Le droit d'avoir des droits : l'impact de l'apatridie sur les réfugiés palestiniens du Liban

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Le droit d'avoir des droits : l'impact de l'apatridie sur les réfugiés palestiniens du Liban

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

L'intervention de l'État pour protéger les enfants contre l'obésité infantile : quelles mesures possibles?

Le présent essai s’intéresse aux mesures de protection offertes par la législation québécoise en matière de droit de l’enfant, à travers le Code civil du Québec et la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse. Ces mesures seront analysées pour évaluer leur applicabilité et leur pertinence à l’égard de la problématique de l’obésité infantile, un problème de santé publique de plus en plus préoccupant au Québec comme ailleurs dans le monde. L’étude révèle que le fait de fournir des aliments malsains à son enfant et de lui transmettre de mauvaises habitudes de vie sont des gestes qui pourraient théoriquement être considérés comme des manquements aux devoirs d’entretien et d’éducation, attributs de l’autorité parentale. Ces gestes peuvent également être perçus comme de la négligence sur le plan physique et sur le plan de la santé. Dans ces cas, certaines mesures sont applicables selon la situation.

les juges belges face aux actes adoptés par les Etats étrangers et les organisations internationales ?Quel contrôle au regard du droit international ?

Les juges belges ne peuvent en principe accueillir d’actions judiciaires contre des Etats étrangers ou des organisations internationales pour les violations du droit international que leurs autorités auraient pu commettre dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions publiques en raison de l’immunité qui leur est généralement reconnue. Cela signifie-t-il pour autant que les juges n’exercent aucune forme de contrôle à l’égard de l’appareil étatique étranger ou du fonctionnement des organisations supranationales au regard du droit des gens ?L’objectif de cet ouvrage consiste à répondre à cette question en déterminant la mesure dans laquelle les juges belges peuvent ou doivent vérifier la conformité au droit international d’actes publics étrangers ou de décisions adoptées par des organisations supranationales avant d’en tenir compte ou d’en faire application dans les affaires dont ils sont saisis.

Mechanistic details of the membrane perforation and passive translocation of TAT peptides

The trans-activator of transcription (TAT) peptide is regarded as the “gold standard” for cell-penetrating peptides, capable of traversing a mammalian membrane passively into the cytosolic space. This characteristic has been exploited through conjugation of TAT for applications such as drug delivery. However, the process by which TAT achieves membrane penetration remains ambiguous and unresolved. Mechanistic details of TAT peptide action are revealed herein by using three complementary methods: quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When combined, these three scales of measurement define that the membrane uptake of the TAT peptide is by trans-membrane insertion using a “worm-hole” pore that leads to ion permeability across the membrane layer. AFM data provided nanometre-scale visualisation of TAT punctuation using a mammalian-mimetic membrane bilayer. The TAT peptide does not show the same specificity towards a bacterial mimetic membrane and QCM-D and SECM showed that the TAT peptide demonstrates a disruptive action towards these membranes. This investigation supports the energy-independent uptake of the cationic TAT peptide and provides empirical data that clarify the mechanism by which the TAT peptide achieves its membrane activity. The novel use of these three biophysical techniques provides valuable insight into the mechanism for TAT peptide translocation, which is essential for improvements in the cellular delivery of TAT-conjugated cargoes including therapeutic agents required to target specific intracellular locations.

Poder Judiciário: Espaço Público de integração entre Direito e Política através dos Movimentos Sociais na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Os moradores das Ocupações Zumbi dos Palmares e Quilombo das Guerreiras, no centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, se definem como atores sociais que agem segundo representações adquiridas do contexto histórico-social do modo de produção capitalista de fins do século XX. Sob a ideologia de que a qualidade de vida é ser morador no centro da cidade, atuam ilegalmente a fim de pressionar o Poder Público a efetivar políticas públicas de direito à moradia, positivadas na Constituição Federal. Buscam a legitimação dessas condutas e o reconhecimento de suas ações coletivas e de suas identidades no Poder Judiciário, instituição do Estado democrático de direito que se torna espaço público de discussão entre a esfera privada e a esfera pública, cujos limites se reorganizam na crise na pós-modernidade. Investiga-se se a função de intermediador do poder judiciário refere-se a legitimador dessas discussões ou de efetivo solucionador das demandas que lhe chegam. O trabalho conta com três partes: uma prática, onde são descritos as ocupações e os processos judiciais respectivos; uma parte teórica, onde são apresentadas as categorias de pensamentos utilizados para pensar a realidade apresentada na parte prática; e uma terceira parte, de análise da parte prática à luz da parte teórica, a fim de se observar e testar a hipótese construída.

État des stocks pélagiques côtiers en Côte d'Ivoire

Evolution of catch and catch by unit effort of the sardine fishing boats (purse seiners) has been examined from 1966 to 1975. The effort data has been calculated with a new computer programme: Crosardi (Soisson et Barbe, 1974). The analysis has been done on the whole stock and in more detail on the east and west stocks of Côte d'Ivoire. The Sardinella eba stock has been analysed separately. Those analyses were done using the general production model (Prodfit; Fox, 1974). The stock of the eastern area of the Côte d'Ivoire seems to be exploited at its maximum level. Nevertheless, the western area stock could be able to support a progressive increase of fishing effort.

Autor filmowy według przepisów prawa w systemach droit d`auteur i copyright. Zarys problematyki

The aim of the article is to outline the key issues surrounding legal notions of film authorship. For scholars interested in studying the process of production it is extremely important to analyze the status and scope of power of its participants as well as their position in the hierarchy – one of the main sources of priveleges is the fact of being recognized by the law as the author of the work produced. The article depicts the benefits of such situation, but its main aim is to descibe the legal rules of granting the status of the author. Outlined are the issues emerged from the two radically different legal system – european droit d`auteur tradition and american copyright. The first one honours the artists while the other focuses mostly on providing the certainty of the economics, so the actual authors of the work are not that important. The paper points to the fact that – especially in the case of american copyright – the actual (determined by law) situation of a creator may differ significantly from the character of their contribution to the process of producing a film. Analysis of the rules and principles of the law is essential to the understanding of the structural determinants of film production and deserves no less attention than social, political and economic factors.

A modified Tat peptide for selective intracellular delivery of macromolecules

Objectives The Tat peptide has been widely used for the intracellular delivery of macromolecules. The aim of this study was to modify the peptide to enable regulation of cellular uptake through a dependency on activation by proteases present in the local environment.

Methods The native Tat peptide sequence was altered to inhibit the initial interaction of the peptide with the cell membrane through the addition of the consensus sequence for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). uPA expression was characterised and semi-quantitatively rated in three cell lines (U251mg, MDA-MB-231 and HeLa). The modified peptide was incubated with both recombinant enzyme and with cells varying in uPA activity. Cellular uptake of the modified Tat peptide line was compared with that of the native peptide and rated according to uPA activity measured in each cell line.

Key findings uPA activity was observed to be high in U251mg and MDA-MB-231 and low in HeLa. In MDA-MB-231 and HeLa, uptake of the modified peptide correlated with the level of uPA expression detected (93 and 52%, respectively). In U251mg, however, the uptake of the modified peptide was much less (19% observed reduction) than the native peptide despite a high level of uPA activity detected.

Conclusions Proteolytic activation represents an interesting strategy for the targeted delivery of macromolecules using peptide-based carriers and holds significant potential for further exploitation.