Interrogating eleven fast-evolving genes for signatures of recent positive selection in worldwide human populations

Different signatures of natural selection persist over varying time scales in our genome, revealing possible episodes of adaptative evolution during human history. Here, we identify genes showing signatures of ancestral positive selection in the human lineage and investigate whether some of those genes have been evolving adaptatively in extant human populations. Specifically, we compared more than 11,000 human genes with their orthologs inchimpanzee, mouse, rat and dog and applied a branch-site likelihood method to test for positive selection on the human lineage. Among the significant cases, a robust set of 11 genes were then further explored for signatures of recent positive selection using SNP data. We genotyped 223 SNPs in 39 worldwide populations from the HGDP Diversity panel and supplemented this information with available genotypes for up to 4,814 SNPs distributed along 2 Mb centered on each gene. After exploring the allele frequency spectrum, population differentiation and the maintainance of long unbroken haplotypes, we found signals of recent adaptative phenomena in only one of the 11 candidate gene regions. However, the signal ofrecent selection in this region may come from a different, neighbouring gene (CD5) ratherthan from the candidate gene itself (VPS37C). For this set of positively-selected genes in thehuman lineage, we find no indication that these genes maintained their rapid evolutionarypace among human populations. Based on these data, it therefore appears that adaptation forhuman-specific and for population-specific traits may have involved different genes.

The genomic distribution of intraspecific and interspecific sequence divergence of human segmental duplications relative to human/chimpanzee chromosomal rearrangements

Background: It has been suggested that chromosomal rearrangements harbor the molecular footprint of the biological phenomena which they induce, in the form, for instance, of changes in the sequence divergence rates of linked genes. So far, all the studies of these potential associations have focused on the relationship between structural changes and the rates of evolution of single-copy DNA and have tried to exclude segmental duplications (SDs). This is paradoxical, since SDs are one of the primary forces driving the evolution of structure and function in our genomes and have been linked not only with novel genes acquiring new functions, but also with overall higher DNA sequence divergence and major chromosomal rearrangements.Results: Here we take the opposite view and focus on SDs. We analyze several of the features of SDs, including the rates of intraspecific divergence between paralogous copies of human SDs and of interspecific divergence between human SDs and chimpanzee DNA. We study how divergence measures relate to chromosomal rearrangements, while considering other factors that affect evolutionary rates in single copy DNA. Conclusion: We find that interspecific SD divergence behaves similarly to divergence of single-copy DNA. In contrast, old and recent paralogous copies of SDs do present different patterns of intraspecific divergence. Also, we show that some relatively recent SDs accumulate in regions that carry inversions in sister lineages.

Molecular dating of caprines using ancient DNA sequences of Myotragus balearicus, an extinct endemic Balearic mammal

Background: Myotragus balearicus was an endemic bovid from the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) that became extinct around 6,000-4,000 years ago. The Myotragus evolutionary lineage became isolated in the islands most probably at the end of the Messinian crisis, when the desiccation of the Mediterranean ended, in a geological date established at 5.35 Mya. Thus, the sequences of Myotragus could be very valuable for calibrating the mammalian mitochondrial DNA clock and, in particular, the tree of the Caprinae subfamily, to which Myotragus belongs. Results: We have retrieved the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1,143 base pairs), plus fragments of the mitochondrial 12S gene and the nuclear 28S rDNA multi-copy gene from a well preserved Myotragus subfossil bone. The best resolved phylogenetic trees, obtained with the cytochrome b gene, placed Myotragus in a position basal to the Ovis group. Using the calibration provided by the isolation of Balearic Islands, we calculated that the initial radiation of caprines can be dated at 6.2 ± 0.4 Mya. In addition, alpine and southern chamois, considered until recently the same species, split around 1.6 ± 0.3 Mya, indicating that the two chamois species have been separated much longer than previously thought. Conclusion: Since there are almost no extant endemic mammals in Mediterranean islands, the sequence of the extinct Balearic endemic Myotragus has been crucial for allowing us to use the Messinian crisis calibration point for dating the caprines phylogenetic tree.

Simulació d'activitats professionals a l'oficina de farmàcia des de l'assignatura Gestió i Planificació

L’assignatura Gestió i Planificació és una assignatura obligatòria en la menció Farmàcia Assistencial i Anàlisis Clíniques del Pla d’estudis del Grau de Farmàcia de l’any 2009 i el seu objectiu és aconseguir que els alumnes obtinguin els coneixements que els permetin assolir la capacitat de direcció i gestió necessàries en professionals sanitaris, que intentaran aconseguir la màxima rendibilitat de les oficines de farmàcia i serveis farmacèutics on desenvoluparan la seva activitat laboral, una rendibilitat encara més necessària en un temps marcat per la crisi i les retallades en sanitat. Es tracta d‘una assignatura que com totes les impartides per la Unitat d’Història de la Farmàcia, Legislació i Gestió Farmacèutiques és diferent de les altres que formen part de la carrera, en situar-se en un àmbit que interrelaciona el món del medicament i la farmàcia amb les ciències socials.

Projecte de millora de l’hàbitat de la savina (Juniperus phoenicea) a la finca “Mas Grimau”, Tarragona (Tarragonès)

Projecte tècnic de tractaments silvícoles encaminats a millorar l’estat actual, assegurar la regeneració natural i garantir la persistència de la massa de savinar que pobla una superfície de 16,6 ha de la finca “Mas Grimau”, al terme municipal de Tarragona (Tarragonès), de manera que evolucioni cap a un estadi més madur, al mateix temps que es contribueix a disminuir el risc d’incendi forestal. L’anterior, respon tant a l’elevat valor ecològic com al considerable interès que desenvolupa aquesta massa, principalment per ser l’única representació existent a tot el territori de Catalunya.

Cultivation of black truffle to promote reforestation and land-use stability

Cultivation of black truffle, Tuber melanosporum Vitt., has become an important agricultural alternative in rural Mediterranean regions due to its success in relatively harsh conditions, its high market value and diminishing production in natural areas. In addition, truffle cultivation requires relatively low agricultural inputs, promotes reforestation and economic restoration of rural lands and land-use stability. However, there remain major issues regarding the management practices to ensure successful black truffle production. We therefore conducted an experiment to evaluate 3 levels of irrigation based on monthly water deficit and the effects of currently applied weed control systems and fertilization. Treatment effects were evaluated by examining the mycorrhizal status of out-planted 1-yr-old Quercus ilex L. seedlings and seedling growth parameters after 18 months in 3 distinct experimental truffle plantations located in the foothills of the Spanish Pyrenees. We found that replacing one-half of the water deficit of the driest month (moderate irrigation) promoted the proliferation of T. melanosporum mycorrhizae, while high irrigation reduced fine root production and truffle mycorrhizae. Glyphosate weed control improved seedling survival by up to 16% over control seedlings without jeopardizing truffle mycorrhizae in the first year. Fertilization did not improve seedling growth or influence its mycorrhizal status. We describe the persistent relationship between this ectomycorrhizal fungus and Q. ilex by quantifying old and new mycorrhizae and we discuss the ecological implications of the symbiosis.

Empirical models for predicting the production of wild mushrooms in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in the Central Pyrenees

Mushroom picking has become a widespread autumn recreational activity in the Central Pyrenees and other regions of Spain. Predictive models that relate mushroom production or fungal species richness with forest stand and site characteristics are not available. This study used mushroom production data from 24 Scots pine plots over 3 years to develop a predictive model that could facilitate forest management decisions when comparing silvicultural options in terms of mushroom production. Mixed modelling was used to model the dependence of mushroom production on stand and site factors. The results showed that productions were greatest when stand basal area was approximately 20 m2 ha-1. Increasing elevation and northern aspect increased total mushroom production as well as the production of edible and marketed mushrooms. Increasing slope decreased productions. Marketed Lactarius spp., the most important group collected in the region, showed similar relationships. The annual variation in mushroom production correlated with autumn rainfall. Mushroom species richness was highest when the total production was highest.

Growth and yield models in Spain: historical overview, contemporary examples and perspectives

En el presente trabajo se presenta una revisión sobre los modelos forestales desarrollados en España durante los últimos años, tanto para la producción maderable como no maderable y, para la dinámica de los bosques (regeneración, mortalidad). Se presentan modelos tanto de rodal completo como de clases diamétricas y de árbol individual. Los modelos desarrollados hasta la fecha se han desarrollado a partir de datos procedentes de parcelas permanentes, ensayos y el Inventario Forestal Nacional. En el trabajo se muestran los diferentes submodelos desarrollados hasta la fecha, así como las plataformas informáticas que permiten utilizar dichos modelos. Se incluyen las principales perspectivas de desarrollo de la modelización forestal en España.

Uso de imágenes satélite Landsat para la detección de rodales de Pinus nigra Arn. y Pinus sylvestris L. afectados por escolítidos

El uso de imágenes procedentes de sensores multiespectrales de resolución media como es el caso de Landsat TM ha sido ampliamente utilizado desde décadas para detectar, entre otras variables, el decaimiento y la defoliación provocada por plagas y enfermedades forestales. El presente trabajo evalúa la utilidad del uso de estas imágenes en la detección de rodales de pino laricio (Pinus nigra Arn.) y pino silvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.) afectados por escolítidos. El área de estudio se localizó en el Solsonés (prepirineo de Lleida) seleccionando 34 áreas de entrenamiento (17 rodales afectados por la plaga y 17 rodales sanos). El análisis exploratorio de las imágenes se realizó mediante el programa ERDAS® IMAGINE 8.x. Los resultados del estudio mostraron una significación espectral en 5 de las 7 bandas analizadas, siendo TM5 y TM7 las que mejor comportamiento presentaron. Los niveles digitales obtenidos y los espacios de características creados señalaron sendas tendencias al agrupamiento de rodales afectados versus sanos, consiguiéndose plantear mejoras en el procedimiento metodológico.

Models de gestió per a la producció combinada de fusta i bolets en boscos de Pinus sylvestris

El bosc mediterrani ens proporciona una gran quantita de productes i serveis que poden contribuir a la riquesa i el benestar de la societat. La combinació dels diferents productes i serveis a través de models de gestió forestal multiobjectiu, com és el cas de la producció de fusta i bolets, permet avançar cap a la millora del potencial productiu del bosc i la preservació de les masses forestals.

Mapa de aptitud para el cultivo de trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) en Cataluña

El objetivo de esta monografía es determinar las zonas de Cataluña más adecuadas para el cultivo de la trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.). Para conseguir este objetivo, se han considerado los rangos de valores adecuados para el desarrollo de la trufa negra de los parámetros seleccionados; la precipitación media anual, la precipitación de los meses de verano, la temperatura media anual, la temperatura media del mes más frio, la temperatura media del mes más cálido, el pH y la textura. A partir del Atlas Climático Digital de Cataluña, del Modelo Digital del Terreno y de analíticas de suelos de diferentes localizaciones de Cataluña, se ha cartografiado la aptitud para el cultivo de la trufa negra. Cataluña dispone de 1.582.662 ha aptas para el cultivo de la trufa negra, 506.804 de las cuales necesitarían la aplicación de riegos de soporte o aportaciones de enmiendas calcáreas al suelo. De éstas 1.582.662 ha, 375.007 ha son terrenos que se dedican a cultivos de secano donde son necesarias las subvenciones de la Plítica Agraria Comunitaria para hacerlos rentables, o que han sufrido incendios forestales. El cambio climático global comportará un descenso de la superficie apta para el cultivo de la trufa negra del 14% para el año 2040.

Measurement of a Structured Backflow in an Open Small Channel Induced by Surface-Tension Gradients

We present experiments in which the laterally confined flow of a surfactant film driven by controlled surface tension gradients causes the subtended liquid layer to self-organize into an inner upstream microduct surrounded by the downstream flow. The anomalous interfacial flow profiles and the concomitant backflow are a result of the feedback between two-dimensional and three-dimensional microfluidics realized during flow in open microchannels. Bulk and surface particle image velocimetry data combined with an interfacial hydrodynamics model explain the dependence of the observed phenomena on channel geometry.

Estratigrafía y sedimentología del Paleógeno de la Sierra de Tramuntana (Mallorca)

El Palegeóno aflorante en la Sierra de Tramuntana muestra la existencia de dos unidades litoestratigráficas principales: la inferior (Fm. Calizas de Peguera) está constituida predominantemente por materiales carbonatados lacustres, con depósitos carbonosos en su base, un nivel intermedio de sedimentos detríticos fluviales y una intercalación marina a techo, mientras que la unidad superior (Fm. Detritica de Cala Blanca) registra la evolución lateral de un sistema detrítico fluvio-aluvial con paleocorrientes hacia el SE, progradante sobre una unidad basal de calcarenitas marinas.

On the existence and function of galanin receptor heteromers in the central nervous system

Galanin receptor (GalR) subtypes 1-3 linked to central galanin neurons may form heteromers with each other and other types of G protein-coupled receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). These heteromers may be one molecular mechanism for galanin peptides and their N-terminal fragments (gal 1-15) to modulate the function of different types of glia-neuronal networks in the CNS, especially the emotional and the cardiovascular networks. GalR-5-HT1A heteromers likely exist with antagonistic GalR-5-HT1A receptor-receptor interactions in the ascending midbrain raphe 5-HT neuron systems and their target regions. They represent a novel target for antidepressant drugs. Evidence is given for the existence of GalR1-5-HT1A heteromers in cellular models with trans-inhibition of the protomer signaling. A GalR1-GalR2 heteromer is proposed to be a galanin N-terminal fragment preferring receptor (1-15) in the CNS. Furthermore, a GalR1-GalR2-5-HT1A heterotrimer is postulated to explain why only galanin (1-15) but not galanin (1-29) can antagonistically modulate the 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus rich in gal fragment binding sites. The results underline a putative role of different types of GalR-5-HT1A heteroreceptor complexes in depression. GalR antagonists may also have therapeutic actions in depression by blocking the antagonistic GalR-NPYY1 receptor interactions in putative GalR-NPYY1 receptor heteromers in the CNS resulting in increases in NPYY1 transmission and antidepressant effects. In contrast the galanin fragment receptor (a postulated GalR1-GalR2 heteromer) appears to be linked to the NPYY2 receptor enhancing the affinity of the NPYY2 binding sites in a putative GalR1-GalR2-NPYY2 heterotrimer. Finally, putative GalR-α2-adrenoreceptor heteromers with antagonistic receptor-receptor interactions may be a widespread mechanism in the CNS for integration of galanin and noradrenaline signals also of likely relevance for depression