The effects of employment uncertainty and wealth shocks on the labor supply and claiming behavior of older American workers

Unemployment rates in developed countries have recently reached levels not seenin a generation, and workers of all ages are facing increasing probabilities of losingtheir jobs and considerable losses in accumulated assets. These events likely increasethe reliance that most older workers will have on public social insurance programs,exactly at a time that public finances are suffering from a large drop in contributions.Our paper explicitly accounts for employment uncertainty and unexpectedwealth shocks, something that has been relatively overlooked in the literature, butthat has grown in importance in recent years. Using administrative and householdlevel data we empirically characterize a life-cycle model of retirement and claimingdecisions in terms of the employment, wage, health, and mortality uncertainty facedby individuals. Our benchmark model explains with great accuracy the strikinglyhigh proportion of individuals who claim benefits exactly at the Early RetirementAge, while still explaining the increased claiming hazard at the Normal RetirementAge. We also discuss some policy experiments and their interplay with employmentuncertainty. Additionally, we analyze the effects of negative wealth shocks on thelabor supply and claiming decisions of older Americans. Our results can explainwhy early claiming has remained very high in the last years even as the early retirementpenalties have increased substantially compared with previous periods, andwhy labor force participation has remained quite high for older workers even in themidst of the worse employment crisis in decades.

Disability, capacity for work and the business cycle: An international perspective

An important policy issue in recent years concerns the number of people claimingdisability benefits for reasons of incapacity for work. We distinguish between workdisability , which may have its roots in economic and social circumstances, and healthdisability which arises from clear diagnosed medical conditions. Although there is a linkbetween work and health disability, economic conditions, and in particular the businesscycle and variations in the risk of unemployment over time and across localities, mayplay an important part in explaining both the stock of disability benefit claimants andinflows to and outflow from that stock. We employ a variety of cross?country andcountry?specific household panel data sets, as well as administrative data, to testwhether disability benefit claims rise when unemployment is higher, and also toinvestigate the impact of unemployment rates on flows on and off the benefit rolls. Wefind strong evidence that local variations in unemployment have an importantexplanatory role for disability benefit receipt, with higher total enrolments, loweroutflows from rolls and, often, higher inflows into disability rolls in regions and periodsof above?average unemployment. Although general subjective measures of selfreporteddisability and longstanding illness are also positively associated withunemployment rates, inclusion of self?reported health measures does not eliminate thestatistical relationship between unemployment rates and disability benefit receipt;indeed including general measures of health often strengthens that underlyingrelationship. Intriguingly, we also find some evidence from the United Kingdom and theUnited States that the prevalence of self?reported objective specific indicators ofdisability are often pro?cyclical that is, the incidence of specific forms of disability arepro?cyclical whereas claims for disability benefits given specific health conditions arecounter?cyclical. Overall, the analysis suggests that, for a range of countries and datasets, levels of claims for disability benefits are not simply related to changes in theincidence of health disability in the population and are strongly influenced by prevailingeconomic conditions. We discuss the policy implications of these various findings.

Distribución y concentración de la munida (Pleuroncodes monodon) en el verano 1996

Presente los resultados de las áreas de distribución de la múnida o camaroncito rojo (Pleuroncodes monodon), durante el Crucero de evaluación de recursos pelágicos 9602-04, a bordo del BIC SNP-1. Así mismo, indica la interrelación de la distribución de los factores ambientales de temperatura y salinidad. Adicionalmente, se estimó la biomasa en 63.342 t mediante una fórmula empírica de fuerza de blanco/longitud. El área de distribución fue de 5.369 mn2. Las principales áreas de distribución estuvieron localizadas en Atico-San Juan, Pucusana-Callao, Chancay-Huacho y Huarmey-Chimbote.

Estructura especiológica del subsistema costero. E/P San Jacinto I 9512-9601

Se presenta la composición especiológica, el análisis comunitario y distribución de las capturas, obtenidas durante la prospección pesquera EP San Jacinto 9512-9601, desde Puerto Pizarro (03°29,0S) hasta Ilo (17°38.4S). Los arrastres de fondo mostraron que entre Puerto Pizarro y Salaverry se encuentra la mayor diversidad de especies (95), constituyendo los peces (58) el 93% (3,391 kg); destacan la "merluza" Merluccius gayi peruanus (1.311,1 Kg), el "falso volador" Prionotus stephanophrys (626,1 kg), la "cabrilla" Paralabrax humeralis (316,4 kg) y la "lorna" Sciaena deliciosa (247,3 kg). La mayor riqueza (33 especies) y el mayor índice de diversidad se obtuvo en la subárea B (04°-05°S), pero la mayor captura (2.295,2 kg) correspondió a la subárea C (05°-06° S). Los arrastres de media agua, se realizaron desde la desembocadura del río Piura hasta Ilo. El "camaroncito rojo" Pleuroncodes monodon alcanzó el 94% (1.089 kg) de la captura total, pero su distribución abarcó desde los 12° S hasta Ilo con las mayores capturas en las subáreas J (12°.13° S y L(14°-15° S) con 351 y 700 kg respectivamente. Los peces sólo representaron el 6% (46 kg) del volumen total de captura.

Caracteristicas de distribución, concentración y biologicas de los recursos costeros

Describe el desarrollo de una prospección pesquera aplicando la metodología del área barrida y rastreo acústico para estimar la abundancia relativa de los recursos demersales – costeros, respectivamente, así como para determinar aspectos biológicos de los mismos. Las mejores concentraciones de recursos pelágico-costeros se ubicaron entre el extremo norte y Callao. Se destaca la presencia sostenida del "bagre con faja" (Galeichthys peruvianus) entre Punta Fallas y Punta Colorado; el "calamar" (Loligo gahi) y el "pejerrey", se mostraron concurrentes en gran parte del área evaluada. La lorna y el mis-mis, mostraron comportamiento demersal y pelágico en función de su estratificación latitudinal de tallas. El "camaroncito rojo" (Pleuroncodes monodon) destacó notablemente desde el Callao hasta Camaná, circunstancia favorecida por el influjo de las Aguas Templadas de la Sub-antártica, especialmente entre Pisco e Ilo.

How well do individuals predict the selling prices of their homes?

Self-reported home values are widely used as a measure of housing wealth by researchers employing a variety of data sets and studying a number of different individual and household level decisions. The accuracy of this measure is an open empirical question, and requires some type of market assessment of the values reported. In this research, we study the predictive power of self-reported housing wealth when estimating sales prices utilizing the Health and Retirement Study. We find that homeowners, on average, overestimate the value of their properties by between 5% and 10%. More importantly, we are the first to document a strong correlation between accuracy and the economic conditions at the time of the purchase of the property (measured by the prevalent interest rate, the growth of household income, and the growth of median housing prices). While most individuals overestimate the value of their properties, those who bought during more difficult economic times tend to be more accurate, and in some cases even underestimate the value of their house. These results establish a surprisingly strong, likely permanent, and in many cases long-lived, effect of the initial conditions surrounding the purchases of properties, on how individuals value them. This cyclicality of the overestimation of house prices can provide some explanations for the difficulties currently faced by many homeowners, who were expecting large appreciations in home value to rescue them in case of increases in interest rates which could jeopardize their ability to live up to their financial commitments.

Identification of sap-feeder instars in Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) feeding on Tecoma fulva fulva (Bignoniaceae)

The number of sap-feeding instars of the leaf-miner Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra, 2005 was determined by measuring the head capsule exuviae collected from mines (n = 125) on the shrub Tecoma fulva fulva D. Don (Bignoniaceae) in the Azapa Valley, northern Chile. Sap-feeding larvae went through four instars in 120 occasions while five larvae went through five instars. The possible causes for this variation and the usefulness of this tool for future studies are discussed.

Situación de la anchoveta y otros recursos pelágicos en el mar peruano a fines de 1998. Crucero BIC José Olaya Balandra 9811-12

Durante noviembre y diciembre de 1998 se realizó el crucero de evaluación de recursos pelágicos en la costa peruana que permitió observar cambios en la distribución, estructura por tamaños y estructura de la biomasa de los principales recursos pelágicos. La biomasa de anchoveta se incrementó 120% respecto al crucero de setiembre, con una presencia continua de anchoveta y mayores concentraciones en una amplia área que comprende hasta las 40 millas de la costa. Otros recursos mesopelágicos y demersales, como vinciguerria, falso volador y bagre han disminuido sus biomasas, observándose el incremento en la biomasa de múnida o camaroncito rojo y medusas. El porcentaje de juveniles de la mayoría de recursos pesqueros continua siendo alto, indicándonos que sigue desarrollándose el proceso de renovación de sus poblaciones. Las tallas de anchoveta mostraron un cambio significativo respecto al crucero de setiembre, con predominio en número de ejemplares pequeños de talla modal en 5,0 y 6,5 cm, y con la reaparición de ejemplares adultos con moda en 14,0 cm no detectados en cruceros anteriores. En sardina, jurel y caballa persiste la incidencia de ejemplares juveniles. En el aspecto reproductivo, durante el periodo Post Niño, destaca la continuidad del proceso reproductivo de anchoveta iniciado en el otoño de 1998, y la mayor proporción de desovantes en ejemplares mayores de 14,0 cm. Así mismo, se incluyen algunas notas sobre distribución de cefalópodos

Aspectos biológicos pesqueros de los recursos pelágicos durante el verano 1999. Crucero BIC BIC José Olaya Balandra 9902-03, de Tumbes a Tacna

Principales resultados de los aspectos biológicos pesqueros de las especies capturadas en los 336 lances de comprobación. Las especies capturadas fueron la anchoveta (Engraulis ringens), el camarón rojo o múnida (Pleuroncodes monodon), el bagre (Galeichthys peruvianus), la samasa (Anchoa nasus), el camotillo (Normanichthys crockeri), la caballa (Scomber japonicus), el falso volador (Prionotus stephanophrys) la pota (Dosidicus gigas), la sardina (Sardinops sagax) y el jurel (Trachurus picturatus murphyi), estos dos últimos fueron capturados en poca cantidad, y otra especies. La anchoveta se distribuyó ampliamente entre Pimentel y Callao; entre Callao y Bahía Independencia se localizó en la zona litoral en concentraciones dispersas y hacia el sur de Bahía Independencia, se le encontró con mucho menor frecuencia y dentro de las 10 mn de la costa. La estructura por tallas de anchoveta estuvo conformada por ejemplares juveniles y adultos, predominando ligeramente estos últimos. Las tallas de la sardina, el jurel y la caballa en el área evaluada, fueron principalmente de juveniles. El desove de verano de la anchoveta se desarrolló normalmente. Los adultos más jóvenes (12,0 a 14,0 cm longitud total) marcan notoriamente el pico del desove de verano; mientras que los individuos mayores se mantienen en este proceso por un tiempo más prolongado.

Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin)(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)

Latitudinal gradient effect on the wing geometry of Auca coctei (Guérin) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). When the environmental conditions change locally, the organisms and populations may also change in response to the selection pressure, so that the development of individuals may become affected in different degrees. There have been only a few studies in which the patterns of wing morphology variation have been looked into along a latitudinal gradient by means of geometric morphometrics. The aim of this work was to assess the morphologic differentiation of wing among butterfly populations of the species Auca coctei. For this purpose, 9 sampling locations were used which are representative of the distribution range of the butterfly and cover a wide latitudinal range in Chile. The wing morphology was studied in a total of 202 specimens of A. coctei (150 males and 52 females), based on digitization of 17 morphologic landmarks. The results show variation of wing shape in both sexes; however, for the centroid size there was significant variation only in females. Females show smaller centroid size at higher latitudes, therefore in this study the Bergmann reverse rule is confirmed for females of A. coctei. Our study extends morphologic projections with latitude, suggesting that wing variation is an environmental response from diverse origins and may influence different characteristics of the life history of a butterfly.

Exploración sobre distribución de langostinos y otros crustáceos en la zona norte. Crucero SNP-1 7009 (Primera parte) 30 Agosto al 4 Setiembre 1970

Intenta detectar las áreas de mayor distribución de los langostinos, asimismo busca encontrar poblaciones de crustáceos de interés económico potencial, como el camaroncillo rojo, langostino rosado, langostino cáscara dura y la gamba roja.

Tenda Virtual orientada a compres per escaneig amb el telèfon mòbil

CMS (Sistema Gestor de Continguts) és una tecnologia en ple auge que permet implantar solucions web d'una manera senzilla, econòmica i amb un fàcil manteniment per part dels usuaris que en fan ús. Aquest projecte és un estudi que pretén analitzar i escollir el millor CMS dirigit a comerç electrònic d'entre el ventall existent actualment al mercat, creant un document que serveixi de referent o guia a qualsevol persona interessada en implantar un sistema d'aquestes característiques. A més, es centrarà a la programació d'un component instal·lable pel CMS escollit que permeti introduir-nos a la creació d'extensions i ens formi en l'àmbit de la programació web. Aquest component el podrem afegir al CMS i permetrà realitzar compres escanejant codis amb el telèfon mòbil.

Informe de cruceros 7011 (3a parte) y 7101

Investiga la probable existencia de nuevos recursos camaroneros de aguas profundas, para ello, el primer crucero (7011) se llevó a cabo del 16 de diciembre de 1970 al 22 del mismo año y el segundo crucero (7101) del 05 al 15 de enero de 1971. La zona de exploración en ambos casos fue el banco de Máncora y zona circunvecina.

Exploración de crustáceos (Zona sur) Crucero SNP-1 7201

Da a conocer los resultados de las observaciones tomadas por el Crucero 7201 del SNP-1 que tuvo lugar entre el 24 de enero y el 4 de febrero de 1972, cubriendo las zonas del Callo y la frontera de Chile, con la finalidad de realizar la exploración de la región batial, determinar las límites de distribución vertical y latitudinal de los géneros de camarones rojos, determinar la densidad aproximada de las poblaciones de los crustáceos para establecer la magnitud de los recursos y realizar las observaciones electro-acústicas y de la naturaleza de los fondos, para localizar los ejemplares más adecuados para la pesca comercial.

Egg laying site selection by a host plant specialist leaf miner moth at two intra-plant levels in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert

Egg laying site selection by a host plant specialist leaf miner moth at two intra-plant levels in the northern Chilean Atacama Desert. The spatial distribution of the immature stages of the leaf miner Angelabella tecomae Vargas & Parra, 2005 was determined at two intra-plant levels (shoot and leaflet) on the shrub Tecoma fulva fulva (Cav.) D. Don (Bignoniaceae) in the Azapa valley, northern Chilean Atacama Desert. An aggregated spatial pattern was detected for all the immature stages along the shoot, with an age dependent relative position: eggs and first instar larvae were clumped at apex; second, third and fourth instar larvae were mostly found at intermediate positions; meanwhile the spinning larva and pupa were clumped at basis. This pattern suggests that the females select new, actively growing leaflets for egg laying. At the leaflet level, the immature stages were found more frequently at underside. Furthermore, survivorship was higher for larvae from underside mines. All these results highlight the importance of an accurate selection of egg laying site in the life history of this highly specialized leaf miner. By contrast, eventual wrong choices in the egg laying site selection may be associated with diminished larval survivorship. The importance of the continuous availability of new plant tissue in this highly human modified arid environment is discussed in relation with the observed patterns.