Inter organizational learning within and by innovation networks

The thesis deals with the phenomenon of learning between organizations in innovation networks that develop new products, services or processes. Inter organizational learning is studied especially at the level of the network. The role of the network can be seen as twofold: either the network is a context for inter organizational learning, if the learner is something else than the network (organization, group, individual), or the network itself is the learner. Innovations are regarded as a primary source of competitiveness and renewal in organizations. Networking has become increasingly common particularly because of the possibility to extend the resource base of the organization through partnerships and to concentrate on core competencies. Especially in innovation activities, networks provide the possibility to answer the complex needs of the customers faster and to share the costs and risks of the development work. Networked innovation activities are often organized in practice as distributed virtual teams, either within one organization or as cross organizational co operation. The role of technology is considered in the research mainly as an enabling tool for collaboration and learning. Learning has been recognized as one important collaborative process in networks or as a motivation for networking. It is even more important in the innovation context as an enabler of renewal, since the essence of the innovation process is creating new knowledge, processes, products and services. The thesis aims at providing enhanced understanding about the inter organizational learning phenomenon in and by innovation networks, especially concentrating on the network level. The perspectives used in the research are the theoretical viewpoints and concepts, challenges, and solutions for learning. The methods used in the study are literature reviews and empirical research carried out with semi structured interviews analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The empirical research concentrates on two different areas, firstly on the theoretical approaches to learning that are relevant to innovation networks, secondly on learning in virtual innovation teams. As a result, the research identifies insights and implications for learning in innovation networks from several viewpoints on organizational learning. Using multiple perspectives allows drawing a many sided picture of the learning phenomenon that is valuable because of the versatility and complexity of situations and challenges of learning in the context of innovation and networks. The research results also show some of the challenges of learning and possible solutions for supporting especially network level learning.

Virtuaalitekniikoiden ja riskianalyysin käyttö kivenmurskainten tuotekehityksessä

Tässä työssä keskitytään Metso Mineralsin valmistamien tuotteiden suunnitteluympäristöön ja erityisesti sen kehittämismahdollisuuksiin uusien teknologioiden avulla. Käyttövarmuuden parantamiseksi yksi potentiaalisimmista keinoista on parantaa laitteiden huollettavuutta. Tyypillisesti huollettavuuden verifiointi tapahtuu vasta prototyyppien testauksessa työmaaolosuhteissa, jolloin havaittujen ongelmien muuttaminen on hankalaa. Siksi huollettavuuteen tulisi kiinnittää enemmän huomiota jo tuotekehitysvaiheessa. Tässä työssä selvitetään virtuaalitekniikoiden tarjoamia mahdollisuuksia em. asioiden parantamiseksi. Työn toisena osakokonaisuutena tutkitaan riskianalyysien kehittämismahdollisuuksia. Tavoitteena on kehittää toimiva menetelmä riskianalyysin suorittamiseen virtuaaliprototyyppien avulla ja testata kaupallisten riskianalyysiin tarkoitettujen sovellusten käyttöä. Lopuksi tarkastellaan vielä uusien menetelmien integrointia osaksi tuotekehitysprosessia. Tehtyjen Case-tutkimusten perusteella havaittiin, että virtuaaliympäristöjen ja -tekniikoiden avulla saavutetaan hyötyä tuotekehityksen varhaisessa vaiheessa. Kyselytutkimuksesta saadun palautteen perusteella virtuaalitekniikoiden sovelluksille annettiin asteikolla 1–5 yleisarvosanaksi keskimäärin kolme. Virtuaalitekniikoiden ja riskianalyysien yhteiskäyttöä testattiin onnistuneesti, mutta tämä vaatii vielä kehittämistä.

Players and Avatars: The Connections between Player Personality, Avatar Personality, and Behavior in Video Games

The increasing variety and complexity of video games allows players to choose how to behave and represent themselves within these virtual environments. The focus of this dissertation was to examine the connections between the personality traits (specifically, HEXACO traits and psychopathic traits) of video game players and player-created and controlled game-characters (i.e., avatars), and the link between traits and behavior in video games. In Study 1 (n = 198), the connections between player personality traits and behavior in a Massively Multiplayer Online Roleplaying Game (World of Warcraft) were examined. Six behavior components were found (i.e., Player-versus-Player, Social Player-versus-Environment, Working, Helping, Immersion, and Core Content), and each was related to relevant personality traits. For example, Player-versus-Player behaviors were negatively related to Honesty-Humility and positively related to psychopathic traits, and Immersion behaviors (i.e., exploring, role-playing) were positively related to Openness to Experience. In Study 2 (n = 219), the connections between player personality traits and in-game behavior in video games were examined in university students. Four behavior components were found (i.e., Aggressing, Winning, Creating, and Helping), and each was related to at least one personality trait. For example, Aggressing was negatively related to Honesty-Humility and positively related to psychopathic traits. In Study 3 (n = 90), the connections between player personality traits and avatar personality traits were examined in World of Warcraft. Positive player-avatar correlations were observed for all personality traits except Extraversion. Significant mean differences between players and avatars were observed for all traits except Conscientiousness; avatars had higher mean scores on Extraversion and psychopathic traits, but lower mean scores on the remaining traits. In Study 4, the connections between player personality traits, avatar traits, and observed behaviors in a life-simulation video game (The Sims 3) were examined in university students (n = 93). Participants created two avatars and used these avatars to play The Sims 3. Results showed that the selection of certain avatar traits was related to relevant player personality traits (e.g., participants who chose the Friendly avatar trait were higher in Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness, and lower in psychopathic traits). Selection of certain character-interaction behaviors was related to relevant player personality traits (e.g., participants with higher levels of psychopathic traits used more Mean and fewer Friendly interactions). Together, the results of the four studies suggest that individuals generally behave and represent themselves in video games in ways that are consistent with their real-world tendencies.

Reconnaissance émotionnelle faciale et psychopathie : un protocole exploratoire à l’aide de personnages virtuels animés

La présente recherche est constituée de deux études. Dans l’étude 1, il s’agit d’améliorer la validité écologique des travaux sur la reconnaissance émotionnelle faciale (REF) en procédant à la validation de stimuli qui permettront d’étudier cette question en réalité virtuelle. L’étude 2 vise à documenter la relation entre le niveau de psychopathie et la performance à une tâche de REF au sein d’un échantillon de la population générale. Pour ce faire, nous avons créé des personnages virtuels animés de différentes origines ethniques exprimant les six émotions fondamentales à différents niveaux d’intensité. Les stimuli, sous forme statique et dynamique, ont été évalués par des étudiants universitaires. Les résultats de l’étude 1 indiquent que les stimuli virtuels, en plus de comporter plusieurs traits distinctifs, constituent un ensemble valide pour étudier la REF. L’étude 2 a permis de constater qu’un score plus élevé à l’échelle de psychopathie, spécifiquement à la facette de l’affect plat, est associé à une plus grande sensibilité aux expressions émotionnelles, particulièrement pour la tristesse. Inversement, un niveau élevé de tendances criminelles est, pour sa part, associé à une certaine insensibilité générale et à un déficit spécifique pour le dégoût. Ces résultats sont spécifiques aux participants masculins. Les données s’inscrivent dans une perspective évolutive de la psychopathie. L’étude met en évidence l’importance d’étudier l’influence respective des facettes de la personnalité psychopathique, ce même dans des populations non-cliniques. De plus, elle souligne la manifestation différentielle des tendances psychopathiques chez les hommes et chez les femmes.

Geometric Structure of the Adaptive Controller of the Human Arm

The objects with which the hand interacts with may significantly change the dynamics of the arm. How does the brain adapt control of arm movements to this new dynamic? We show that adaptation is via composition of a model of the task's dynamics. By exploring generalization capabilities of this adaptation we infer some of the properties of the computational elements with which the brain formed this model: the elements have broad receptive fields and encode the learned dynamics as a map structured in an intrinsic coordinate system closely related to the geometry of the skeletomusculature. The low--level nature of these elements suggests that they may represent asset of primitives with which a movement is represented in the CNS.

Reabilitação Neuropsicológica em Pacientes com Lesão Vascular Cerebral: Uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura

Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura en laweb de bases de datos de la Ciencia, Pubmede BIREMEentre los años 2000 y 2011 a través de los términos "la rehabilitación cognitiva y el accidente cerebrovascular" y "la rehabilitación cognitiva y el accidente cerebrovascular". Los resultados mostraron la falta de estudios sobre el tema en la literatura internacional y la ausencia de la literatura nacional (brasileño), y 21 artículos incluidos en el estudio, que informó sobre todo la rehabilitación del lenguaje están explorando los entornos virtuales para la rehabilitación metodología breves y frecuentes, así como los programas demostrado ser eficaz a las tareasde la vida diaria, lo que sugiere su validez ecológica. Se concluye que el proceso de rehabilitación necesitaestudiar más a fondo, y que sistematizó las técnicasdeben ser expuestos y la literatura científica publicada. 

Second Life en el aprendizaje de idiomas y la interacción social

Resumen en inglés. Resumen basado en el de la publicación. Capítulo incluido en el monográfico número 8 de la revista 'Tejuelo. Didáctica de la lengua y la literatura. Educación', titulado 'Comunicación social y educación'

Entornos virtuales de enseñanza aprendizaje (EVEA): Formanción profesional

Resumen tomado de la publicación

A Gentle/S approach to robot assisted neuro-rehabilitation

Movement disorders (MD) include a group of neurological disorders that involve neuromotor systems. MD can result in several abnormalities ranging from an inability to move, to severe constant and excessive movements. Strokes are a leading cause of disability affecting largely the older people worldwide. Traditional treatments rely on the use of physiotherapy that is partially based on theories and also heavily reliant on the therapists training and past experience. The lack of evidence to prove that one treatment is more effective than any other makes the rehabilitation of stroke patients a difficult task. UL motor re-learning and recovery levels tend to improve with intensive physiotherapy delivery. The need for conclusive evidence supporting one method over the other and the need to stimulate the stroke patient clearly suggest that traditional methods lack high motivational content, as well as objective standardised analytical methods for evaluating a patient's performance and assessment of therapy effectiveness. Despite all the advances in machine mediated therapies, there is still a need to improve therapy tools. This chapter describes a new approach to robot assisted neuro-rehabilitation for upper limb rehabilitation. Gentle/S introduces a new approach on the integration of appropriate haptic technologies to high quality virtual environments, so as to deliver challenging and meaningful therapies to people with upper limb impairment in consequence of a stroke. The described approach can enhance traditional therapy tools, provide therapy "on demand" and can present accurate objective measurements of a patient's progression. Our recent studies suggest the use of tele-presence and VR-based systems can potentially motivate patients to exercise for longer periods of time. Two identical prototypes have undergone extended clinical trials in the UK and Ireland with a cohort of 30 stroke subjects. From the lessons learnt with the Gentle/S approach, it is clear also that high quality therapy devices of this nature have a role in future delivery of stroke rehabilitation, and machine mediated therapies should be available to patient and his/her clinical team from initial hospital admission, through to long term placement in the patient's home following hospital discharge.

Modelling of surface identifying characteristics using Fourier series

Texture and small-scale surface details are widely recognised as playing an important role in the haptic identification of objects. In order to simulate realistic textures in haptic virtual environments, it has become increasingly necessary to identify a robust technique for modelling of surface profiles. This paper describes a method whereby Fourier series spectral analysis is employed in order to describe the measured surface profiles of several characteristic surfaces. The results presented suggest that a bandlimited Fourier series can be used to provide a realistic approximation to surface amplitude profiles.

Varejo multicanal: grau de integração e o varejo de livros no Brasil

Quando se comemora uma década da Internet comercial no Brasil, é consenso entre os estudiosos que ela não apenas chegou para ficar, mas principalmente, levou muitos negócios a adotarem novos canais, setores a repensarem seus enfoques e indicou novas formas de atender a seus clientes, além de ter provocado mudanças na gestão, operações e formulação de suas estratégias. Neste contexto delineia-se o principal objetivo deste estudo que é investigar o fenômeno da integração no varejo multicanal em empresas brasileiras do setor varejista direcionadas à comercialização de livros. Entende-se por varejo multicanal a disponibilização por parte das empresas de mais de um canal para que seus clientes possam realizar suas compras, com a predominância de lojas físicas e sites comerciais em ambiente Web. O estudo tem por objetivos específicos entender os propósitos das empresas estudadas na adoção do varejo multicanal em relação à estratégia de expansão, como as vantagens competitivas já existentes foram alavancadas com a integração da loja virtual, qual o grau de integração das atividades nos ambientes físico e virtual em relação à gestão, operações e mensuração e no que se refere às variáveis do composto varejista, procurando levantar como estão situadas nos diferentes estágios de integração. Para tanto o referencial teórico procurou adicionar ao conceito de Varejo Multicanal, os elementos dos conceitos consagrados de Estratégia de Crescimento, Unidade Estratégica de Negócios (UENs) e Sinergia. A pesquisa de caráter exploratório foi conduzida em três redes de livrarias com forte presença nacional. Os resultados encontrados mostram que as empresas estudadas conseguiram expandir seus negócios e alavancar suas vantagens competitivas, integrando de forma distinta a gestão, operações e mensuração, bem como as variáveis de seu composto varejista, situando-as em diferentes estágios de integração de seus canais físico e virtual.

Fatores antecedentes da satisfação do aluno e do uso de sistemas virtuais de aprendizagem

A educação a distância tem passado por grandes transformações, principalmente após o advento da internet e das tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs). Inúmeras perguntas sobre qualidade e resultados de aprendizagem em ambientes virtuais foram geradas com o crescimento da modalidade. Pesquisadores têm investigado métodos de avaliação dos benefícios promovidos pelo e-learning sob um número diversificado de perspectivas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar o impacto dos construtos qualidade do sistema, qualidade da informação e qualidade do serviço na satisfação do aluno e no uso de Sistemas Virtuais de Aprendizagem em ambientes de e-learning, utilizando como base teórica o modelo de Sucesso de e-learning, adaptado do modelo de Delone e McLean por Holsapple e Lee-Post. A metodologia de pesquisa tipo survey foi administrada por meio de um curso on-line ofertado a 291 estudantes de instituições públicas e privadas de todas as regiões do Brasil. Para o tratamento e análise dos dados, utilizaram-se técnicas de modelagem de equações estruturais e análise fatorial confirmatória. Os resultados demonstram que o uso do sistema é impactado pela variação dos construtos qualidade do sistema, qualidade da informação e qualidade dos serviços, já a satisfação do aluno é antecedida pela qualidade percebida da informação e do serviço. Muitos dos benefícios gerados pela educação a distância são causados pela satisfação do aluno e pela intensidade com que este utiliza o sistema de aprendizagem. Ao identificar os indicadores que antecedem estas variáveis, os gestores educacionais podem planejar seus investimentos visando atender às demandas mais importantes, além de utilizar a informação para lidar com um dos maiores problemas em EaD: a evasão.

Rede Água: instrumento de construção colaborativa e democratização do conhecimento, direcionado as cadeias produtivas da pesca e da aqüicultura Proposta de metodologia

This paper proposes a methodology for building Information Technology solutions in the form of virtual environments that allow for collaborative construction and democratization of knowledge for and about supply chains, providing tools for collaboration iteration and the social actors involved, valuing its environmental variables and assisting in its development. The scope of supply chains of aquaculture and fisheries and www.redeagua.com.br were the objects of research and prototyping of this paper. AVA Moodle was chosen to create the environment in question by their full fitness the socio-cultural characteristics of the target audience and the structure of existing digital inclusion, making necessary the development of strategies to generate interest from productive agents in their effective participation as collaborators and not just as recipients of content. The structure of this survey work will be qualitative-quantitative, using both traditional elements such as forms and interviews as sources typical of virtual environments, such as statistical reports of visitation and placement in search engines on the Internet