Las memorias públicas sobre el conflicto colombiano, perspectiva analítica desde los centros de memoria

Este texto busca analizar de manera comparada la memoria pública que producen, exhiben y administran el Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica y el Centro de Memoria, Paz y Reconciliación sobre el conflicto colombiano a través de sus artefactos de memoria. El ejercicio de memoria que llevan a cabo ambos centros evidencia que a la vez que recuerdan el pasado reciente también lo representan a través de unas maneras particulares de entender el conflicto colombiano y sus actores, visibilizando ciertas tensiones y pugnas por las temporalidades que se le dan al conflicto, las violencias que se incluyen y los efectos que ha generado. Del análisis de los trabajos de memoria de estos centros es posible hacer un mapeo de hacia dónde está apuntando la políticas sobre la memoria y el pasado en el país.

Egypt.

Forma parte de una serie dedicada a países de varios continentes seleccionados para que los jóvenes lectores comparen similitudes y diferencias entre cada uno de ellos y con el suyo en particular. Se aprecian las diferencias entre ellos pero sobre todo se destacan aquellas cosas comunes a todos estos pueblos. Este volumen se centra en Egipto, país entre dos continentes, Africa y Asia. Se muestran, además, las características de sus tierras, de sus habitantes y de sus principales ciudades, Alejandría y El Cairo, la capital. La importancia de canales y presas en un país casi desértico, y aspectos sociales (comida, turismo).

El anteproyecto de reforma de la educación secundaria en el Perú.

La crisis educativa en Perú se sustenta principalmente en dos aspectos: la mala organización del sistema educativo y la insatisfacción profesional del magisterio por sus condiciones laborales. Después de varias denuncias, se crea una Comisión para la Reforma de la Educación Secundaria. Se analiza el cuerpo estatutario del anteproyecto de reforma elaborado por la Comisión.

Genealogía de la educación sexual en España : de la pedagogía ilustrada a la crisis del estado del bienestar.

Las políticas de población y planificación familiares de Europa occidental han llegado a un consenso para introducir la educación sexual en los planes de enseñanza y en el ámbito de la socialización familiar la Conferencia de el Cairo (1994) ha permitido ampliar este consenso a los países del tercer mundo mediante orientaciones para que incluyan la educación sexual en sus políticas demográficas. En España desde la transición democrática aparece expresamente recomendad su inclusión en los programas oficiales del Ministerio de Educación, al igual que la prevención del SIDA y otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual y sobre todo la preocupación por los embarazos no deseados entre adolescentes, etcétera. Estas campañas dirigidas por ejemplo a la utilización de preservativos entre los adolescentes han generado sonadas polémicas en los últimos años. Pero nadie pone en duda la necesidad de educar a los jóvenes en el conocimiento de su sexualidad. A partir del periodo simbolizado por el Plan Beveridge (1942) que significó también el comienzo del estado del bienestar, cambia el modo de entender el ejercicio del poder en relación con la salud de los ciudadanos y el propio concepto de salud. Desde este momento el Estado se preocupa por el bienestar y la calidad de vida individuales no con el objeto de aumentar el vigor de la nación y fortalecer al Estado, sino al servicio de los individuos, a los que se reconoce el derecho de mantener el cuerpo y la existencia propios, en buena salud y permanente bienestar. En este marco de gestión de la salud, que en España, por la dictadura, se desvincula tardíamente del Estado interventor, no se trata de convertir a la familia en un medio de tutela estatal, sino en una esfera que por si misma, demanda ayuda par resolver sus conflictos: problemas de comunicación de la pareja, consejos sobre planificación familiar, etcétera. Así, la educación sexual está regida por el imperativo orgásmico (deber del orgasmo) en el interior de la democracia sexual (respeto al goce recíproco). Estas garantías en la vida sexual de las parejas ayudarán a promover una correcta comunicación intrafamiliar, una afectividad idónea para la vida en sociedad. Pero en todos estos frentes de herencias y transformaciones se hace una crítica a la educación sexual formal por que no es sólo un conjunto de técnicas, de saberes, de valores; implica la producción de un modelo antropológico, un modelo de sujeto que impide la posibilidad de invertarnos, de experimentarnos a nosotros mismos y a los demás como sujetos de deseo. Si los defensores del sexo por el sexo no llegaron al delirio de un cuerpo, los amantes del sexo nos ofertan el suelo de un individuo feliz, anonadado en un climax sin fin.

Propuestas para desarrollar la consciencia intercultural en el aula de espa??ol lengua extranjera

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Viaje a Egipto de la 'Academia Febrer' de Barcelona.

Descripción del viaje de estudios a Egipto, pasando por Francia e Italia, realizado por los alumnos de la 'Academia Febrer' de Barcelona al finalizar el curso académico 1963-1964. Las lugares visitadas fueron: Nápoles, El Cairo, Las Pirámides, Memfis, Sakkarah, Ismailia, El Valle de los Reyes, Luxor, Karnak, Assuan y Marsella. El viaje se extendió durante 20 días y acompañaron a los estudiantes varios profesores especialistas en materias diversas.

Algunos rasgos fonéticos y morfosintácticos de la interlengua de estudiantes egipcios en un contexto de aprendizaje formal

Resumen basado en el de la publicación.

Cross-hemispheric transport of Central African biomass burning pollutants: Implications for downwind ozone production

Pollutant plumes with enhanced concentrations of trace gases and aerosols were observed over the southern coast of West Africa during August 2006 as part of the AMMA wet season field campaign. Plumes were observed both in the mid and upper troposphere. In this study we examined the origin of these pollutant plumes, and their potential to photochemically produce ozone (O3) downwind over the Atlantic Ocean. Their possible contribution to the Atlantic O3 maximum is also discussed. Runs using the BOLAM mesoscale model including biomass burning carbon monoxide (CO) tracers were used to confirm an origin from central African biomass burning fires. The plumes measured in the mid troposphere (MT) had significantly higher pollutant concentrations over West Africa compared to the upper tropospheric (UT) plume. The mesoscale model reproduces these differences and the two different pathways for the plumes at different altitudes: transport to the north-east of the fire region, moist convective uplift and transport to West Africa for the upper tropospheric plume versus north-west transport over the Gulf of Guinea for the mid-tropospheric plume. Lower concentrations in the upper troposphere are mainly due to enhanced mixing during upward transport. Model simulations suggest that MT and UT plumes are 16 and 14 days old respectively when measured over West Africa. The ratio of tracer concentrations at 600 hPa and 250 hPa was estimated for 14–15 August in the region of the observed plumes and compares well with the same ratio derived from observed carbon dioxide (CO2) enhancements in both plumes. It is estimated that, for the period 1–15 August, the ratio of Biomass Burning (BB) tracer concentration transported in the UT to the ones transported in the MT is 0.6 over West Africa and the equatorial South Atlantic. Runs using a photochemical trajectory model, CiTTyCAT, initialized with the observations, were used to estimate in-situ net photochemical O3 production rates in these plumes during transport downwind of West Africa. The mid-troposphere plume spreads over altitude between 1.5 and 6 km over the Atlantic Ocean. Even though the plume was old, it was still very photochemically active (mean net O3 production rates over 10 days of 2.6 ppbv/day and up to 7 ppbv/day during the first days) above 3 km especially during the first few days of transport westward. It is also shown that the impact of high aerosol loads in the MT plume on photolysis rates serves to delay the peak in modelled O3 concentrations. These results suggest that a significant fraction of enhanced O3 in mid-troposphere over the Atlantic comes from BB sources during the summer monsoon period. According to simulated occurrence of such transport, BB may be the main source for O3 enhancement in the equatorial south Atlantic MT, at least in August 2006. The upper tropospheric plume was also still photochemically active, although mean net O3 production rates were slower (1.3 ppbv/day). The results suggest that, whilst the transport of BB pollutants to the UT is variable (as shown by the mesoscale model simulations), pollution from biomass burning can make an important contribution to additional photochemical production of O3 in addition to other important sources such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) from lightning.

Atmospheric composition of West Africa: highlights from the AMMA program

The atmospheric composition of West Africa reflects the interaction of various dynamical and chemical systems (i.e. biogenic, urban, convective and long-range transport) with signatures from local to continental scales. Recent measurements performed during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) observational periods in 2005 and 2006 provide new data which has allowed new insight into the processes within these systems that control the distribution of ozone and its precursors. Using these new data and recently published results, we provide an overview of these systems with a particular emphasis on ozone distributions over West Africa during the wet season.

Proposing a hybrid-intelligent framework to secure e-government web applications

One of the essential needs to implement a successful e-Government web application is security. Web application firewalls (WAF) are the most important tool to secure web applications against the increasing number of web application attacks nowadays. WAFs work in different modes depending on the web traffic filtering approach used, such as positive security mode, negative security mode, session-based mode, or mixed modes. The proposed WAF, which is called (HiWAF), is a web application firewall that works in three modes: positive, negative and session based security modes. The new approach that distinguishes this WAF among other WAFs is that it utilizes the concepts of Artificial Intelligence (AI) instead of regular expressions or other traditional pattern matching techniques as its filtering engine. Both artificial neural networks and fuzzy logic concepts will be used to implement a hybrid intelligent web application firewall that works in three security modes.

Chemical and aerosol characterisation of the troposphere over West Africa during the monsoon period as part of AMMA

During June, July and August 2006 five aircraft took part in a campaign over West Africa to observe the aerosol content and chemical composition of the troposphere and lower stratosphere as part of the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) project. These are the first such measurements in this region during the monsoon period. In addition to providing an overview of the tropospheric composition, this paper provides a description of the measurement strategy (flights performed, instrumental payloads, wing-tip to wing-tip comparisons) and points to some of the important findings discussed in more detail in other papers in this special issue. The ozone data exhibits an "S" shaped vertical profile which appears to result from significant losses in the lower troposphere due to rapid deposition to forested areas and photochemical destruction in the moist monsoon air, and convective uplift of ozone-poor air to the upper troposphere. This profile is disturbed, particularly in the south of the region, by the intrusions in the lower and middle troposphere of air from the southern hemisphere impacted by biomass burning. Comparisons with longer term data sets suggest the impact of these intrusions on West Africa in 2006 was greater than in other recent wet seasons. There is evidence for net photochemical production of ozone in these biomass burning plumes as well as in urban plumes, in particular that from Lagos, convective outflow in the upper troposphere and in boundary layer air affected by nitrogen oxide emissions from recently wetted soils. This latter effect, along with enhanced deposition to the forested areas, contributes to a latitudinal gradient of ozone in the lower troposphere. Biogenic volatile organic compounds are also important in defining the composition both for the boundary layer and upper tropospheric convective outflow. Mineral dust was found to be the most abundant and ubiquitous aerosol type in the atmosphere over Western Africa. Data collected within AMMA indicate that injection of dust to altitudes favourable for long-range transport (i.e. in the upper Sahelian planetary boundary layer) can occur behind the leading edge of mesoscale convective system (MCS) cold-pools. Research within AMMA also provides the first estimates of secondary organic aerosols across the West African Sahel and have shown that organic mass loadings vary between 0 and 2 μg m−3 with a median concentration of 1.07 μg m−3. The vertical distribution of nucleation mode particle concentrations reveals that significant and fairly strong particle formation events did occur for a considerable fraction of measurement time above 8 km (and only there). Very low concentrations were observed in general in the fresh outflow of active MCSs, likely as the result of efficient wet removal of aerosol particles due to heavy precipitation inside the convective cells of the MCSs. This wet removal initially affects all particle size ranges as clearly shown by all measurements in the vicinity of MCSs.

Constrained principal component analysis reveals functionally connected load-dependent networks involved in multiple stages of working memory

Constrained principal component analysis (CPCA) with a finite impulse response (FIR) basis set was used to reveal functionally connected networks and their temporal progression over a multistage verbal working memory trial in which memory load was varied. Four components were extracted, and all showed statistically significant sensitivity to the memory load manipulation. Additionally, two of the four components sustained this peak activity, both for approximately 3 s (Components 1 and 4). The functional networks that showed sustained activity were characterized by increased activations in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and left supramarginal gyrus, and decreased activations in the primary auditory cortex and "default network" regions. The functional networks that did not show sustained activity were instead dominated by increased activation in occipital cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, sensori-motor cortical regions, and superior parietal cortex. The response shapes suggest that although all four components appear to be invoked at encoding, the two sustained-peak components are likely to be additionally involved in the delay period. Our investigation provides a unique view of the contributions made by a network of brain regions over the course of a multiple-stage working memory trial.

The Rilke of Ruth Speirs: new poems, Duino Elegies, Sonnets to Orpheus & others

Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926) is universally recognized as among the most important twentieth-century German-language poets. Here, for the first time, are all the surviving translations of his poetry made by Ruth Speirs (1916-2000), a Latvian exile who joined the British literary community in Cairo during World War Two, becoming a close friend of Lawrence Durrell and Bernard Spencer. Though described as ‘excellent’ and ‘the best’ by J. M. Cohen on the basis of magazine and anthology appearances, copyright restrictions meant that during her lifetime, with the exception of a Cairo-published Selected Poems (1942), Speirs was never to see her work gathered between covers and in print. This volume, edited by John Pilling and Peter Robinson, brings Speirs’ translations the belated recognition they deserve. Her much-revised and considered versions are a key document in the history of Rilke’s Anglophone dissemination. Rhythmically alive and carefully faithful, they give a uniquely mid-century English accent to the poet’s extraordinary German, and continue to bear comparison with current efforts to render his tenderly taxing voice.

Den ofrånkomliga nationalismen

The necessary nationalism This article deals with the role of fictional narratives, especially the modern novel, in the formation of national identities. Naguib Mafouz’s Cairo trilogy is referred to as an example of how literature may both serve as the mirror image of national identities and as an agency in their formation. The sense of community attachment to a modern state is ”thinner” than to a family or traditional village and/or tribe, though no less vital. Drawing on Norbert Elias’s concept of ”survival unit,” Benedict Anderson’s ”imagined communities” and recent studies in the field of comparative literature by Gregory Jusdanis and Azade Seyhan, this article argues for the necessity of the nation – in spite of its unfavourable chauvinistic reputation. This contention is discussed in relation to recent literary developments in Turkey and recent debates on nationhood in a Swedish context.