0.03 pm 0.12$~fm was determined. An interesting result is that the free $^{12}$Be nucleus behaves differently from the core of $^{14}$Be and is much more extended than it. The data were also compared with theoretical densities calculated within the FMD and the few-body models. In the case of $^{14}$Be, the calculated cross sections describe the experimental data well while, in the case of $^{12}$Be there are discrepancies in the region of high momentum transfer. Preliminary experimental results for the isotope $^8$B are also presented. An extended matter distribution was obtained (though much more compact as compared to the neutron halos). A proton halo structure was observed for the first time with the proton elastic scattering method. The deduced matter radius is $2.60pm 0.02pm 0.26$~fm. The data were compared with microscopic calculations in the frame of the FMD model and reasonable agreement was observed. The results obtained in the present analysis are in most cases consistent with the previous experimental studies of the same isotopes with different experimental methods (total interaction and reaction cross section measurements, momentum distribution measurements). For future investigation of the structure of exotic nuclei a universal detector system EXL is being developed. It will be installed at the NESR at the future FAIR facility where higher intensity beams of radioactive ions are expected. The usage of storage ring techniques provides high luminosity and low background experimental conditions. Results from the feasibility studies of the EXL detector setup, performed at the present ESR storage ring, are presented.

Interacting bosons and fermions in three-dimensional optical lattice potentials

This thesis reports on the realization, characterization and analysis of ultracold bosonic and fermionic atoms in three-dimensional optical lattice potentials. Ultracold quantum gases in optical lattices can be regarded as ideal model systems to investigate quantum many-body physics. In this work interacting ensembles of bosonic 87Rb and fermionic 40K atoms are employed to study equilibrium phases and nonequilibrium dynamics. The investigations are enabled by a versatile experimental setup, whose core feature is a blue-detuned optical lattice that is combined with Feshbach resonances and a red-detuned dipole trap to allow for independent control of tunneling, interactions and external confinement. The Fermi-Hubbard model, which plays a central role in the theoretical description of strongly correlated electrons, is experimentally realized by loading interacting fermionic spin mixtures into the optical lattice. Using phase-contrast imaging the in-situ size of the atomic density distribution is measured, which allows to extract the global compressibility of the many-body state as a function of interaction and external confinement. Thereby, metallic and insulating phases are clearly identified. At strongly repulsive interaction, a vanishing compressibility and suppression of doubly occupied lattice sites signal the emergence of a fermionic Mott insulator. In a second series of experiments interaction effects in bosonic lattice quantum gases are analyzed. Typically, interactions between microscopic particles are described as two-body interactions. As such they are also contained in the single-band Bose-Hubbard model. However, our measurements demonstrate the presence of multi-body interactions that effectively emerge via virtual transitions of atoms to higher lattice bands. These findings are enabled by the development of a novel atom optical measurement technique: In quantum phase revival spectroscopy periodic collapse and revival dynamics of the bosonic matter wave field are induced. The frequencies of the dynamics are directly related to the on-site interaction energies of atomic Fock states and can be read out with high precision. The third part of this work deals with mixtures of bosons and fermions in optical lattices, in which the interspecies interactions are accurately controlled by means of a Feshbach resonance. Studies of the equilibrium phases show that the bosonic superfluid to Mott insulator transition is shifted towards lower lattice depths when bosons and fermions interact attractively. This observation is further analyzed by applying quantum phase revival spectroscopy to few-body systems consisting of a single fermion and a coherent bosonic field on individual lattice sites. In addition to the direct measurement of Bose-Fermi interaction energies, Bose-Bose interactions are proven to be modified by the presence of a fermion. This renormalization of bosonic interaction energies can explain the shift of the Mott insulator transition. The experiments of this thesis lay important foundations for future studies of quantum magnetism with fermionic spin mixtures as well as for the realization of complex quantum phases with Bose-Fermi mixtures. They furthermore point towards physics that reaches beyond the single-band Hubbard model.

Relativistic description of 3He(e,e'p)2H

The relativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation is used to describe the 3He(e, e′ p)2H process. We describe the 3He nucleus within the adiabatic hyperspherical expansion method with realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions. The overlap between the 3He and the deuteron wave functions can be accurately computed from a three-body calculation. The nucleons are described by solutions of the Dirac equation with scalar and vector (S–V) potentials. The wave function of the outgoing proton is obtained by solving the Dirac equation with a S–V optical potential fitted to elastic proton scattering data on the residual nucleus. Within this theoretical framework, we compute the cross section of the reaction and other observables like the transverse-longitudinal asymmetry, and compare them with the available experimental data measured at JLab.

Analysis of large-scale digital optical neural networks by Feynman diagrams

A new method to study large scale neural networks is presented in this paper. The basis is the use of Feynman- like diagrams. These diagrams allow the analysis of collective and cooperative phenomena with a similar methodology to the employed in the Many Body Problem. The proposed method is applied to a very simple structure composed by an string of neurons with interaction among them. It is shown that a new behavior appears at the end of the row. This behavior is different to the initial dynamics of a single cell. When a feedback is present, as in the case of the hippocampus, this situation becomes more complex with a whole set of new frequencies, different from the proper frequencies of the individual neurons. Application to an optical neural network is reported.