Imaginarios míticos en las prácticas agropecuarias rurales en fincas de la cuenca del rio La Vieja, Colombia

Este trabajo analiza las creencias mitológicas, agüeros o supersticiones asociadas con las actividades agropecuarias y de conservación en nueve unidades productivas rurales de la cuenca media del río La Vieja, Colombia. Plantea que las gentes de antaño reconocen la influencia de múltiples relatos sobre condiciones productivas y ambientales que redundan en el éxito o el fracaso de las actividades rurales. Las creencias se clasificaron según su funcionalidad y las actividades que regulan. Se describieron así 14 mitos que influyen en las actividades de cultivo, cría, conservación y regulación social. El principal elemento de discusión fue la funcionalidad, considerando la distribución y aplicación en los subsistemas de producción en la finca, la relación con la edad y el género y con la posición jerárquica en la estructura familiar. El flujo de información entre sistemas expertos y sistemas de creencias tradicionales ayuda a construir sistemas adaptados. A manera de ejemplo, se puede mencionar un mayordomo de un hato ganadero que combina la creencia en las fases de la luna con el empleo de la técnica genética de la inseminación artificial para asegurar no sólo la preñez de la madre sino también el género femenino de la cría.

Imaginarios míticos en las prácticas agropecuarias rurales en fincas de la cuenca del rio La Vieja, Colombia

Este trabajo analiza las creencias mitológicas, agüeros o supersticiones asociadas con las actividades agropecuarias y de conservación en nueve unidades productivas rurales de la cuenca media del río La Vieja, Colombia. Plantea que las gentes de antaño reconocen la influencia de múltiples relatos sobre condiciones productivas y ambientales que redundan en el éxito o el fracaso de las actividades rurales. Las creencias se clasificaron según su funcionalidad y las actividades que regulan. Se describieron así 14 mitos que influyen en las actividades de cultivo, cría, conservación y regulación social. El principal elemento de discusión fue la funcionalidad, considerando la distribución y aplicación en los subsistemas de producción en la finca, la relación con la edad y el género y con la posición jerárquica en la estructura familiar. El flujo de información entre sistemas expertos y sistemas de creencias tradicionales ayuda a construir sistemas adaptados. A manera de ejemplo, se puede mencionar un mayordomo de un hato ganadero que combina la creencia en las fases de la luna con el empleo de la técnica genética de la inseminación artificial para asegurar no sólo la preñez de la madre sino también el género femenino de la cría.

Hereditäre Thrombozytopathie beim Simmental Rind.

Der Wiederkäuerklinik oder dem Institut für Genetik der Universität Bern wurden zwi-schen 2012 und 2014 insgesamt 5 Rinder der Rasse Simmental vorgestellt, die je-weils nicht sistierende Blutungen nach Trauma zeigten. Alle betroffenen Tiere waren homozygote Träger für die seit 2007 bekannte RASGRP2 Mutation. Die verfügbaren Eltern wurden als heterozygote Anlageträger genotypisiert, was somit einen rezessi-ven Erbgang bestätigt. Drei erkrankte Tiere sind an den Folgen der unstillbaren Blu-tungen verstorben. Ein Tier konnte stabilisiert werden und wurde einen Monat nach der Entlassung aus der Klinik geschlachtet. Bei einem weiteren Fall wurden wieder-holt andauernde Blutungen sowie mehrmals Hämatome festgestellt und nach der genetischen Analyse wurde das Rind euthanasiert. Die Genotypisierung einer Stich-probe von 145 Stieren, die im Jahr 2013 in der Schweiz in der künstlichen Besamung zum Einsatz kamen, zeigte, dass 10% der getesteten Stiere in der Schweiz Anlage-träger für die assoziierte Mutation sind. Diese Stiere werden mit TP carrier gekenn-zeichnet und sollten zukünftig nicht mehr unkontrolliert eingesetzt werden. Die Zuchtverantwortlichen in der Schweiz nutzen heute den Gentest systematisch zur Selektion von anlagefreien Stieren.

Dose inseminante para fertilização artificial de ovócitos de dourado

Objetivou-se determinar a dose inseminante adequada para uso na fertilização artificial de ovócitos de dourado (Salminus brasiliensis). Os ovócitos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e fertilizados com uma das relações espermatozoides/ovócito 6,0×10³; 6,0×10(4); 6,0×10(5); 6,0×10(6) ou 3,0×10(7), cada uma com quatro repetições. Considerou-se unidade experimental uma incubadora de volume útil de 2,5 L, contendo 2,0 mL de ovócitos não-hidratados. As taxas de fertilização foram mensuradas 8 horas após o início da fertilização. Com intuito de verificar possíveis efeitos da diluição seminal na movimentação dos espermatozoides, realizou-se a mensuração do tempo de duração da motilidade espermática dos espermatozoides de dourado, ativados por meio de diferentes relações de diluição: 6,8×10-5; 6,8×10-4; 6,8×10-3; 6,8×10-2; 3,4×10-1 e 1,0 mL de sêmen por mL de água. O tempo de duração da motilidade foi avaliado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado composto de seis tratamentos e três repetições. As taxas de fertilização apresentaram relação quadrática com o número de espermatozoides por ovócito. As relações de diluição do sêmen tiveram efeito inversamente proporcional sobre a duração da motilidade espermática. A relação que proporcionou melhores taxas de fertilização artificial de ovócitos de dourado (Salminus brasiliensis) foi de 30.722 espermatozoides por ovócio.

Cirurgia e clínica de espécies pecuárias

Neste relatório são, primeiramente, descritas as atividades desenvolvidas durante o Estágio Curricular do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de Évora, no âmbito de clínica e cirurgia de espécies pecuárias. Pretendeu-se, depois, determinar se a suplementação de bovinos de aptidão leiteira com β-caroteno injetável contribui para reduzir o número de inseminações artificiais necessárias para uma gestação. Por outro lado avaliou-se a influência que podem ter algumas variáveis, como sejam a estação do ano ou o número de partos da vaca. Procurou-se, ainda, estudar a evolução dos teores séricos de β-caroteno nos animais suplementados e não suplementados com Dalmafertyl®, utilizando a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficácia ultravioleta. A suplementação parenteral de β-caroteno, nomeadamente com Dalmafertyl®, na Primavera, mostra resultados benéficos na reprodução de vacas e novilhas de aptidão leiteira, aumentando a produtividade e diminuindo custos; ABSTRACT: LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY AND CLINICS On the following report are described the activities that took place during the Curricular Externship as part of the Veterinary Medicine Integrated Masters from University of Évora, in large animal surgery and clinics. Also, it was intended to determine if injectable β-carotene supplementation on dairy cattle can be a decreasing factor on the artificial insemination number needed to result in pregnancy. On the other hand, it was assessed its influence on some variables that can affect pregnancy, such as seasons and calving number. It has been studied the evolution of β-carotene serum levels on Dalmafertyl® supplemented and non-supplemented animals using the high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet detection method, as well. β-carotene parenteral supplementation using Dalmafertyl® seems to have benefic results on dairy cattle reproduction when it comes to Spring, which leads to productivity increase and cost decrease

Embryo transfer as a tool to disseminate k-casein BB genotype and improve milk clotting properties

Dairy industries are asked to be increasingly competitive and efficient. Despite the increasing trend in milk yield and protein content during the last decade genetic selection, milk coagulation ability has diminished and even if the absolute amount of cheese produced has increased, the relative cheese yield from a set amount of milk, has decreased. As casein content and variants, along with milk clotting properties (MCP) are determined to a large extent at DNA level, genetic selection and embryo transfer can provide efficacious tools to reverse this trend and achieve improvements. The aim of the proposed research was to determine how rapidly and to what extent milk coagulation properties could be improved by using embryo transfer (ET) as a tool to increase the frequency of k-casein BB genotype cattle and reducing A and E variants in an Italian Holstein herd with a low prevalence of the favourable genotype. In the effort to optimize superovulation protocols and results, synchronization of wave emergence was performed through manual transrectal ablation of the largest (dominant) ovarian follicle on days 7 or 8 of the cycle (estrus = day 0); different drugs and dosage for the superstimulation protocol were experimented trying to overcome the negative effects of stress and the perturbance of LH secretion in superovulated highly producing lactating cows and the use of SexedULTRA™ sex-sorted semen, for artificial insemination of superovulated cows was reported for the first time. The selection program carried out in this research, gave evidence and gathered empirical data of feasible genetic improvements in cheesemaking ability of milk by means of k-casein BB selection. In conclusion, in this project, selection of k-casein BB genotype markedly enhanced cheese-making properties of milk, providing an impetus to include milk coagulation traits in genetic selection and breeding programs for dairy cattle.

Dietas com nitrogênio não-proteico para fêmeas bovinas superovuladas sem prévia adaptação durante curto tempo e em diferentes fases do ciclo estral

Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o efeito do fornecimento, sem prévia adaptação, durante curto tempo e em diferentes fases do ciclo estral, de dietas contendo nitrogênio não-proteico (NNP) na produção, na qualidade e no grau de desenvolvimento de embriões recuperados em fêmeas bovinas superovuladas. Sessenta e oito vacas Nelore foram distribuídas em três grupos: um controle e dois com fornecimento de ureia antes (UA = do dia -5 ao dia 0) e após (UD = dia 0 ao dia 5) a inseminação artificial. As vacas foram mantidas em pastagem e receberam concentrado (3,0 kg/animal/dia) durante 16 dias. Foram formulados dois concentrados, e as dietas totais (concentrado e consumo estimado de pastagem) apresentaram 12,0% (dieta controle) e 14,6% (dieta NNP) de proteína bruta (PB). As vacas foram sincronizadas, superovuladas e inseminadas. Sete dias (dia 7) após a inseminação (dia 0), realizou-se a colheita e análise dos embriões. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias -5, 0 e 5 para determinação da concentração de nitrogênio ureico plasmático (NUP), glicose, insulina e progesterona. A época de fornecimento de ureia influenciou as concentrações médias de NUP nos dias -5, 0 e 5, mas não tiveram efeito nas concentrações de glicose, insulina e progesterona. O período de fornecimento da ureia teve efeito na porcentagem de mórulas compactas em relação ao total de estruturas (UA = 51,4 vs. UD = 15,3%), em relação ao total de oócitos fecundados (UA = 62,5 vs. UD = 30,6%) e em relação ao total de embriões viáveis (UA = 68,8 vs. UD = 38,6%). No grupo que recebeu ureia depois da inseminação artificial, houve redução de 70,2% da proporção de mórulas compactas por total de estruturas em relação ao grupo que recebeu ureia antes da inseminação. Dietas com nitrogênio não-proteico fornecidas imediatamente após a inseminação promovem aceleração do desenvolvimento embrionário inicial.

Natural, but not lyophilized, low density lypoproteins were an acceptable alternative to egg yolk for cryopreservation of ram semen

The objective was to evaluate the suitability of using natural or lyophilized low density lipoproteins (LDL), in lieu of whole egg yolk, in extenders for cryopreserving ram semen. Once extragonadal sperm reserves were depleted in 10 fertile Santa Ines cross rams, two ejaculates per ram were collected for cryopreservation. Nine extenders were used: Tris-16% egg yolk extender with 5% glycerol as a control (T1), and substitution of whole egg yolk with 8, 12, 16 or 20% natural LDL (T2-T5, respectively), or with 8, 12, 16, or 20% lyophilized LDL (T6-T9). Semen was diluted to 100 X 10(6) sperm/mL, packaged into 0.25 mL straws, cooled, held at 5 C for 3 h, and then frozen in liquid nitrogen vapor. Immediately after thawing (37 degrees C for 30 s), sperm total and progressive motility, and kinetic parameters were analyzed with computer assisted semen analysis (CASA). Percentage of sperm with plasma membrane functional integrity was assessed by the hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), sperm membrane physical integrity with propidium iodide (PI), and acrosome integrity with FITC-PSA using an epifluorescent microscope. For all sperm end points, there was no difference between the control and natural LDL treatments (P > 0.05): total motility (T1: 20.9 +/- 11.9 and average of T2-T5: 25.9 +/- 13.6%; mean SD), progressive motility (T1: 6.6 +/- 4.2 and average of T2-T5: 11.7 +/- 7.5%), HOST(+) (T1: 23.7 +/- 6.9 and average of T2-T5: 23.2 +/- 8.7%) and PI(-)/PSA(-) (T1: 13.8 +/- 7.8 and average of T2-T5: 18.1 +/- 7.8%). However, lyophilization was apparently unable to preserve the protective function of LDL; every sperm end point was significantly worse than in the control and natural LDL groups. We concluded that natural LDL was appropriate for cryopreserving ram semen, as it yielded results similar to those obtained with whole egg yolk. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

13,14-Dihydro-15-Keto Prostaglandin F(2)alpha Release in Response to Oxytocin Challenge Early Post-Partum in Anoestrous Nelore Cows Submitted to Temporary Calf Removal and Progesterone Priming

The study evaluated, in early post-partum anoestrous Nelore cows, if the increase in plasma oestradiol (E2) concentrations in the pre-ovulatory period and/or progesterone priming (P4 priming) preceding ovulation, induced by hormonal treatment, reduces the endogenous release of prostaglandin PGF(2)alpha and prevents premature lysis of the corpus luteum (CL). Nelore cows were subjected to temporary calf removal for 48 h and divided into two groups: GPE/eCG group (n = 10) and GPG/eCG group (n = 10). Animals of the GPE/eCG group were treated with a GnRH agonist. Seven days later, they received 400 ID of eCG, immediately after PGF(2)alpha treatment, and on day 0, 1.0 mg of oestradiol benzoate (EB). Cows of the GPG/eCG group were similarly treated as those of the GPE/eCG group, except that EB was replaced with a second dose of GnRH. All animals were challenged with oxytocin (OT) 9, 12, 15 and 18 days after EB or GnRH administration and blood samples were collected before and 30 min after OT. Irrespective of the treatments, a decline in P4 concentration on day 18 was observed for cows without P4 priming. However, animals exposed to P4 priming, treated with EB maintained high P4 concentrations (8.8 +/- 1.2 ng/ml), whereas there was a decline in P4 on day 18 (2.1 +/- 1.0 ng/ml) for cows that received GnRH to induce ovulation (p < 0.01). Production of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F(2)alpha (PGFM) in response to OT increased between days 9 and 18 (p < 0.01), and this increase tended to be more evident in animals not exposed to P4 priming (p < 0.06). In conclusion, the increase in E2 during the pre-ovulatory period was not effective in inhibiting PGFM release, which was lower in P4-primed than in non-primed animals. Treatment with EB promoted the maintenance of elevated P4 concentrations 18 days after ovulation in P4-primed animals, indicating a possible beneficial effect of hormone protocols containing EB in animals with P4 priming.

A new presynchronization system (Double-Ovsynch) increases fertility at first postpartum timed AI in lactating dairy cows

This study evaluated a novel presynchronization method, using Ovsynch prior to the Ovsynch-timed AI protocol (Double-Ovsynch) compared to Presynch-Ovsynch. Lactating Holstein (n = 337) cows, were assigned to two treatment groups: (1) Presynch (n = 180), two injections of PGF 14 d apart, followed by the Ovsynch-timed AI protocol 12 d later; (2) Double-Ovsynch (n = 157), received GnRH, PGF 7 d later, and GnRH 3 d later, followed by the Ovsynch-timed AI protocol 7 d later. All cows received the same Ovsynch-timed AI protocol: GnRH (G1) at 68 +/- 3 DIM (mean +/- SEM), PGF 7 d later, GnRH (G2) 56 h after PGF, and AI 16 to 20 h later. Pregnancy was diagnosed 39-45 d after timed AI. Double-Ovsynch increased the pregnancies per AI (P/AI) compared to Presynch-Ovsynch (49.7% vs 41.7%, P = 0.03). Surprisingly, Double-Ovsynch increased P/AI only in primiparous (65.2% vs 45.2%; P = 0.02) and not multiparous (37.5% vs 39.3%) cows. In a subset of 87 cows, ovarian ultrasonography and progesterone (P4) measurements were performed at G1 and 7 d later. Double-Ovsynch decreased the percentage of cows with low P4 (<1 ng/mL) at G1 (9.4% vs 33.3%) and increased the percentage of cows with high P4 (>= 3 ng/mL) at PGF (78.1% vs 52.3%). Thus, presynchronization of cows with Double-Ovsynch increased fertility in primiparous cows compared to a standard Presynch protocol, perhaps due to induction of ovulation in non-cycling cows and improved synchronization of cycling cows. Future studies are needed, with a larger number of cows, to further test the hypothesis of higher fertility with Double-Ovsynch, and to elucidate the physiological mechanisms that underlie apparent changes in fertility with this protocol. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Induction of male sterility through manipulation of genetic mechanisms present in vector species of Triatominae. II. Partial restoration of male fertility

The development of integrated measures which involve sterile mate release to supplement the conventional insecticidal techniques used in controlagainst insects of medical importance, raised the question, whether the vectors of Chagas'disease possess the natural mechanisms by manipulation of which they may be controlled. Results of earlier expenments, that had been published previously, were restricted to fragmentary information that raised various questions, the answer to which became available in the study herein described. Interspecific hybrids were produced from reciprocal crosses between T. pseudomaculata and T. sórdida and from unilateral crosses between female T. pseudomaculata and male. T. infestans. These females mated with males, laid less than the normal complement of eggs, but offspring was relatively abundant. When T. pseudomaculata females were paired with T. brasiliensis males, hybridization was more difficult because few of the females mated and those that did had a strongly reduced fertility. Adults emerged from ali crosses but exhibited sex disproportion, females predominating in all populations but one. The two Rhodnius species tested were also found to cross, but only when female R. prolixus were paired with male R. neglectus. These females laid a relatively high complement o f eggs, had a strongly reduced fertility, but 50% of the fertile eggs developed into vigorous adults, males predominating females. Neither type of hybrid male elicited fertilized eggs from either parental type of female, through their vesicula seminal is were found to be packed with spermatozoa, some normal looking and moving, others underdeveloped and motionless. Although, no artificial insemination was performed, the sperm in itself did not appear to be the prime inducer of sterility. Females paired with these hybrids did mate, sperm was transfered, as evidenced by the discharged spermatophores smeared with sperm, but did notcontain spermatozoa in their spermatecae. The failure of the sperm to migrate to the spermatecae indicate prezygotic pos-copulation incompatibility, thus the hybrid male can't be used to suppress populations. The female hybrids mated with parent males of either species had reduced fertility and ther sons were sterile as were those of their fertile daughters. However, continous backcrossing of the hybrid females and their female progeny to parental males partially restored fertility of the males and increased fertility of females, as scored by egg hatchability. Fertility of hybrid females, measured by the yield of adults capable to reproduce, indicated that the reproductive perfomance decreased when hybrid females and their daughters were backcrossed additional generations to parental males. It is tentatively suggested that hybrid females could be used for suppression if they compete efficiently with wild females.

Dos efeitos da Procriação Medicamente Assistida no Direito Sucessório

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito das Crianças, Família e Sucessões

Maternally inherited Leigh syndrome.

A 6 1/2-year-old girl had developmental regression, and Leigh syndrome was diagnosed. A second girl born to the same mother after heterologous artificial insemination also lost acquired skills and died at 2 1/2 years of age; neuropathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of Leigh syndrome. Tissues from both children and from the mother had a point mutation at nucleotide 8993 in the adenosinetriphosphatase 6-gene of mitochondrial DNA. This family illustrates that Leigh syndrome can be transmitted by maternal inheritance.

Efficiency of the induced mating technique for Toxorhynchites theobaldi (Diptera, Culicidae)

Toxorhynchites mosquitoes play important ecological roles in aquatic microenvironments, and are frequently investigated as potential biological control agents of mosquito disease vectors. Establishment of Toxorhynchites laboratory colonies can be challenging because for some species, mating and insemination either do not occur or require a prohibitive amount of laboratory space for success. Consequently, artificial insemination techniques have been developed to assist with mass rearing of these species. Herein we describe an adapted protocol for colony establishment of T. theobaldi, a species with broad distribution in the Neotropics. The success of the technique and its implications are discussed.