Managerial nursing competencies in the expansion of the Family Health Strategy

Abstract OBJECTIVE To relate the managerial competencies required of nurses with the process of change experienced in the expansion of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). METHOD A qualitative research conducted in primary health care in a southern Brazilian city, through interviews with 32 managerial and clinical nurses. The interviews were processed by IRAMUTEQ software. The resulting classes were examined under five managerial competencies to promote change. RESULTS The four classes obtained from data were: the Family Health Strategy expansion process; confrontations and potentialities; mobilization for the change; innovations in medical and nursing consultations. The classes were related to one or more competencies. CONCLUSION The expansion of the Family Health Strategy requires managerial competencies of implementing and sustaining change, negotiating agreements and commitments, using power and influence ethically and effectively, sponsoring and selling new ideas, and encouraging and promoting innovation.

Nest distribution and nesting habits of Xylocopa ordinaria Smith (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a restinga area in the northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

This paper aims to study the distribution of natural nests of Xylocopa ordinaria and characterize its nesting habits in the restinga of Grussai/Iquipari (RJ), supporting future studies on the pollinators management in the northern Rio de Janeiro state. The data obtained from Aug/2003 to Dec/2004, in an area of 11.6ha, were related to the nest distribution, substrate identification and dimensions, emergence, sex ratio, nest structure (n= 23 nests) and pollen content analysis of provisioning masses and feces. X. ordinaria nests were abundant and presented a clustered distribution. These bees do not present taxonomical affinity for nesting substrates, but preferences for wood availability and characteristics, being Pera glabrata the main substrate. X. ordinaria is a multivoltine species that tolerates co-specifics in their nests. These bees were generalist on their nectar and pollen consumption, but presented floral constancy while provisioning brood cells. These behaviors, activity along the year, flights throughout the day, and legitimate visits to flowers indicate the importance of X. ordinaria on the pollination of plants in the restinga.

Cabo Verde e as novas centralidades: Mindelo, em São Vicente e Praia, em Santiago

O povoamento da ilha de São Vicente foi mais ou menos pontual até aos finais do século XVIII, servindo como ilha de criação, como a descreve, em 1699, o engenheiro Duplessis, e para aguada dos navios. A primeira tentativa de povoamento parece deverse a João de Távora, que passando por Cabo Verde, em 1734, propôs fortificar a baía, com a condição de receber os rendimentos do porto por um período de 10 anos, mas não deve ter passado de intenção. Em 1793 assumia o povoamento, João Carlos da Fonseca Rosado, que vivia então na ilha do Fogo, pelo tempo de 6 anos, mas que haveria de acabar na miséria, descalço, vivendo de alguma coisa que conseguia pescar e de leite das cabras que conseguia ordenhar. Alguns anos depois, coube ao governador António Pusich tentar novamente o povoamento, em 1819, levando então famílias da vizinha ilha de Santo Antão, e baptizando-se a povoação de Leopoldina, nome da arquiduquesa de Áustria que casara com o príncipe D. Pedro do Brasil.

Población de la "concha navaja" Ensis macha (Molina, 1782) en el litoral de la Región Ancash, Perú. Inicios del Otoño 2006

El estudio se llevó a cabo del 25 de marzo al 2 de abril del 2006, entre los paralelos 9"25'5 y 10"19'5, que limitan cinco áreas litorales de las provincias Huarmey y Casma: Bernardino, Punta Gorda, Punta Huaro, Punta Cruz del Cabo y Las Zorras. Se realizaron 128 estaciones biológicas y 53 estaciones oceanográficas, distribuidas en tres estratos de profundidad, según el área; las densidades y biomasas se evaluaron con el método del área barrida. Las tallas estuvieron comprendidas de 6 a 144 mm de longitud valvar; las tallas medias variaron según la localidad; los ejemplares >110 mm tuvieron mínima representatividad (O,O a 9,1%). Los cálculos de biomasa y densidad media fueron: 3,4 t y 30,53 ind./m2 para Bernardino; 0,9 t y 2,43 ind./m2 para el área Punta Gorda - Punta Huaro; 73,3 t y 66,44 ind./m2 para Punta Cruz del Cabo y 63,8 t y 101,51 ind./ m2 para Las Zorras. No existen registros de la explotación de los bancos evaluados.

Crescimento, partição de matéria seca e retenção de Na+, K+ e Cl- em dois genótipos de sorgo irrigados com águas salinas

Os mecanismos de tolerância à salinidade são complexos e dependem de mudanças fisiológicas e anatômicas que ocorrem na planta inteira. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a retenção de íons, o crescimento e a partição de matéria seca em dois genótipos de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] irrigados com água com crescentes níveis de salinidade. Sementes selecionadas foram germinadas em vasos com 12 kg de Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo textura arenosa em condições de casa de vegetação. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, composto por dois genótipos (CSF 18, sensível, e CSF 20, tolerante) e cinco concentrações de sais na água de irrigação, correspondentes às condutividades elétricas (CEa) de 0,5 (controle), 2,0, 4,0, 6,0 e 8,0 dS m-1, com quatro repetições. A aplicação dos tratamentos (concentrações de sais) teve início aos cinco dias após a emergência, e a coleta das plantas foi realizada aos 44 dias depois do início dos tratamentos. Foram determinadas a produção e a partição de matéria seca, bem como a distribuição das raízes nos vasos e os teores de íons (Na+, K+ e Cl-) nas diversas partes da planta. A salinidade reduziu a área foliar e a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes; a redução no crescimento da parte aérea foi maior no genótipo CSF 18. A salinidade alterou a partição de fotoassimilados de forma similar nos dois genótipos, resultando em aumento na proporção entre fontes e drenos, o que pode contribuir para a aclimatação das plantas ao estresse salino. As plantas de sorgo mostraram eficiente mecanismo de retenção de Na+, prevenindo seu acúmulo nos tecidos foliares. Esse mecanismo, no entanto, provocou diminuição na suculência foliar. Os teores foliares de K+ e a retenção de Na+ nos colmos foram maiores no genótipo CSF 20 (tolerante).

Interaction between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in NPY-mediated neuroprotection against excitotoxicity : a role for microglia

The neuroprotective effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor activation was investigated in organotypic mouse hippocampal slice cultures exposed to the glutamate receptor agonist alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA). Exposure of 2-week-old slice cultures, derived from 7-day-old C57BL/6 mice, to 8 microm AMPA, for 24 h, induced degeneration of CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cells, as measured by cellular uptake of propidium iodide (PI). A significant neuroprotection, with a reduction of PI uptake in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal cell layers, was observed after incubation with a Y(2) receptor agonist [NPY(13-36), 300 nm]. This effect was sensitive to the presence of the selective Y(2) receptor antagonist (BIIE0246, 1 microm), but was not affected by addition of TrkB-Fc or by a neutralizing antibody against brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, addition of a Y(1) receptor antagonist (BIBP3226, 1 microm) or a NPY-neutralizing antibody helped to disclose a neuroprotective role of endogenous NPY in CA1 region. Cultures exposed to 8 microm AMPA for 24 h, displayed, as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a significant increase in BDNF. In such cultures there was an up-regulation of neuronal TrkB immunoreactivity, as well as the presence of BDNF-immunoreactive microglial cells at sites of injury. Thus, an increase of AMPA-receptor mediated neurodegeneration, in the mouse hippocampus, was prevented by neuroprotective pathways activated by NPY receptors (Y(1) and Y(2)), which can be affected by BDNF released by microglia and neurons.

Physiological responses of two tropical weeds to shade: I. Growth and biomass allocation

Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultz (Convolvulaceae) and Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich) Vahl. (Verbenaceae), two weeds found in pastures and crop areas in Brazilian Amazonia, were grown in controlled environment cabinets under high (800-1000 µmol m-² s-¹) and low (200-350 µmol m-² s-¹) light regimes during a 40-day period. For both species leaf dry mass and leaf area per total plant dry mass, and leaf area per leaf dry mass were higher for low-light plants, whereas root mass per total plant dry mass was higher for high-light plants. High-light S. cayennensis allocated significantly more biomass to reproductive tissue than low-light plants, suggesting a probably lower ability of this species to maintain itself under shaded conditions. Relative growth rate (RGR) in I. asarifolia was initially higher for high-light grown plants and after 20 days started decreasing, becoming similar to low-light plants at the last two harvests (at 30 and 40 days). In S. cayennensis, RGR was also higher for high-light plants; however, this trend was not significant at the first and last harvest dates (10 and 40 days). These results are discussed in relation to their ecological and weed management implications.

Physiological responses of two tropical weeds to shade: II. Leaf gas exchange and nitrogen content

Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) Roem. & Schultz (Convolvulaceae) and Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich) Vahl. (Verbenaceae), two weeds found in pastures and crop areas in the Brazilian Amazonia, Brazil, were grown in controlled environment cabinets under high (800-1000 µmol m-² s-¹) and low (200-350 µmol m-² s-¹) light regimes during a 40-day period. The objective was to determine the effect of shade on photosynthetic features and leaf nitrogen content of I. asarifolia and S. cayennensis. High-irradiance grown I. asarifolia leaves had significantly higher dark respiration and light saturated rates of photosynthesis than low-irradiance leaves. No significant differences for these traits, between treatments, were observed in S. cayennensis. Low-irradiance leaves of both species displayed higher CO2 assimilation rates under low irradiance. High-irradiance grown leaves of both species had less nitrogen per unit of weight. Low-irradiance S. cayennensis had more nitrogen per unit of leaf area than high-irradiance plants; however, I. asarifolia showed no consistent pattern for this variable through time. For S. cayennensis, leaf nitrogen content and CO2 assimilation were inversely correlated to the amount of biomass allocated to developing reproductive structures. These results are discussed in relation to their ecological and weed management implications.

Controle da fusariose em plantas de pimenta-do-reino com bactérias endofíticas: sobrevivência e respostas morfofisiológicas

Oito bactérias endofíticas de plântulas de pimenta-do-reino foram testadas em casa de vegetação, objetivando controlar Fusarium solani f. sp. piperis e avaliar respostas morfofisiológicas das plantas tratadas com os agentes de controle. Plantas com quatro meses de idade tiveram o sistema radicular tratado com as suspensões bacterianas (10(9) ufc mL-1) por 10 minutos, e foram plantadas em vasos com solo natural infestado artificialmente com o patógeno (0,25%). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições para avaliar o comportamento fotossintético, a produção e a alocação de biomassa, e cinco repetições para avaliar a mortalidade das plantas. As avaliações foram feitas 120 dias após a instalação do ensaio. O isolado B0 (Methylobacterium radiotolerans) controlou F. solani f. sp. piperis, provocando redução significativa do número de plantas mortas. Na ausência do patógeno, M. radiotolerans funcionou ainda como promotor de crescimento. Os demais isolados testados não apresentaram efeito na diminuição da mortalidade das plantas. A aplicação das bactérias endofíticas não afetou a taxa fotossintética instantânea das plantas, à exceção de B6, que teve efeito negativo. As plantas tratadas com M. radiotolerans priorizaram a alocação de carbono para a parte aérea.

Physiological and morphological responces of Brachiaria spp. to flooding

The physiological and morphological responses of the forage grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, B. decumbens and B. humidicola were compared for plants grown in pots under flooding and well-drained conditions for 14 days. Flooding reduced specific leaf area and biomass allocation to roots in all species and enhanced leaf senescence in B. brizantha and B. decumbens. Relative growth rate was reduced by flooding in B. brizantha and B. decumbens, but not in B. humidicola.Leaf elongation rate was unaffected by flooding in B. decumbens and B. humidicola, but declined in B. brizantha since the first day of flooding. Net photosynthesis and leaf chlorophyll content were reduced by flooding in B. brizantha; however, no flooding effect could be detected in the other two species. For all species, there was a close relationship between net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance under flooding. These results show that the studied species have distinct degrees of tolerance to flood, B. brizantha is intolerant, B. decumbens is moderately tolerant and B. humidicola is tolerant. Because leaf elongation rate was immediately depressed by flooding only in B. brizantha, this measurement could be appropriate as an early detection mechanism for relative flood tolerance in Brachiaria spp.

Growth and biomass allocation of the C4 grasses Brachiaria brizantha and B. humidicola under shade

The growth and biomass allocation responses of the tropical forage grasses Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu and B. humidicola were compared for plants grown outdoors, in pots, in full sunlight and those shaded to 30% of full sunlight over a 30day period. The objective was to evaluate the acclimation capacity of these species to low light. Both species were able to quickly develop phenotypic adjustments in response to low light. Specific leaf area and leaf area ratio were higher for low-light plants during the entire experimental period. Low-light plants allocated significantly less biomass to root and more to leaf tissue than high-light plants. However, the biomass allocation pattern to culms was different for the two species under low light: it increased in B. brizantha, but decreased in B. humidicola, probably as a reflection of the growth habits of these species. Relative growth rate and tillering were higher in high-light plants. Leaf elongation rate was significantly increased on both species under low light; however, the difference between treatments was higher in B. brizantha. These results are discussed in relation to the pasture management implications.

Distribuição da matéria seca e composição química das raízes, caule e folhas de goiabeira submetida a estresse salino

Um experimento em casa de vegetação foi conduzido com o objetivo de estudar a resposta de plantas de goiabeira (Psidium guajavaL.) a diferentes concentrações de NaCl. As plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva, com 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 mM de NaCl, e colhidas com 30 e 50 dias após estresse, num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram determinadas: matéria seca das raízes e parte aérea; e porcentagens de Na, Cl, K, Ca e Mg nas raízes, caule e folhas. O estresse salino reduziu a matéria seca total, e a relação parte aérea/raiz foi reduzida. O estresse causou um aumento nos níveis dos íons Na+ e Cl-, com maior acúmulo nas folhas, seguido das raízes. Os teores de Ca foram estáveis nas raízes, mas decresceram no caule e folhas. Os teores de K foram reduzidos, particularmente nas folhas. Ao contrário, os teores de Mg não foram afetados pela salinidade no caule e nas raízes, havendo, entretanto, redução nas folhas. O teor de Na apresentou relação direta com o de Cl e inversa com o de K nas raízes e folhas. O teor de Ca não variou com o de Na nas folhas, mas apresentou uma relação inversa nas raízes. O teor de Mg não variou com o de Na nas raízes e folhas.

Tolerance to flooding in five Brachiaria brizantha accessions

Some physiological and morphological responses of five Brachiaria brizantha accessions (BRA000591 cultivar Marandu, BRA003441, BRA002844, BRA004308 and BRA004391) were compared for plants grown in pots under flooding and well-drained conditions for 14 days. Flooding caused a significant reduction in leaf dry mass production in all accessions, but, for root biomass, no differences between treatments could be detected in BRA003441 and BRA004391. No adventitious root production was observed in flooded BRA003441; all other accessions produced adventitious roots when flooded. Relative growth rate was reduced by flooding only in BRA000591 and BRA004308. Leaf elongation rate was reduced by flooding in all accessions, however, more severely in BRA003441. Net photosynthesis was reduced by flooding in all accessions, but with less intensity in BRA004391. For all accessions, there was a close relationship between net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance under flooding. The five accessions tested differed in tolerance to flooding. BRA004391 was the most tolerant. Accession BRA003441 was the most sensitive, followed by BRA000591 cultivar Marandu. Accessions BRA002844 and BRA004308 were classified as intermediate in flooding tolerance.

Características de dossel e de rendimento em feijão-caupi ereto em diferentes densidades populacionais

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes densidades populacionais sobre as características morfológicas e de rendimento de grãos, numa linhagem moderna de feijão-caupi [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. O experimento foi conduzido em 2002, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, no esquema fatorial 3x5, com três espaçamentos entre fileiras (0,4, 0,5 e 0,6 m) e cinco populações de plantas (10(5), 2x10(5), 3x10(5), 4x10(5) e 5x10(5) plantas ha-1), com quatro repetições. Não houve interação significativa entre os fatores para nenhum dos caracteres. O número de nós no ramo principal, o número de grãos por vagem e o peso de 100 grãos não foram influenciados significativamente pelos espaçamentos entre linhas e populações de plantas. Aumentos na densidade populacional suscitaram reduções significativas no número de ramos laterais, no número de vagens por planta e na produção de grãos por planta. Houve acréscimo de 16,7% no rendimento de grãos da população de 100 mil em comparação ao de 500 mil plantas por hectare. Os diferentes arranjos de plantas promoveram modificações na morfologia, nos componentes de produção e no rendimento de grãos do feijão-caupi.