Estudo da molhabilidade de ligas de adição à base de prata sobre insertos cerâmicos para aplicação em brocas perfuração de poços de petróleo

Metal-ceramic interfaces are present in tricone drill bits with hard ceramic inserts for oil well drilling operations. The combination of actions of cutting, crushing and breaking up of rocks results in the degradation of tricone drill bits by wear, total or partial rupture of the drill bit body or the ceramic inserts, thermal shock and corrosion. Also the improper pressfitting of the ceramic inserts on the bit body may cause its total detachment, and promote serious damages to the drill bit. The improvement on the production process of metal-ceramic interfaces can eliminate or minimize some of above-mentioned failures presented in tricone drill bits, optimizing their lifetime and so reducing drilling metric cost. Brazing is a widely established technique to join metal-ceramic materials, and may be an excellent alternative to the common mechanical press fitting process of hard ceramic inserts on the steel bit body for tricone drill bit. Wetting phenomena plays an essential role in the production of metal/ceramic interfaces when a liquid phase is present in the process. In this work, 72Silver-28Copper eutectic based brazing alloys were melted onto zirconia, silicon nitride and tungsten carbide/Co substrates under high vacuum. Contact angle evolution was measured and graphically plotted, and the interfaces produced were analysed by SEM-EDX. The AgCu eutectic alloy did not wet any ceramic substrates, showing high contact angles, and so without chemical interaction between the materials. Better results were found for the systemns containing 3%wt of titanium in the AgCu alloy. The presence os titanium as a solute in the alloy produces wettable cand termodinamically stable compounds, increasing the ceramics wetting beahviour

Avaliação da incorporação combinada dos resíduos de cascalho de perfuração de poço de petróleo e de polimento do porcelanato em cerâmica vermelha

Among the industries, those that produce ceramic porcelain for use in construction industry and oil, during the exploration and production period, play an important role in the production of waste. Much research has been carried out both by academia and the productive sector, sometimes reintroducing them in the same production line that generated them, sometimes in areas unrelated to their generation, as in the production of concrete and mortar for the construction, for example, but each one in an isolated way. In this research, the aim is to study the combined incorporation of the waste drill cuttings of oil well and the residue of the polishing of porcelain, generated in the final stage of finishing of this product in a clay matrix, for the production of red pottery, specifically bricks, ceramic blocks and tiles. The clay comes from the municipality of São Gonçalo, RN, the drilling waste is from the Natal basin, in Rio Grande do Norte, and the residue of the polishing proceeds from a ceramic porcelain of the State of Paraíba. For this purpose, we used a mixture of a plastic clay with a non-plastic, in a ratio of 50% each, settling formulations with the addition of these two residues in this clay matrix. In the formulations, both residues were incorporated with a minimum percentage of 2.5% and maximum of 12.5%, varying from 2.5% each, in each formulation, which the sum of the waste be no more than 15%. It should be noted that the residue of the polishing of ceramic porcelain is a IIa class (not inert). The materials were characterized by XRF, XRD, TG, DTA, laser granulometry and the plasticity index. The technological properties of water absorption, apparent porosity, linear shrinkage of burning, flexural tensile strength and bulk density were evaluated after the sintering of the pieces to 850 °C, 950 °C and 1050 °C, with a burning time of 3 hr, 3 hr and 30 minutes, and 3 hr and 50 minutes, respectively, with a heating rate of 10 °C/minute, for all formulations and landing of 30 minutes. To better understand the influence of each residue and temperature on the evaluated properties, we used the factorial planning and its surfaces of response for the interpretation of the results. It was found that the temperature has no statistical significance at a 95% of reliability level in flexural tensile strength and that it decreases the water absorption and the porosity, but increases the shrinkage and the bulk density. The results showed the feasibility of the desired incorporation, but adjusting the temperature to each product and formulation, and that the temperatures of 850 °C and 950 °C were the one that responded to the largest number of formulations

Simulador de dano à formação, aplicado ao Projeto e à execução da perfuração de poços de petróleo

With the high oil price variability, the petroleum and the reservoir engineers are usually face to face on how they can evaluate the well performance and productivity. They can improve high productivity from the well construction to the secondary recoveries, but they have never tried a measurement in the drilling operations about the lower productivity index. As a rule, frequently the drilling operations hear from the reservoir engineering and geology that, if there is a formation damage, probably some drilling operations practices were not done properly or the good practice in petroleum engineering or mud engineering were not observed. The study in this working search is an attempt of how to measure a formation damage just from the project drilling to the drilling operations, with datum from the fields in Brazilian northeast and putting into practice a Simulator developed from the modeling on the theory offered by different experts and sources in formation damage

Estudo do processo de combustão in-situ usando poços horizontais como produtores de óleo (Toe-to-Hell Air Injection)

The method "toe-to-heel air injection" (THAITM) is a process of enhanced oil recovery, which is the integration of in-situ combustion with technological advances in drilling horizontal wells. This method uses horizontal wells as producers of oil, keeping vertical injection wells to inject air. This process has not yet been applied in Brazil, making it necessary, evaluation of these new technologies applied to local realities, therefore, this study aimed to perform a parametric study of the combustion process with in-situ oil production in horizontal wells, using a semi synthetic reservoir, with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast basin. The simulations were performed in a commercial software "STARS" (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The following operating parameters were analyzed: air rate, configuration of producer wells and oxygen concentration. A sensitivity study on cumulative oil (Np) was performed with the technique of experimental design, with a mixed model of two and three levels (32x22), a total of 36 runs. Also, it was done a technical economic estimative for each model of fluid. The results showed that injection rate was the most influence parameter on oil recovery, for both studied models, well arrangement depends on fluid model, and oxygen concentration favors recovery oil. The process can be profitable depends on air rate

Nova técnica para obtenção de fraturas com altíssima condutividade em poços de petróleo

Increase hydrocarbons production is the main goal of the oilwell industry worldwide. Hydraulic fracturing is often applied to achieve this goal due to a combination of attractive aspects including easiness and low operational costs associated with fast and highly economical response. Conventional fracturing usually involves high-flowing high-pressure pumping of a viscous fluid responsible for opening the fracture in the hydrocarbon producing rock. The thickness of the fracture should be enough to assure the penetration of the particles of a solid proppant into the rock. The proppant is driven into the target formation by a carrier fluid. After pumping, all fluids are filtered through the faces of the fracture and penetrate the rock. The proppant remains in the fracture holding it open and assuring high hydraulic conductivity. The present study proposes a different approach for hydraulic fracturing. Fractures with infinity conductivity are formed and used to further improve the production of highly permeable formations as well as to produce long fractures in naturally fractured formations. Naturally open fractures with infinite conductivity are usually encountered. They can be observed in rock outcrops and core plugs, or noticed by the total loss of circulation during drilling (even with low density fluids), image profiles, pumping tests (Mini-Frac and Mini Fall Off), and injection tests below fracturing pressure, whose flow is higher than expected for radial Darcian ones. Naturally occurring fractures are kept open by randomly shaped and placed supporting points, able to hold the faces of the fracture separate even under typical closing pressures. The approach presented herein generates infinite conductivity canal held open by artificially created parallel supporting areas positioned both horizontally and vertically. The size of these areas is designed to hold the permeable zones open supported by the impermeable areas. The England & Green equation was used to theoretically prove that the fracture can be held open by such artificially created set of horizontal parallel supporting areas. To assess the benefits of fractures characterized by infinite conductivity, an overall comparison with finite conductivity fractures was carried out using a series of parameters including fracture pressure loss and dimensionless conductivity as a function of flow production, FOI folds of increase, flow production and cumulative production as a function of time, and finally plots of net present value and productivity index

Simulação de fluxo de fluidos em meios porosos desordenados uma análise de efeito de escala na estimativa da permeabilidade e do coeficiente de arrasto

The present study provides a methodology that gives a predictive character the computer simulations based on detailed models of the geometry of a porous medium. We using the software FLUENT to investigate the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid through a random fractal medium which simplifies a two-dimensional disordered porous medium representing a petroleum reservoir. This fractal model is formed by obstacles of various sizes, whose size distribution function follows a power law where exponent is defined as the fractal dimension of fractionation Dff of the model characterizing the process of fragmentation these obstacles. They are randomly disposed in a rectangular channel. The modeling process incorporates modern concepts, scaling laws, to analyze the influence of heterogeneity found in the fields of the porosity and of the permeability in such a way as to characterize the medium in terms of their fractal properties. This procedure allows numerically analyze the measurements of permeability k and the drag coefficient Cd proposed relationships, like power law, for these properties on various modeling schemes. The purpose of this research is to study the variability provided by these heterogeneities where the velocity field and other details of viscous fluid dynamics are obtained by solving numerically the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations at pore level and observe how the fractal dimension of fractionation of the model can affect their hydrodynamic properties. This study were considered two classes of models, models with constant porosity, MPC, and models with varying porosity, MPV. The results have allowed us to find numerical relationship between the permeability, drag coefficient and the fractal dimension of fractionation of the medium. Based on these numerical results we have proposed scaling relations and algebraic expressions involving the relevant parameters of the phenomenon. In this study analytical equations were determined for Dff depending on the geometrical parameters of the models. We also found a relation between the permeability and the drag coefficient which is inversely proportional to one another. As for the difference in behavior it is most striking in the classes of models MPV. That is, the fact that the porosity vary in these models is an additional factor that plays a significant role in flow analysis. Finally, the results proved satisfactory and consistent, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the referred methodology for all applications analyzed in this study.

Análise de viabilidade de injeção de fluidos alternativos ao vapor em reservatórios de óleo pesado

Many of hydrocarbon reserves existing in the world are formed by heavy oils (°API between 10 and 20). Moreover, several heavy oil fields are mature and, thus, offer great challenges for oil industry. Among the thermal methods used to recover these resources, steamflooding has been the main economically viable alternative. Latent heat carried by steam heats the reservoir, reducing oil viscosity and facilitating the production. This method has many variations and has been studied both theoretically and experimentally (in pilot projects and in full field applications). In order to increase oil recovery and reduce steam injection costs, the injection of alternative fluid has been used on three main ways: alternately, co-injected with steam and after steam injection interruption. The main objective of these injection systems is to reduce the amount of heat supplied to the reservoir, using cheaper fluids and maintaining the same oil production levels. This works discusses the use of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane and water as an alternative fluid to the steam. The analyzed parameters were oil recoveries and net cumulative oil productions. The reservoir simulation model corresponds to an oil reservoir of 100 m x 100 m x 28 m size, on a Cartesian coordinates system (x, y and z directions). It is a semi synthetic model with some reservoir data similar to those found in Brazilian Potiguar Basin. All studied cases were done using the simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group, version 2009.10). It was found that waterflood after steam injection interruption achieved the highest net cumulative oil compared to other fluids injection. Moreover, it was observed that steam and alternative fluids, co-injected and alternately, did not present increase on profitability project compared with steamflooding

Informe de Economía e Instituciones

Resumen: El Informe de Economía e Instituciones cuenta con tres columnas que abordan cuestiones teóricas y de política económica relacionadas con la temática de la economía y las instituciones. En la primera columna, Los sistemas nacionales de innovación, el autor realiza una reflexión sobre la transmisión de experiencias e investigaciones técnicas realizadas para el desarrollo, acumulación y creación de conocimientos. Fundamenta el éxito innovativo en la existencia previa de interacciones creadoras de conocimiento y destaca la complejidad que para concretar valiosas innovaciones encuentran las empresas al actuar de forma aislada. Finalmente, se concluye al respecto, que los avances en materia de innovaciones tecnológicas se apoyan fundamentalmente en las interrelaciones virtuosas que pudieran existir en las investigaciones de empresas, universidades y organismos gubernamentales trabajando de manera conjunta. En la segunda columna, La calidad institucional: una asignatura pendiente, el autor expone los objetivos de fundamentales de una estructura institucional de carácter dialógico: reemplazar/encauzar el conflicto y reducir la incertidumbre. Ambos objetivos, destaca el autor, no constituyen un estado permanente sino que entrañan una cierta proyectividad. Estos requisitos se ven vulnerados cuando se cae en una institucionalidad estática o cuando esta se basa en una voluntad unilateral. En ese contexto analiza una serie de instituciones y leyes recientes, a partir de la reforma constitucional de 1994, argumentando que su desarrollo, cargado de modificaciones incesantes, permite seguir considerando la calidad institucional como una “asignatura pendiente”. En la tercera columna, Una conjetura germinal: la revolución informática explica parte de la crisis financiera internacional, el autor sostiene que la fluidez en la circulación de la información, propiciada por el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación, es una de las causas de la última crisis internacional. Para ello, traza un paralelo entre el sistema financiero internacional y un circuito eléctrico. En este sentido, argumenta que con menores costos de transacción (dada la mejora tecnológica en comunicaciones), los intercambios se tornaron más fluidos, obteniendo resultados más eficientes. De la misma manera, sucede con un circuito eléctrico donde las resistencias producen pérdidas y empeoran la eficiencia energética, pero la contraparte es que el mismo se vuelve necesariamente más inestable. Inestabilidad que se puede constatar, en términos económicos, por la existencia de burbujas especulativas. En este contexto muestra la relevancia y los efectos que el entorno institucional tiene sobre el desempeño económico.

Edema mamario ante y post parto en vacas lecheras en la Finca San José de las Ramplas, Mateare, Managua, mayo – agosto 2013

Con el objeto de evaluar la prevalencia del edema mamario bovino, se desarrolló el presente estudio de caso en la Finca San José de las Ramplas, municipio de Mateare, Managua. Se analizaron 4 casos positivos a edema de la glándula mamaria ante y post parto, de un total de 34 vacas lactantes en el periodo de mayo-agosto del 2013. El edema mamario consiste en la acumulación excesiva de fluidos en el espacio intercelular que puede generar efectos negativos en el animal, tales como: estrés, dolor, aumento en la susceptibilidad por heridas a causa de la tensión de la piel, mayor probabilidad de sufrir mastitis, daño al pezón, ruptura del ligamento suspensorio de la ubre, disminución de la producción de leche e inconvenientes en el ordeño. El diagnóstico de la alteración se realizó a partir de la inspección de los casos positivos detectados mediante examen clínico y el análisis comparativo con las tablas 1 y 2 de calificación de presencia de edema mamario; se realizaron pruebas complementarias para diagnóstico de mastitis, la anamnesis y conjuntamente el llenado de la hoja clínica; recolectando los datos para analizar las causas y factores predisponentes que conllevaron a esta patología en las vacas; obteniendo una prevalencia de 11.76 % con respecto a la población de la categoría lactante. Esta patología se presenta comúnmente en vaquillas y vacas en el preparto, post parto y primigestas, causada por el cambio brusco en la alimentación, escaso consumo de agua, y primer parto a mayor edad. Para prevenir esta patología, se recomienda conocer el manejo del hato bovino, indagar sobre la correcta alimentación e implementar los programas nutricionales de acuerdo con los recursos que existen en la finca y que suplan las necesidades de cada categoría, implementar un plan sanitario que incluya la suplementación con vitaminas y minerales de acuerdo a su estado productivo y reproductivo para el correcto funcionamiento del bovino según sus necesidades y capacitar al personal de la finca en cuanto a las normas de bioseguridad y manejo adecuado de cada categoría del hato.

Proyectos en Experimentación en Ingeniería Química I

Duración (en horas): Más de 50 horas. Nivel educativo: Grado

Diseño y cálculo de una instalación de bombeo

Duración (en horas): De 41 a 50 horas Nivel educativo: Grado

Un método para el taladro de aluminio que facilita la unión por remaches de los componentes aeronáuticos

189 p. : il. col.

Relaciones comerciales entre puertos franceses y guipuzcoanos en las décadas finales del siglo XVI y la primera mitad del siglo XVII: síntoma de vitalidad económica

[ES]El presente trabajo presenta una fuente documental infrautilizada, la de los libros de manifestaciones, que representa un interesantísimo instrumento de estudio para el conocimiento de la realidad comercial e industrial de la Guipúzcoa de los siglos XVI y XVII. Esta documentación permite matizar algunas de las afirmaciones que durante décadas han venido marcando la historiografía vasca sobre la tan manida “crisis del siglo XVII”, más en consonancia con los criterios que en los últimos años se vienen imponiendo en los ámbitos español y europeo. Las relaciones comerciales con puertos, principalmente franceses, que se pueden seguir a través de las mencionadas fuentes permiten seguir los fluidos intercambios y las llegadas de cereales y bastimentos, así como la salida de hierro y moneda desde algunos de los principales puertos guipuzcoanos. Una de las principales conclusiones es que la exportación de hierro a los puertos franceses tuvo continuidad a fines del siglo XVI y principios del siglo XVII

La máquina de Marly

Duración (en horas): De 21 a 30 horas. Destinatario: Estudiante y Docente

Distribución de "coxiella burnetii" en los rumiantes domésticos y en la fauna silvestre de la Comunidad Atutónoma Vasca. Evaluacióndel efecto del tratamiento antibiótico y de la vacunación en el control de la fiebre Q en rebaños ovinos naturalmente infectados

243 p. : il.