912 resultados para hydroelectric power plants
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Considering that the Brazilian energy source is based on hydroelectric power plants, every moment that it does not rain enough, we are likely to suffer power outage. Making the rational use of energy not only is wise, but also important for financial issues. The industrial sector is of great importance to Brazilian economic context, because it is one that creates more wealth and jobs. It should be noted that it is one of the sectors that consume more electricity. One of the most used equipment in industry is the three phase induction motor, which ends up providing significant waste of energy. For that reasons, studying three phase induction motors is important. One of the ways to evaluate the parameter of the three phase induction motor is using a dynamometer mechanic or electric. This work aims at further studies (and development) of electrodynamometer brake, a type of electrical dynamometer, that is the only one with reversible use. This means, it is possible to measure both the torque and the power transmitted by the electric motors, by the direct method and the indirect. Besides it allows greater stability in the imposition of charges, due to its nature of being able to regenerate the energy imparted by the engines being tested
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Considering that the Brazilian energy source is based on hydroelectric power plants, every moment that it does not rain enough, we are likely to suffer power outage. Making the rational use of energy not only is wise, but also important for financial issues. The industrial sector is of great importance to Brazilian economic context, because it is one that creates more wealth and jobs. It should be noted that it is one of the sectors that consume more electricity. One of the most used equipment in industry is the three phase induction motor, which ends up providing significant waste of energy. For that reasons, studying three phase induction motors is important. One of the ways to evaluate the parameter of the three phase induction motor is using a dynamometer mechanic or electric. This work aims at further studies (and development) of electrodynamometer brake, a type of electrical dynamometer, that is the only one with reversible use. This means, it is possible to measure both the torque and the power transmitted by the electric motors, by the direct method and the indirect. Besides it allows greater stability in the imposition of charges, due to its nature of being able to regenerate the energy imparted by the engines being tested
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Stubacher Sonnblickkees (SSK) is located in the Hohe Tauern Range (Eastern Alps) in the south of Salzburg Province (Austria) in the region of Oberpinzgau in the upper Stubach Valley. The glacier is situated at the main Alpine crest and faces east, starting at elevations close to 3050 m and in the 1980s terminated at 2500 m a.s.l. It had an area of 1.7 km² at that time, compared with 1 km² in 2013. The glacier type can be classified as a slope glacier, i.e. the relief is covered by a relatively thin ice sheet and there is no regular glacier tongue. The rough subglacial topography makes for a complex shape in the surface topography, with various concave and convex patterns. The main reason for selecting this glacier for mass balance observations (as early as 1963) was to verify on a complex glacier how the mass balance methods and the conclusions - derived during the more or less pioneer phase of glaciological investigations in the 1950s and 1960s - could be applied to the SSK glacier. The decision was influenced by the fact that close to the SSK there was the Rudolfshütte, a hostel of the Austrian Alpine Club (OeAV), newly constructed in the 1950s to replace the old hut dating from 1874. The new Alpenhotel Rudolfshütte, which was run by the Slupetzky family from 1958 to 1970, was the base station for the long-term observation; the cable car to Rudolfshütte, operated by the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB), was a logistic advantage. Another factor for choosing SSK as a glaciological research site was the availability of discharge records of the catchment area from the Austrian Federal Railways who had turned the nearby lake Weißsee ('White Lake') - a former natural lake - into a reservoir for their hydroelectric power plants. In terms of regional climatic differences between the Central Alps in Tyrol and those of the Hohe Tauern, the latter experienced significantly higher precipitation , so one could expect new insights in the different response of the two glaciers SSK and Hintereisferner (Ötztal Alps) - where a mass balance series went back to 1952. In 1966 another mass balance series with an additional focus on runoff recordings was initiated at Vernagtfener, near Hintereisferner, by the Commission of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich. The usual and necessary link to climate and climate change was given by a newly founded weather station (by Heinz and Werner Slupetzky) at the Rudolfshütte in 1961, which ran until 1967. Along with an extension and enlargement to the so-called Alpine Center Rudolfshütte of the OeAV, a climate observatory (suggested by Heinz Slupetzky) has been operating without interruption since 1980 under the responsibility of ZAMG and the Hydrological Service of Salzburg, providing long-term met observations. The weather station is supported by the Berghotel Rudolfshütte (in 2004 the OeAV sold the hotel to a private owner) with accommodation and facilities. Direct yearly mass balance measurements were started in 1963, first for 3 years as part of a thesis project. In 1965 the project was incorporated into the Austrian glacier measurement sites within the International Hydrological Decade (IHD) 1965 - 1974 and was afterwards extended via the International Hydrological Program (IHP) 1975 - 1981. During both periods the main financial support came from the Hydrological Survey of Austria. After 1981 funds were provided by the Hydrological Service of the Federal Government of Salzburg. The research was conducted from 1965 onwards by Heinz Slupetzky from the (former) Department of Geography of the University of Salzburg. These activities received better recognition when the High Alpine Research Station of the University of Salzburg was founded in 1982 and brought in additional funding from the University. With recent changes concerning Rudolfshütte, however, it became unfeasible to keep the research station going. Fortunately, at least the weather station at Rudolfshütte is still operating. In the pioneer years of the mass balance recordings at SSK, the main goal was to understand the influence of the complicated topography on the ablation and accumulation processes. With frequent strong southerly winds (foehn) on the one hand, and precipitation coming in with storms from the north to northwest, the snow drift is an important factor on the undulating glacier surface. This results in less snow cover in convex zones and in more or a maximum accumulation in concave or flat areas. As a consequence of the accentuated topography, certain characteristic ablation and accumulation patterns can be observed during the summer season every year, which have been regularly observed for many decades . The process of snow depletion (Ausaperung) runs through a series of stages (described by the AAR) every year. The sequence of stages until the end of the ablation season depends on the weather conditions in a balance year. One needs a strong negative mass balance year at the beginning of glacier measurements to find out the regularities; 1965, the second year of observation resulted in a very positive mass balance with very little ablation but heavy accumulation. To date it is the year with the absolute maximum positive balance in the entire mass balance series since 1959, probably since 1950. The highly complex ablation patterns required a high number of ablation stakes at the beginning of the research and it took several years to develop a clearer idea of the necessary density of measurement points to ensure high accuracy. A great number of snow pits and probing profiles (and additional measurements at crevasses) were necessary to map the accumulation area/patterns. Mapping the snow depletion, especially at the end of the ablation season, which coincides with the equilibrium line, is one of the main basic data for drawing contour lines of mass balance and to calculate the total mass balance (on a regular-shaped valley glacier there might be an equilibrium line following a contour line of elevation separating the accumulation area and the ablation area, but not at SSK). - An example: in 1969/70, 54 ablation stakes and 22 snow pits were used on the 1.77 km² glacier surface. In the course of the study the consistency of the accumulation and ablation patterns could be used to reduce the number of measurement points. - At the SSK the stratigraphic system, i.e. the natural balance year, is used instead the usual hydrological year. From 1964 to 1981, the yearly mass balance was calculated by direct measurements. Based on these records of 17 years, a regression analysis between the specific net mass balance and the ratio of ablation area to total area (AAR) has been used since then. The basic requirement was mapping the maximum snow depletion at the end of each balance year. There was the advantage of Heinz Slupetzky's detailed local and long-term experience, which ensured homogeneity of the series on individual influences of the mass balance calculations. Verifications took place as often as possible by means of independent geodetic methods, i.e. monoplotting , aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry, more recently also the application of PHOTOMODELLER and laser scans. The semi-direct mass balance determinations used at SSK were tentatively compared with data from periods of mass/volume change, resulting in promising first results on the reliability of the method. In recent years re-analyses of the mass balance series have been conducted by the World Glacier Monitoring Service and will be done at SSK too. - The methods developed at SSK also add to another objective, much discussed in the 1960s within the community, namely to achieve time- and labour-saving methods to ensure continuation of long-term mass balance series. The regression relations were used to extrapolate the mass balance series back to 1959, the maximum depletion could be reconstructed by means of photographs for those years. R. Günther (1982) calculated the mass balance series of SSK back to 1950 by analysing the correlation between meteorological data and the mass balance; he found a high statistical relation between measured and determined mass balance figures for SSK. In spite of the complex glacier topography, interesting empirical experiences were gained from the mass balance data sets, giving a better understanding of the characteristics of the glacier type, mass balance and mass exchange. It turned out that there are distinct relations between the specific net balance, net accumulation (defined as Bc/S) and net ablation (Ba/S) to the AAR, resulting in characteristic so-called 'turnover curves'. The diagram of SSK represents the type of a glacier without a glacier tongue. Between 1964 and 1966, a basic method was developed, starting from the idea that instead of measuring years to cover the range between extreme positive and extreme negative yearly balances one could record the AAR/snow depletion/Ausaperung during one or two summers. The new method was applied on Cathedral Massif Glacier, a cirque glacier with the same area as the Stubacher Sonnblickkees, in British Columbia, Canada. during the summers of 1977 and 1978. It returned exactly the expected relations, e.g. mass turnover curves, as found on SSK. The SSK was mapped several times on a scale of 1:5000 to 1:10000. Length variations have been measured since 1960 within the OeAV glacier length measurement programme. Between 1965 and 1981, there was a mass gain of 10 million cubic metres. With a time lag of 10 years, this resulted in an advance until the mid-1980s. Since 1982 there has been a distinct mass loss of 35 million cubic metres by 2013. In recent years, the glacier has disintegrated faster, forced by the formation of a periglacial lake at the glacier terminus and also by the outcrops of rocks (typical for the slope glacier type), which have accelerated the meltdown. The formation of this lake is well documented. The glacier has retreated by some 600 m since 1981. - Since August 2002, a runoff gauge installed by the Hydrographical Service of Salzburg has recorded the discharge of the main part of SSK at the outlet of the new Unterer Eisboden See. The annual reports - submitted from 1982 on as a contractual obligation to the Hydrological Service of Salzburg - document the ongoing processes on the one hand, and emphasize the mass balance of SSK and outline the climatological reasons, mainly based on the met-data of the observatory Rudolfshütte, on the other. There is an additional focus on estimating the annual water balance in the catchment area of the lake. There are certain preconditions for the water balance equation in the area. Runoff is recorded by the ÖBB power stations, the mass balance of the now approx. 20% glaciated area (mainly the Sonnblickkees) is measured andthe change of the snow and firn patches/the water content is estimated as well as possible. (Nowadays laserscanning and ground radar are available to measure the snow pack). There is a net of three precipitation gauges plus the recordings at Rudolfshütte. The evaporation is of minor importance. The long-term annual mean runoff depth in the catchment area is around 3.000 mm/year. The precipitation gauges have measured deficits between 10% and 35%, on average probably 25% to 30%. That means that the real precipitation in the catchment area Weißsee (at elevations between 2,250 and 3,000 m) is in an order of 3,200 to 3,400 mm a year. The mass balance record of SSK was the first one established in the Hohe Tauern region (and now since the Hohe Tauern National Park was founded in 1983 in Salzburg) and is one of the longest measurement series worldwide. Great efforts are under way to continue the series, to safeguard against interruption and to guarantee a long-term monitoring of the mass balance and volume change of SSK (until the glacier is completely gone, which seems to be realistic in the near future as a result of the ongoing global warming). Heinz Slupetzky, March 2014
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En los últimos años ha aumentado el interés en el desarrollo de proyectos en el ámbito de las centrales hidroeléctricas y en concreto en las centrales reversibles. Estas centrales están diseñadas para grandes caudales y saltos, lo cual conlleva túneles de gran diámetro y alta presión y a menudo son esquemas subterráneos. Por ello, los estudios relativos a revestimientos de túneles en presión y los referentes a los blindajes de acero han cobrado una mayor relevancia. En las décadas de los 60 y 70 se realizó una importante labor de investigación coincidiendo con el desarrollo hidroeléctrico en Europa y Norteamérica, que sin embargo ha quedado sin continuidad hasta esta década, en la que se ha experimentado un impulso debido al desarrollo de nuevos proyectos hidroeléctricos de gran magnitud. La adecuación de los métodos de cálculo de blindajes supone una herramienta imprescindible en el correcto desarrollo técnico de los nuevos proyectos hidroeléctricos, así como para la evaluación de la seguridad de los saltos hidroeléctricos existentes en operación. En la presente Tesis se realiza un análisis del comportamiento estructural de las galerías en presión de saltos hidroeléctricos, así como una discusión y revisión de los métodos de cálculo existentes. En concreto se analizan los siguientes aspectos: •Descripción y comparación de las formulaciones existentes para el cálculo de blindajes tanto a presión exterior como interior. •Aplicación del Método de Elementos Finitos para la modelización y cálculo resistente y frente a inestabilidad de blindajes sometidos a presión exterior. •Análisis de un caso real, en el que se ha producido un fallo estructural en un blindaje sometido a presión exterior. Discusión sobre el comportamiento de blindajes con rigidizadores. Estudio paramétrico de la capacidad resistente y de la estabilidad de los blindajes con rigidizadores. •Estudio del comportamiento diferenciado entre un rigidizador y un conector. •Detalles constructivos y de durabilidad de las galerías en presión. •Desarrollo de una metodología para el cálculo de blindajes y tuberías forzadas a fatiga derivada de las variaciones de presión de la conducción. •Análisis de un caso real de una tubería forzada sometida a procesos de variación de carga, evaluando su seguridad frente a la fatiga. El cálculo de blindajes en galerías forzadas presenta una serie de aspectos complejos, y que no permiten la definición del problema con exactitud, tales como las características del macizo rocoso y su permeabilidad, la determinación del nivel freático, la holgura existente entre el blindaje y el revestimiento del trasdós y sus posibles defectos geométricos. Por estas incertidumbres, el cálculo de blindajes supone una materia compleja y que debe ser abordada desde la cautela y el análisis de otros trabajos y/o análisis realizados con anterioridad. En cualquier caso, debe realizarse un análisis de sensibilidad de los diversos parámetros que intervienen en el cálculo. En esta tesis se han descrito las principales formulaciones de cálculo de blindajes de galerías forzadas sometidas a presión interior y exterior; se ha constatado que existe una gran diversidad y que de su aplicación no se llega a resultados concluyentes. Las formulaciones clásicas utilizadas en el cálculo de blindajes lisos y con rigidizadores sometidos a presión exterior (Amstutz y Jacobsen) no resultan del todo adecuadas ni son de aplicación general. Además, pueden arrojar resultados no conservadores o conducir a un sobredimensionamiento del blindaje en otros casos. En las formulaciones tradicionales de diseño se han tenido en cuenta como imperfecciones la holgura del blindaje y la ovalidad del mismo. En la presente tesis, se han analizado imperfecciones de tipo ondulatorio derivadas de los procesos de soldadura y la existencia de espesores reducidos en zonas de corrosión. En el caso práctico analizado sometido a presión exterior, se ha comprobado el funcionamiento real del blindaje mediante los modelos realizados con elementos finitos. Se desprende que los rigidizadores no han funcionado como tales, puesto que para blindajes lisos se obtienen presiones más bajas de pandeo y para el caso de funcionamiento correcto de los rigidizadores se habría obtenido un coeficiente de seguridad suficiente. Por este motivo, se ha analizado el posible funcionamiento de los rigidizadores, que en determinados casos pueden actuar como conectores. En estos casos deben dimensionarse de forma adecuada las soldaduras para soportar las tensiones entre chapa y conector. Por otra parte, tradicionalmente no se han tenido en cuenta los efectos de fatiga que pueden ocasionar los golpes de ariete y las pulsaciones de presión debidas a la regulación secundaria de la red. En esta tesis se ha establecido un procedimiento de comprobación de tuberías forzadas y blindajes sometidos a procesos de fatiga. Adicionalmente, se ha estudiado el caso real de las tuberías forzadas de una central reversible real (Bolarque II) en funcionamiento de regulación secundaria. Se ha concluido, como en otros casos analizados en la bibliografía, que las pulsaciones derivadas de la regulación secundaria no son significativas como para tener en cuenta la fatiga del acero. Por otra parte, las maniobras de arranque y parada (golpe de ariete) suponen una variación importante de la presión en la conducción. Sin embargo, el moderado número de ciclos permite asegurar la integridad de la tubería frente a fenómenos de fatiga. Nowadays, there is a significant concern in the development of projects in the field of hydroelectric power plants, particularly in the pump-storage projects. These plants are designed for high flow rates and heads, which entails large-diameter tunnels and high pressure ratios), and often as underground schemes. Therefore, this concern has reactivated studies about penstocks and in particular those related to steel liners. During the 1960s and 1970s due to hydropower-engineering development in Europe and North America, a major research effort was done. However, the increasing development of new large-scale hydropower projects has involved a renewed research effort during this decade. The adequacy of steel liner calculation methods is a very important issue in the proper technical development of new hydroelectric projects, and for the safety assessment of existing hydroelectric power plants in operation. In this work, an analysis of the structural behavior of pressure galleries in hydroelectric schemes was carried out. Also, a discussion and a review of existing calculation methods are included. In particular, the following issues have been considered: •Description and comparison of existing formulations for calculating the liner response to both external and internal pressure. •Analysis of an actual case study of a steel liner which failed due to external pressure. •Application of the Finite Element Method to liner modeling and analysis subjected to external pressure. •A parametric study of the shielding with stiffeners and discussion about the behavior of liner with stiffeners. •Constructive aspects and durability of pressure galleries. •Development of a methodology for estimating fatigue effects on penstocks and liners sue to pressure changes. •Analysis of an actual case study of a penstock under varying load and assessment of its safety against fatigue. The project of a hydropower penstock is a complex issue, due to the uncertainties in the definition of the problem data, such as the characteristics of the rock mass and its permeability, the determination of the water table, the existing gap between the steel liner and the concrete of the backfill, the geometric imperfections... Hence, the design and analysis of a steel liner must be addressed cautiously and take into account a review of previous studies performed. Ever, a sensitivity analysis of the various parameters involved in the calculation should be performed. In this work, some of the most relevant formulations for liner design subjected to inside and outside pressure have been studied. As a whole, there is a wide variety and its application does not lead to conclusive results. The classical formulations used in the steel liner calculation either with or without stiffeners under external pressure (Amstutz and Jacobsen) are not entirely adequate Also, those can yield both conservative and non-conservative results in large ranges of application. Traditionally design approaches only considered initial gap and ovality as the most relevant geometric imperfections. Thus, little attention was paid to those caused either by welding or by thickness loss in corroded areas. In the case study analyzed in this thesis, the actual working of the liner under external pressure has been simulated by the Finite Element Method. Results show that the stiffeners have not performed as such, since for unstiffened liner lower buckling pressures are obtained and for proper performance of the stiffeners would give a sufficient safety factor. Hence, it must be pointed out that stiffeners may perform either as such or as connectors. For the latter, welding must be designed to properly withstand stresses between the shell and the stiffener. Likewise, the potential fatigue effects due to both water hammer and pressure pulsations due to secondary regulation of the network have not been considered in many studies. It has been included in this work a procedure for checking penstocks and liners under fatigue processes. Additionally, the penstock fatigue response of an actual pump storage project (Bolarque II, Spain) subjected to secondary control operation has been assessed. As in other cases discussed in the literature, pulsations derived from the secondary control are not significant to account for fatigue of steel. Moreover, the start and stop manoeuvres (water hammer) cause a significant change in penstock pressure. However, the moderate number of cycles ensures the integrity of the penstock against fatigue phenomena.
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"FERC/EIS-0015"--Cover.
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"August 1981."
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"March 1993."
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"August 1997."
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Description based on: No. 38.
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"September 1998."
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Bibliography: p. 528-530.
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"Applicant: Power Authority of the State of New York."
