gamma-Radiation induces apoptosis via sarcoplasmatic reticulum in guinea pig ileum smooth muscle cells

We investigated the effects of gamma-radiation on cells isolated from the longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the guinea pig ileum, a relatively radioresistant tissue. Single doses (up to 50 Gy) reduced the amount of sarcoplasmatic reticulum and condensed the myofibrils, as shown by electron microscopy 3 days post-irradiation. After that, contractility of smooth muscle strips was reduced. Ca(2+) handling was altered after irradiation, as shown in fura-2 loaded cells, with elevated basal intracellular Ca(2+), reduced amount of intrareticular Ca(2+), and reduced capacitive Ca(2+) entry. Radiation also induced apoptosis, judged from flow cytometry of cells loaded with proprium iodide. Electron microscopy showed that radiation caused condensation of chromatin in dense masses around the nuclear envelope, the presence of apoptotic bodies, fragmentation of the nucleus, detachment of cells from their neighbors, and reductions in cell volume. Radiation also caused activation of caspase 12. Apoptosis was reduced by the administration of the caspase inhibitor Z-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl-ketone methyl ester (Z-VAD-FIVIK) during the 3 day period after irradiation, and by the chelator of intracellular Ca(2+), 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N`,N`-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA), from 1 h before until 2 h after irradiation. BAPTA also reduced the effects of radiation on contractility, basal intracellular Ca(2+), amount of intrareticular Ca(2+), capacitative Ca(2+) entry, and apoptosis. In conclusion, the effects of gamma radiation on contractility, Ca(2+) handling, and apoptosis appear due to a toxic action of intracellular Ca(2+). Ca(2+)-induced damage to the sarcoplasmatic reticulum seems a key event in impaired Ca(2+) handling and apoptosis induced by gamma-radiation. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Compartmentalization of Ras proteins

The Ras GTPases operate as molecular switches that link extracellular stimuli with a diverse range of biological outcomes. Although many studies have concentrated on the protein-protein interactions within the complex signaling cascades regulated by Ras, it is becoming clear that the spatial orientation of different Ras isoforms within the plasma membrane is also critical for their function. H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras use different membrane anchors to attach to the plasma membrane. Recently it has been shown that these anchors also act as trafficking signals that direct palmitoylated H-Ras and N-Ras through the exocytic pathway to the cell surface but divert polybasic K-Ras around the Golgi to the plasma membrane via an as yet-unidentified-route. Once at the plasma membrane, H-Ras and :K-Ras operate in different microdomains. K-Ras is localized predominantly to the disordered plasma membrane, whereas H-Ras exists in a GTP-regulated equilibrium between disordered plasma membrane and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. These observations provide a likely explanation for the increasing number of biological differences being identified between the otherwise highly homologous Ras isoforms and raise interesting questions about the role membrane microlocalization plays in determining the interactions of Ras with its effecters and exchange factors.

Stable expression of noncytopathic Kunjin replicons simulates both ultrastructural and biochemical characteristics observed during replication of Kunjin virus

This report focuses mainly on the characterization of a Vero cell line stably expressing the flavivirus Kunjin (KUN) replicon C20SDrep (C20SDrepVero). We showed by immunofluorescence and cryoimmunoelectron microscopy that unique flavivirus-induced membrane structures, termed convoluted membranes/paracrystalline structures, were induced in the C20SDrepVero cells. These induced cytoplasmic foci were immunolabeled with KUN virus anti-NS3 antibodies and with antibodies to the cellular markers ERGIC53 (for the intermediate compartment) and protein disulfide isomerase (for the rough endoplasmic reticulum). However, in contrast to the large perinuclear inclusions observed by immunofluorescence with anti-double-stranded (ds)RNA antibodies in KUN virus-infected cells, the dsRNA in C20SDrepVero cells was localized to small isolated foci scattered throughout the cytoplasm, which were coincident with small foci dual-labeled with the trans-Golgi specific marker GaIT. importantly persistent expression of the KUN replicons in cells did not produce cytopathic effects, and the morphology of major host organelles (including Golgi, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus) was apparently unaffected. The amounts of plus- and minus-sense RNA synthesis in replicon cells were similar to those in KUN virus-infected cells until near the end of the latent period, but subsequently increases of about 10- and fourfold, respectively, occurred in infected cells. Virus-specified protein synthesis in C20SDrepVero cells was also about 10-fold greater than that in infected cells. When several KUN replicon cell lines were compared with respect to membrane induction, the relative efficiencies increased in parallel with increases in viral RNA and protein synthesis, consistent with the increases observed during the virus infectious cycle. Based on these observations, cell lines expressing less-efficient replicons may provide a useful tool to study early events in flavivirus RNA replication, which are difficult to assess in Virus infections. (C) 2001 Academic press.

A caveolin dominant negative mutant associates with lipid bodies and induces intracellular cholesterol imbalance

Recent studies have indicated a role for caveolin in regulating cholesterol-dependent signaling events. In the present study we have analyzed the role of caveolins in intracellular cholesterol cycling using a dominant negative caveolin mutant. The mutant caveolin protein, cav-3(DGV) specifically associates with the membrane surrounding large lipid droplets. These structures contain neutral lipids, and are accessed by caveolin 1-3 upon overexpression. Fluorescence, electron, and video microscopy observations are consistent with formation of the membrane-enclosed lipid rich structures by maturation of subdomains of the ER. The caveolin mutant causes the intracellular accumulation of free cholesterol (FC) in late endosomes, a decrease in surface cholesterol and a decrease in cholesterol efflux and synthesis. The amphiphile U18666A acts synergistically with cav(DGV) to increase intracellular accumulation of FC. Incubation of cells with oleic acid induces a significant accumulation of full-length caveolins in the enlarged lipid droplets. We conclude that caveolin can associate with the membrane surrounding lipid droplets and is a key component involved in intracellular cholesterol balance and lipid transport in fibroblasts.

Expression of the hepatitis C virus structural proteins in mammalian cells induces morphology similar to that in natural infection

Like many positive-strand RNA viruses, replication of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with cytoplasmic membrane rearrangements. However, it is unclear which HCV Proteins induce these ultrastructural features. This work examined the morphological changes induced by expression of the HCV structural proteins, core, E1 and E2, expressed from a Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) recombinant RNA replicon. Electron microscopy of cells expressing these proteins showed cytoplasmic vacuoles containing membranous and electron-dense material that were distinct from the type I cytoplasmic vacuoles induced during SFV replicon replication. Immunogold labelling showed that the core and E2 proteins localized to the external and internal membranes of these vacuoles. At times were also associated with some of the internal amorphous material. Dual immunogold labelling with antibodies raised against the core protein and against an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident protein (protein disulphide isomerase) showed that the HCV-induced vacuoles were associated with ER-labelled membranes. This report has identified an association between the HCV core and E2 proteins with induced cytoplasmic vacuoles which are morphologically similar to those observed in HCV-infected liver tissue, suggesting that the HCV structural proteins may be responsible for the induction of these vacuoles during HCV replication in vivo.

Differential requirements for COPI coats in formation of replication complexes among three genera of Picornaviridae

Picornavirus RNA replication requires the formation of replication complexes (RCs). consisting of virus-induced vesicles associated with viral nonstructural proteins and RNA. Brefeldin A (BFA) has been shown to strongly inhibit RNA replication of poliovirus but not of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Here, we demonstrate that the replication of parechovirus 1 (ParV1) is partly resistant to BFA, whereas echovirus 11 (EV11) replication is strongly inhibited. Since BFA inhibits COPI-dependent steps in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi transport, we tested a hypothesis that different picornaviruses may have differential requirements for COPI in the formation of their RCs. Using immunofluorescence and cryo-immunoelectron microscopy we examined the association of a COPI component, beta-COP, with the RCs of EMCV, ParV1, and EV11 EMCV RCs did not contain beta-COP. In contrast, beta-COP appeared to be specifically distributed to the RCs of EV11 In ParV1-infected cells beta-COP was largely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, with some being present in the RCs. These results suggest that there are differences in the involvement of COPI in the formation of the RCs of various picornaviruses, corresponding to their differential sensitivity to BFA. EMCV RCs are likely to be formed immediately after vesicle budding from the ER, prior to COPI association with membranes. ParV1 RCs are formed from COPI-containing membranes but COPI is unlikely to be directly involved in their formation, whereas formation of EV11 RCs appears to be dependent on COPI association with membranes.

Inhibitors of COP-mediated Transport and Cholera Toxin Action Inhibit Simian Virus 40 Infection

Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a nonenveloped virus that has been shown to pass from surface caveolae to the endoplasmic reticulum in an apparently novel infectious entry pathway. We now show that the initial entry step is blocked by brefeldin A and by incubation at 20degreesC. Subsequent to the entry step, the virus reaches a domain of the rough endoplasmic reticulum by an unknown pathway. This intracellular trafficking pathway is also brefeldin A sensitive. Infection is strongly inhibited by expression of GTP-restricted ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) and Sar1 mutants and by microinjection of antibodies to betaCOP. In addition, we demonstrate a potent inhibition of SV40 infection by the dipeptide N-benzoyl-oxycarbonyl-Gly-Phe-amide, which also inhibits late events in cholera toxin action. Our results identify novel inhibitors of SV40 infection and show that SV40 requires COPI- and COPII-dependent transport steps for successful infection.

Ras proteins: Different signals from different locations

Ras signalling has classically been thought to occur exclusively at the inner surface of a relatively uniform plasma membrane. Recent studies have shown that Ras proteins interact dynamically with specific microdomains of the plasma membrane as well as with other internal cell membranes. These different membrane microenvironments modulate Ras signal output and highlight the complex interplay between Ras location and function.

Lipid rafts and caveolae as portals for endocytosis: New insights and common mechanisms

Clathrin-coated pits and caveolae are two of the most recognizable features of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. While our understanding of the machinery regulating and driving clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis has progressed dramatically, including the elucidation of the structure of individual components and partial in vitro reconstitution, the role of caveolae as alternative endocytic carriers still remains elusive 50 years after their discovery. However, recent work has started to provide new insights into endocytosis by caveolae and into apparently related pathways involving lipid raft domains. These pathways, distinguished by their exquisite sensitivity to cholesterol-sequestering agents, can involve caveolae but also exist in cells devoid of caveolins and caveolae. This review examines the current evidence for the involvement of rafts and caveolae in endocytosis and the molecular players involved in their regulation.

Dissecting the molecular interaction between hepatocytes and Plasmodium liver parasites

Dissertation presented to obtain the Ph.D degree in Biology

Exploring the role of O-Mannosylation in the modulation of E-Cadherin function in Gastric Cancer cell line models

Dissertação de mestrado em Bioquímica Aplicada – Biomedicina

Ultra-estrutura de glândulas abdominais tegumentares em Oxaea flavescens (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Oxaeinae)

The sternal glands of the abdomen of Oxaea flavescens (Klug, 1807) consist of class III glandular cells around a reservoir constituted by branched folds of the intersegmental membrane of segments III, IV and V. The gland cells are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and produce a secretion with mucous aspect. The treatment with oxidated osmium and ruthenium red showed numerous Golgi regions in the cell and carbohydrates absorption from the haemolymph, respectively. The high degree of development of the glands suggests an important function to the species, although still unknown.

Immunogold Detection of L-glutamate and D-serine in Small Synaptic-Like Microvesicles in Adult Hippocampal Astrocytes.

Glutamate and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligand D-serine are putative gliotransmitters. Here, we show by immunogold cytochemistry of the adult hippocampus that glutamate and D-serine accumulate in synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) in the perisynaptic processes of astrocytes. The estimated concentration of fixed glutamate in the astrocytic SLMVs is comparable to that in synaptic vesicles of excitatory nerve terminals (∼45 and ∼55 mM, respectively), whereas the D-serine level is about 6 mM. The vesicles are organized in small spaced clusters located near the astrocytic plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum is regularly found in close vicinity to SLMVs, suggesting that astrocytes contain functional nanodomains, where a local Ca(2+) increase can trigger release of glutamate and/or D-serine.

Etude des propriétés dynamiques de la sécrétion régulée des vésicules glutamatergiques des astrocytes

RESUME GRAND PUBLICLe cerveau est composé de différents types cellulaires, dont les neurones et les astrocytes. Faute de moyens pour les observer, les astrocytes sont très longtemps restés dans l'ombre alors que les neurones, bénéficiant des outils ad hoc pour être stimulés et étudiés, ont fait l'objet de toutes les attentions. Le développement de l'imagerie cellulaire et des outils fluorescents ont permis d'observer ces cellules non électriquement excitables et d'obtenir des informations qui laissent penser que ces cellules sont loin d'être passives et participent activement au fonctionnement cérébral. Cette participation au fonctionnement cérébral se fait en partie par le biais de la libération de substances neuro-actives (appellées gliotransmetteurs) que les astrocytes libèrent à proximité des synapses permettant ainsi de moduler le fonctionnement neuronal. Cette libération de gliotransmetteurs est principalement causée par l'activité neuronale que les astrocytes sont capables de sentir. Néanmoins, nous savons encore peu de chose sur les propriétés précises de la libération des gliotransmetteurs. Comprendre les propriétés spatio-temporelles de cette libération est essentiel pour comprendre le mode de communication de ces cellules et leur implication dans la transmission de l'information cérébrale. En utilisant des outils fluorescents récemment développés et en combinant différentes techniques d'imagerie cellulaire, nous avons pu obtenir des informations très précises sur la libération de ces gliotransmetteurs par les astrocytes. Nous avons ainsi confirmé que cette libération était un processus très rapide et qu'elle était contrôlée par des augmentations de calcium locales et rapides. Nous avons également décrit une organisation complexe de la machinerie supportant la libération des gliotransmetteurs. Cette organisation complexe semble être à la base de la libération extrêmement rapide des gliotransmetteurs. Cette rapidité de libération et cette complexité structurelle semblent indiquer que les astrocytes sont des cellules particulièrement adaptées à une communication rapide et qu'elles peuvent, au même titre que les neurones dont elles seraient les partenaires légitimes, participer à la transmission et à l'intégration de l'information cérébrale.RESUMEDe petites vésicules, les « SLMVs » ou « Synaptic Like MicroVesicles », exprimant des transporteurs vésiculaires du glutamate (VGluTs) et libérant du glutamate par exocytose régulée, ont récemment été décrites dans les astrocytes en culture et in situ. Néanmoins, nous savons peu de chose sur les propriétés précises de la sécrétion de ces SLMVs. Contrairement aux neurones, le couplage stimulussécrétion des astrocytes n'est pas basé sur l'ouverture des canaux calciques membranaires mais nécessite l'intervention de seconds messagers et la libération du calcium par le reticulum endoplasmique (RE). Comprendre les propriétés spatio-temporelles de la sécrétion astrocytaire est essentiel pour comprendre le mode de communication de ces cellules et leur implication dans la transmission de l'information cérébrale. Nous avons utilisé des outils fluorescents récemment développés pour étudier le recyclage des vésicules synaptiques glutamatergiques comme les colorants styryles et la pHluorin afin de pouvoir suivre la sécrétion des SLMVs à l'échelle de la cellule mais également à l'échelle des évènements. L'utilisation combinée de l'épifluorescence et de la fluorescence à onde évanescente nous a permis d'obtenir une résolution temporelle et spatiale sans précédent. Ainsi avons-nous confirmé que la sécrétion régulée des astrocytes était un processus très rapide (de l'ordre de quelques centaines de millisecondes). Nous avons découvert que cette sécrétion est contrôlée par des augmentations de calcium locales et rapides. Nous avons également décrit des compartiments cytosoliques délimités par le RE à proximité de la membrane plasmique et contenant les SLMVs. Cette organisation semble être à la base du couplage rapide entre l'activation des GPCRs et la sécrétion. L'existence de compartiments subcellulaires indépendants permettant de contenir les messagers intracellulaires et de limiter leur diffusion semble compenser de manière efficace la nonexcitabilité électrique des astrocytes. Par ailleurs, l'existence des différents pools de vésicules recrutés séquentiellement et fusionnant selon des modalités distinctes ainsi que l'existence de mécanismes permettant le renouvellement de ces pools lors de la stimulation suggèrent que les astrocytes peuvent faire face à une stimulation soutenue de leur sécrétion. Ces données suggèrent que la libération de gliotransmetteurs par exocytose régulée n'est pas seulement une propriété des astrocytes en culture mais bien le résultat d'une forte spécialisation de ces cellules pour la sécrétion. La rapidité de cette sécrétion donne aux astrocytes toutes les compétences pour pouvoir intervenir de manière active dans la transmission et l'intégration de l'information.ABSTRACTRecently, astrocytic synaptic like microvesicles (SLMVs), that express vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluTs) and are able to release glutamate by Ca2+-dependent regulated exocytosis, have been described both in tissue and in cultured astrocytes. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific properties of regulated secretion in astrocytes. Important differences may exist between astrocytic and neuronal exocytosis, starting from the fact that stimulus-secretion coupling in astrocytes is voltage independent, mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors and the release of Ca2+ from internal stores. Elucidating the spatiotemporal properties of astrocytic exo-endocytosis is, therefore, of primary importance for understanding the mode of communication of these cells and their role in brain signaling. We took advantage of fluorescent tools recently developed for studying recycling of glutamatergic vesicles at synapses like styryl dyes and pHluorin in order to follow exocytosis and endocytosis of SLMVs at the level of the entire cell or at the level of single event. We combined epifluorescence and total internal reflection fluorescence imaging to investigate, with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution, the events underlying the stimulus-secretion in astrocytes. We confirmed that exo-endocytosis process in astrocytes proceeds with a time course on the millisecond time scale. We discovered that SLMVs exocytosis is controlled by local and fast Ca2+ elevations; indeed submicrometer cytosolic compartments delimited by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubuli reaching beneath the plasma membrane and containing SLMVs. Such complex organization seems to support the fast stimulus-secretion coupling reported here. Independent subcellular compartments formed by ER, SLMVs and plasma membrane containing intracellular messengers and limiting their diffusion seem to compensate efficiently the non-electrical excitability of astrocytes. Moreover, the existence of two pools of SLMVs which are sequentially recruited suggests a compensatory mechanisms allowing the refill of SLMVs and supporting exocytosis process over a wide range of multiple stimuli. These data suggest that regulated secretion is not only a feature of cultured astrocytes but results from a strong specialization of these cells. The rapidity of secretion demonstrates that astrocytes are able to actively participate in brain information transmission and processing.