Antioxidantes em frutos e vegetais

O oxigénio é um elemento necessário à sobrevivência da maioria dos seres vivos. Contudo, este pode revelar-se tóxico, provocando a oxidação e a destruição celular. Em consequência desta oxidação formam–se, a partir do oxigénio molecular (O2), grupos de átomos extremamente reactivos – os radicais livres. A oxidação, tanto dos tecidos animais como dos tecidos vegetais, pode ocorrer tanto como resultado do simples metabolismo celular aeróbio formando os designados radicais livres endógenos, como também pelas agressões externas ao organismo que levam à formação dos radicais livres exógenos (Plummer, 1989).

Between light and darkness: Earthsea and the name of utopia

In Le Guin's Earthsea Quartet, knowledge of the name of a thing or person guarantees control over their destiny. In a world where light and darkness co-exist and where dragons are an extension of humans, a name is the means with which one can achieve one's vision of the world. If utopia is the individual projection of a supposedly collective ideal, then knowledge of names is the vehicle for the realization of one's own utopia, which may well come into conflict with the utopias of others. However, Earthsea is not simply a series of battles between individual utopists. Earthsea itself constitutes a precarious and non-traditional utopia, where antithetical sides co-exist and neither prevails forever. As its name denotes, “earth” and “sea,” darkness and light, tombs and open seas, tiny islands and eternal journeys operate together to produce the setting for the novels and enable the chase of an ever-elusive knowledge. For as the utopists in Earthsea find out, knowledge can only be complete if it also comprises its Jungian opposite, namely ignorance. In an attempt to explore the relation between utopia, knowledge, and ignorance, this article employs psychology and linguistics, and constructs a description of a “just” world which remains necessarily utopian.

Regulation of Nedd4-2 self-ubiquitination and stability by a PY motif located within its HECT-domain.

Ubiquitin ligases play a pivotal role in substrate recognition and ubiquitin transfer, yet little is known about the regulation of their catalytic activity. Nedd4 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4)-2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase composed of a C2 domain, four WW domains (protein-protein interaction domains containing two conserved tryptophan residues) that bind PY motifs (L/PPXY) and a ubiquitin ligase HECT (homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus) domain. In the present paper we show that the WW domains of Nedd4-2 bind (weakly) to a PY motif (LPXY) located within its own HECT domain and inhibit auto-ubiquitination. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that mutation of the HECT PY-motif decreases the stability of Nedd4-2, suggesting that it is involved in stabilization of this E3 ligase. Interestingly, the HECT PY-motif mutation does not affect ubiquitination or down-regulation of a known Nedd4-2 substrate, ENaC (epithelial sodium channel). ENaC ubiquitination, in turn, appears to promote Nedd4-2 self-ubiquitination. These results support a model in which the inter- or intra-molecular WW-domain-HECT PY-motif interaction stabilizes Nedd4-2 by preventing self-ubiquitination. Substrate binding disrupts this interaction, allowing self-ubiquitination of Nedd4-2 and subsequent degradation, resulting in down-regulation of Nedd4-2 once it has ubiquitinated its target. These findings also point to a novel mechanism employed by a ubiquitin ligase to regulate itself differentially compared with substrate ubiquitination and stability.

NAVA enhances tidal volume and diaphragmatic electro-myographic activity matching: a Range90 analysis of supply and demand.

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a ventilation assist mode that delivers pressure in proportionality to electrical activity of the diaphragm (Eadi). Compared to pressure support ventilation (PS), it improves patient-ventilator synchrony and should allow a better expression of patient's intrinsic respiratory variability. We hypothesize that NAVA provides better matching in ventilator tidal volume (Vt) to patients inspiratory demand. 22 patients with acute respiratory failure, ventilated with PS were included in the study. A comparative study was carried out between PS and NAVA, with NAVA gain ensuring the same peak airway pressure as PS. Robust coefficients of variation (CVR) for Eadi and Vt were compared for each mode. The integral of Eadi (ʃEadi) was used to represent patient's inspiratory demand. To evaluate tidal volume and patient's demand matching, Range90 = 5-95 % range of the Vt/ʃEadi ratio was calculated, to normalize and compare differences in demand within and between patients and modes. In this study, peak Eadi and ʃEadi are correlated with median correlation of coefficients, R > 0.95. Median ʃEadi, Vt, neural inspiratory time (Ti_ ( Neural )), inspiratory time (Ti) and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were similar in PS and NAVA. However, it was found that individual patients have higher or smaller ʃEadi, Vt, Ti_ ( Neural ), Ti and PIP. CVR analysis showed greater Vt variability for NAVA (p < 0.005). Range90 was lower for NAVA than PS for 21 of 22 patients. NAVA provided better matching of Vt to ʃEadi for 21 of 22 patients, and provided greater variability Vt. These results were achieved regardless of differences in ventilatory demand (Eadi) between patients and modes.

Recueil de copies de pièces.

Contient : 1 « Pouvoir [donné par FRANÇOIS II] à messieurs de Sipierre et de Carnavalet, de gouverneurs generaux des personnes de messeigneurs les ducs d'Orleans, d'Engoulesme et d'Anjou, freres du roy et superintendans de leur maison... Donné à Moustiers sur Saulx, le quatriesme jour d'octobre mille cinq cents cinquante neuf » ; 2 « Epistola VIDI FABRI PIBRACII ad Carolum, Lotharingium cardinalem, 1559 ». En latin ; 3 « Vita Caroli noni, Galliae regis » ; 4 « Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] au parlement, pour deputer deux presidens pour se trouver en l'hostel episcopal de Paris pour assister en une assemblée qui s'y debvoit tenir, et lever la contention entre le prevost de Paris et le prevost des marchands... 1561 » ; 5 « Memoires de monsieur l'evesque de Limoges... SEBASTIEN DE LAUBESPINE,... ambassadeur pour le roy en Espagne. 1 octobre 1561 » ; 6 « Lettre de LOUYS DE BOURBON, prince DE CONDE, au roy de Navarre... D'Orleans, ce XIIIe jour de juin 1562 » ; 7 « Lettre de... LOUYS DE BOURBON,... à la royne... Escrit à Orleans, ce XIIIe jour de juin 1562 » ; 8 « Advertissement sur l'execution de l'edict par lequel l'année doit commencer le 1 janvier 1563 » ; 9 « Remonstrance au roy par les Estats de France », pour s'« opposer à la tyrannie de ceux de Guise » ; 10 « Vente du temporel des ecclesiastiques, edict du roy CHARLES [IX], donné à Sainct Germain en Laye, ou moys de may, l'an de grace mille cinq cents soixante trois » ; 11 « Lettre de RENEE DE FRANCE à Jean Calvin. Escrite à Montargis, le 21 mars 1563 » ; 12 « Partage que le connestable de Montmorency entend estre gardé par ses enfans en la succession de ses terres et seigneuries, et autres biens. A Paris, 21 janvier 1563 ». Suivi de la ratification dudit partage, donnée par les héritiers du connétable « au chastel de Chantilly, le huictieme jour de juin mille cinq cents soixante huict » ; 13 « Bulla sanctissimi domini PII???, divina providentia papae IV, super forma juramenti professionis fidei... Datum Romae, apud Sanctum Petrum, anno Incarnationis dominicae millesimo quingentesimo sexagesimo quarto, idibus novembris » ; 14 « Fausseté de deux gentilshommes normands??? contre un conseiller du parlement de Rouen. Mars??? 1564 » ; 15 « Deputez de par le roy [Charles IX] pour la conference de Calais avec la royne d'Angleterre, l'an 1565 » ; 16 « L'Histoire du diable de Laon. De Laon, ce 8 febvrier 1565 » ; 17 « Arrest d'innocence de monsieur l'admiral de Chastillon de la mort de monsieur de Guise. 29 janvier 1566 » ; 18 « Serment faict par le roy, la royne, messieurs les ducs d'Anjou et d'Alençon, et autres princes, seigneurs et mareschaux de France, d'observer et faire observer les articles de la paix, l'an 1570, 5 aoust » ; 19 « Passeport du roy pour madame l'admirale... 1571, 24 septembre » ; 20 « Conclusion du procureur general BOURDIN contre monsieur le cardinal de Chastillon, environ l'an 1566 » ; 21 « Remonstrance au roy et à son conseil, par monsieur le cardinal DE LORRAINE, l'an 1566, 12 janvier » ; 22 « Propos fascheux tenus au conseil, entre le cardinal de Lorraine et le chancelier de L'Hospital, l'an 1566 » ; 23 « Narré??? de ce qui se passa au conseil du roy tenu à Moulins, entre le cardinal de Lorraine et le chancelier de L'Hospital, l'an 1566, mars » ; 24 « Lettre du sieur DE FORQUEVAUX, ambassadeur du roy en Espagne, l'an 1566, 4 aoust » ; 25 « Lettres patentes du roy... CHARLES [IX]... touchant le procureur general de la royne, sa mere, et ses droicts et prerogatives, et que tous les officiers des terres de l'assignat de ladicte dame s'intituleront officiers du roy et de ladicte dame. A S. Germain, 25 may 1566 » ; 26 « Arrest de la cour de parlement, touchant les prerogatives du procureur general de la royne, mere du roy. Du mercredy 24 juillet 1566 » ; 27 « Autre Arrest de ladicte cour touchant ledict procureur general de la royne. Du vendredy XVI aoust 1566 » ; 28 « Traicté faict par le roy CHARLES IX avec Jean des Galans, Sr de Pezeroles, qui promettoit audit seigneur roy de transmuer tous metaux imparfaicts en fin or et argent. 5 novembre 1567 » ; 29 Octroi au roi Charles IX par la cour de parlement des « deniers des consignations... Du mardy 30 et dernier septembre 1567 » ; 30 Lettres patentes du roi « CHARLES » IX, ordonnant remise au commis à la trésorerie de l'Épargne, « maistre Pierre Defite », de tous les « deniers consignez en tous et chase???uns les greffes de la ville de Paris et autres jurisdictions quelsconques, tant royales que subalternes... Donné à Paris, le vingt neufe jour de septembre, l'an de grace mille cinq cents soixante sept » ; 31 « Lettres patentes par lesquelles le roy CHARLES IX institue son frere, le duc d'Anjou, son lieutenant general representant sa personne par tout son royaume. 12 novembre 1567 » ; 32 « Serment des associez de la ligue chrestienne et royale, l'an 1568, le 25 juin » ; 33 « Arrest de la cour du jeudy XVI novembre 1570 », en suite des lettres par lesquelles « le roy descharge les villages d'autour [la] ville » de « Paris pour autant qu'il se verra qu'ils auront esté rançonnez par les soldats de sa garde qui ont logé auxdicts villages, l'an 1570 » ; 34 « Harangue du roy CHARLES IX, faicte à sa cour de parlement, [le] 12 mars 1571 », touchant « la reformation des abus qui se commettent » dans l'administration de la justice ; 35 « Brevet du roy CHARLES IX pour le rang de monsieur le duc de Longueville ». 5 avril 1571 ; 36 « Confirmation dudict brevet du roy, par monsieur le duc d'Anjou, frere dudict seigneur roy. 16 octobre 1575 » ; 37 « Lettres patentes du roy CHARLES IX, pour le rang de duc de Longueville,... Duretal, decembre 1571 » ; 38 « Lettre du roy à Mr de Ferrals, son ambassadeur pres le pape, du 19 janvier 1572 » ; 39 « Extraict d'une lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] au sieur de Ferrals, du 7 febvrier 1572 » ; 40 « Memoire baillé à monsieur le legat Alexandrin, retournant à Rome », touchant principalement « le droict de nomination » du roi « sur les benefices consistoriaux estans es provinces de son royaume, que l'on pretend estre en obedience et non specifiés dans les concordats d'entre le St siege apostolique et Sadicte Majesté... Febvrier 1572 » ; 41 « Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] à monsieur de Ferrals, du dernier juillet 1572 » ; 42 « Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] à monseigneur le cardinal de Lorraine. Dernier juillet 1572 » ; 43 « Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] à monseigneur de Ferrals. Du 24 aoust 1572 » ; 44 « Instruction pour le Sr de Beauvillé, allant vers Sa Sainteté. Du 24 aoust 1572 » ; 45 « Lettre de la royne JEANNE D'ALBRET, escrite au feu roy Henry IVe, son fils. A Blois, le 8 mars 1572 » ; 46 « Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] à monsieur de Schombert, son ambassadeur pres des princes Alemans, touchant la mort de l'admiral de Chastillon, l'an 1572 » ; 47 « Lettre au roy, touchant le refus de l'electeur de Saxe d'entrer en ligue avec Sa Majesté, à cause de la journée de Saint Barthelemy. Ratenaw, 9 octobre 1572 » ; 48 « Lettre à monsieur Brulart sur le mesme subjet de la precedente. Dudict lieu de Ratenaw, le 10 octobre 1572 » ; 49 « Lettre à monsieur de Limoges. Du mesme lieu de Ratenaw, 1572 » ; 50 « Arrest rendu par la cour de parlement de Dole, au comté de Bourgongne, contre Gilles Garnier, natif de Lion, attaint et convaincu d'avoir, soubs la forme de loup garou, estranglé plusieurs enfans... 18 janvier 1573 » ; 51 « Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] à monsieur de Schomberg, en Alemagne, touchant l'eslection de son frere, le duc d'Anjou,??? pour roy de Polongne, 17 mars 1573 » ; 52 « Autre Lettre du roy [CHARLES IX] audict sieur de Schomberg, son ambassadeur pres les princes d'Alemagne. Du 21 apvril 1573 » ; 53 « Extraict de la lettre que la roine mere a escrit audict sieur de Schomberg. Dudict jour, XXIe apvril 1573 » ; 54 « Lettres patentes du roy CHARLES IX, en faveur du roy de Polongne, son frere, pour succeder à la couronne de France, quoyqu'absent, lors du decez dudict roy Charles sans enfans masles, le 10 septembre 1573 » ; 55 « Coppie du brevet dudict roy CHARLES, en faveur d'iceluy roy de Polongne. A Paris, le 22 d'aoust 1573 »

Men's Volleyball Team (1981-82)

From left to right: H. T. Lillies (Coach), Rudolph Ambacher, Bill Hadfield, Michel Thibodeau, Bill Haines, Larry Plummer, Bill Smale, and Kelvin Oda (Manager). Absent: Gordon McNeice, Tom Dagg, Hong Wey Kang, Darrel Murphey, Darren Cannell, Ian Shackel, John Bernie.

Second Welland Canal - Book 1, Survey Map 14 - St. Catharines and Lock 5

Survey map of the Second Welland Canal created by the Welland Canal Company showing the Canal along the eastern edge of the Town of St. Catharines. Identified structures associated with the Canal include Lock 5 and the towing path. The surveyors' measurements and notes can be seen in red and black ink and pencil. Local area landmarks are also identified and include bridges, streets, and roads (ex. Queenston Street, St. Catharines Macdamized Road and Suspension Bridge), a Pond, a number of unnamed bridges, Stinson's Distillery, and R. Collier's Saw Mill. Properties and property owners of note are: Concession 6 Lots 14 and 15, R. Collier, W. Gillespie, Orson Phelps, W. Chase, M. Bryant, John Soper, Winsor Chace, John Berryman, John Boyle, J. Madigan, B. F. Reynolds, W. Smaill, F. Stinson, G. Ward and Mrs. Soper.

Letter - American soldier's account of battles at Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Fort Erie, 1814

Transcript (original grammar and spelling retained): My dear wife I take this time to inform you that I am well hoping that these few lines will Reach you and find you the same I shall in form you of all our Battles that we have had sence I left home we crossed in to Canada the 2 day of July and took fort Erie on the 3 day of July without loss of one man. We then marched down to Chipway eighteen miles below the Fort Erie we got there on the forth day and had our first battle on the 5 day our loss was not jistly known But the inemy loss was double to ours. The 6 day we started with the 2 Brigade to make a bridge a crost the crick two miles a bove the fort in Building the Bridge the inemy Brought up their Canon and playd upon us with their artiliery a bout two hours We drove them from the fort our loss was none the inemy loss was nineteen ciled dead on the ground we then marched to Queenston when we got thare our inemy had fledfrom the fort we then remained thair to Queenston ten days then we marched down to Fort George But that caurdly Chaney did not a rive with the fleet so we had to return back to Queenston thare was a bout six hundred militia formed on the heights of land thay fired up on us from their pickets and retreated to the mane body our flankers ciled and wounded and took about twenty before they got to the Maine body we then marched up the hill they gave us two firs but did not damage and then retreated from the field we stayed there one knight and then marched to Chipway and stayed there one night and the next day just as the sun set the first Brigade marched up in order to give them Battle a bout two miles from the Crick and began the Battle the 2 Brigade has to March up to the Niagara path and ingaged them we charged up on their artlery and took all their Canon Miller commanded the four companys that charged....the battles lasted three hours and forty minutes our loss was about 8 hundred cild and wounded our inemies loss was a bout fourteen hundred cild and wounded the next morning we Marched up in order to give them Battle a gin but thay was afraid to ingage us we then marched to Fort Erie and went to fortiffing and made a strong place the inemy folered us up and Began to cananade and held it fifty three days thay a tacked the fort the fifteenth of august thay atacked a bout one hiour be fore day Light we saw them and Blue up our maggerzean & two hundred of our inemy our loss wasa bout forty cild and wounded and our inemy loss was a bout one thousand on the 7 Day of September we atacked them and took their batteries and Broke all their canon and drove them from the field our loss was a Bout two hundred cild and wounded our inemy loss was a Bout 8 hundred cild and wounded...we crossed in to Canada with five thousand and came out with fifteen hundred we then Marched to Sackett’s harbor....am well and harty for the present....a bout comming home it uncarting for there is not any....given this winter as yet But I shall try to Come home if I Can But if I Cant I want you should take good car of the Phiddness[?] I have not Received any Money as yet But soon as I do receive some I send some home. I want you should write to me as soon as you receive this and and how Much Stock you wintor I Received your Letter with Great pleasure I feel uneasy a bout you I am a frade that you are sick or dead this is from your husband Chase Clough

Gaining Insights About Water: The Value of Surveys in First Nations Communities to Inform Water Governance

Knowledge of how water is perceived, used and managed in a community is critical to the endeavour of water governance. Surveys of individuals residing in a community offer a valuable avenue to gain information about several of these aspects of water. This paper draws upon experiences in three First Nation communities to explore the values of surveys to illuminate water issues and inform water decision-making. Findings from experiences with surveys in Six Nations of the Grand River, Mississaugas of the New Credit, and Oneida First Nation of the Thames reveal rich information about how surveys can provide insights about: the connection of individuals to the land, water and their community; reasons for valuing water; perceptions of water quality and issues surrounding water-related advisories; and, degree of satisfaction with water management and governance at different scales. Community partners reflected upon the findings of the survey for their community. Dialogue was then broadened across the cases as the partners offer benefits and challenges associated with the survey. Community surveys offer an important tool in the resource managers’ toolbox to understand social perceptions of water and provide valuable insights that may assist in improving its governance.

Innovation and adaptation in the Ontario grape and wine industry: An integrated, transdisciplinary response to climate change

With scientific consensus supporting a 4oC increase in global mean temperature over the next century and increased frequency of severe weather events, adaptation to climate change is critical. Given the dynamic and complex nature of climate change, a transdisciplinary approach toward adaptation can create an environment that supports knowledge sharing and innovation, improving existing strategies and creating new ones. The Ontario wine industry provides a case study to illustrate the benefits of this approach. We describe the formation and work of the Ontario Grape and Wine Research Network within this context, and present some preliminary results to highlight the opportunities for innovation that will drive the successful adaption of the Ontario grape and wine industry.

Priming the Governance System for Climate Change Adaptation: The Application of a Social Ecological Inventory (SEI) to Engage Actors in Niagara, Canada

Adaptive systems of governance are increasingly gaining attention in respect to complex and uncertain social-ecological systems. Adaptive co-management is one strategy to make adaptive governance operational and holds promise with respect to community climate change adaptation as it facilitates participation and learning across scales and fosters adaptive capacity and resilience. Developing tools which hasten the realization of such approaches are growing in importance. This paper describes explores the Social Ecological Inventory (SEI) as a tool to 'prime' a regional climate change adaptation network. The SEI tool draws upon the social-ecological systems approach in which social and ecological systems are considered linked. SEIs bridge the gap between conventional stakeholder analysis and biological inventories and take place through a six phase process. A case study describes the results of applying an SEI to prime an adaptive governance network for climate change adaptation in the Niagara Region of Canada. Lessons learned from the case study are discussed and highlight how the SEI catalyzed the adaptive co-management process in the case. Future avenues for SEIs in relation to climate change adaptation emerge from this exploratory work and offer opportunities to inform research and adaptation planning.

Power, Contextual Intelligence and Leadership: Research Approaches for Understanding Participatory Community Climate Change Adaptation

Analysis of power in natural resources management is important as multiple stakeholders interact within complex, social-ecological systems. As a sub-set of these interactions, community climate change adaptation is increasingly using participatory processes to address issues of local concern. While some attention has been paid to power relations in this respect, e.g. evaluating international climate regimes or assessing vulnerability as part of integrated impact assessments, little attention has been paid to how a structured assessment of power could facilitate real adaptation and increase the potential for successful participatory processes. This paper surveys how the concept of power is currently being applied in natural resources management and links these ideas to agency and leadership for climate change adaptation. By exploring behavioural research on destructive leadership, a model is developed for informing participatory climate change adaptation. The working paper then concludes with a discussion of developing research questions in two specific areas - examining barriers to adaptation and mapping the evolution of specific participatory processes for climate change adaptation.

Resilience: An Annotated Bibliography

This annotated bibliography provides an account of the research that has been done on engineering resilience, ecological resilience, and social-ecological resilience. Undertaken as part of the WEPGN research project titled “Applying resilience analysis to a transboundary river system: Developing surrogates for institutions and governance”, this annotated bibliography investigates factors that lead to greater resilience, with a focus on institutions and governance. Citations for key scholarly publications related to three types of resilience – engineering, ecological, and social-ecological – are listed in the first three sections along with a brief summary of each work. The fourth and final section of the document provides additional resources on resilience.

Last Will and Testament - James Senior

Last Will and Testament of James Senior of Niagara Township leaving all his goods and chattels and part of Lot 94 in Niagara Township to his friend, Richard Woodruff, August 6, 1832. There are three names listed as witnesses, William Woodruff, Moses Chase and a third name.

Resilience in a Watershed Governance Context: A Primer

Watersheds are complex systems involving social, economic, and ecological dimensions that are constantly interacting and influencing each other, and governance of these systems involve a large and diverse cast of actors that add to the complexity and difficulty in deciding what is best for the watershed and people. Resilience thinking offers a way to understand and navigate the uncertainty, dynamics and complexity of watershed governance. This primer describes key ideas associated with resilience: more inclusive participation; building a shared understanding; inclusion of ecosystem services and functions in long-term planning; strong leadership; institutional and decision making flexibility; and, a decentralized system. This primer is an initial effort to translate the scholarly understanding of these key ideas and initiate a dialogue about their application in the context of watershed governance.