Signal-Powered Low-Drop-Diode Equivalent Circuit for Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier

Piezoelectric-device-based vibration energy harvesting requires a rectifier for conversion of input ac to usable dc form. Power loss due to diode drop in rectifier is a significant fraction of the already low levels of harvested power. The proposed circuit is a low-drop-diode equivalent, which mimics a diode using linear region-operated MOSFET. The proposed diode equivalent is powered directly from input signal and requires no additional power supply for its control. Power used by the control circuit is kept at a bare minimum to have an overall output power improvement. Diode equivalent was used to replace the four diodes in a full-wave bridge rectifier, which is the basic full- wave rectifier and is a part of the more advanced rectifiers like switch-only and bias-flip rectifiers. Simulation in 130-nm technology and experiment with discrete components show that a bridge rectifier with the proposed diode provides a 30-169% increase in output power extracted from piezoelectric device, as compared to a bridge rectifier with diode-connected MOSFETs. The bridge rectifier with the proposed diode can extract 90% of the maximum available power from an ideal piezoelectric device-bridge rectifier circuit. Setting aside the constraint of power loss, simulations indicate that diode drop as low as 10 mV at 38 mu A can be achieved.

SEU Tolerant Robust Memory Cell Design

The implementation of semiconductor circuits and systems in nano-technology makes it possible to achieve high speed, lower voltage level and smaller area. The unintended and undesirable result of this scaling is that it makes integrated circuits susceptible to soft errors normally caused by alpha particle or neutron hits. These events of radiation strike resulting into bit upsets referred to as single event upsets(SEU), become increasingly of concern for the reliable circuit operation in the field. Storage elements are worst hit by this phenomenon. As we further scale down, there is greater interest in reliability of the circuits and systems, apart from the performance, power and area aspects. In this paper we propose an improved 12T SEU tolerant SRAM cell design. The proposed SRAM cell is economical in terms of area overhead. It is easy to fabricate as compared to earlier designs. Simulation results show that the proposed cell is highly robust, as it does not flip even for a transient pulse with 62 times the Q(crit) of a standard 6T SRAM cell.

Evidence of collective relaxation behavior in the reentrant phase of oxygen-rich LaMnO3

The reentrant low temperature phase of the perovskite manganite LaMnO3+delta (delta=0.22) has been investigated with ac susceptibility and dc magnetization studies. A critical examination of the memory effects in ac susceptibility leads us to the conclusion that the slow dynamics in the system is a consequence of collective relaxation processes resulting from interactions between ferromagnetic clusters, whose presence was indicated in earlier studies. Here, we postulate that the collective behavior is due to the existence of long-range (dipolar) interactions between the large ferromagnetic `superspins'. This is also confirmed by an abnormally large microscopic spin-flip time (similar to 10(-9) s) compared to a canonical spin glass. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Time-Based All-Digital Technique for Analog Built-in Self-Test

A scheme for built-in self-test of analog signals with minimal area overhead for measuring on-chip voltages in an all-digital manner is presented. The method is well suited for a distributed architecture, where the routing of analog signals over long paths is minimized. A clock is routed serially to the sampling heads placed at the nodes of analog test voltages. This sampling head present at each test node, which consists of a pair of delay cells and a pair of flip-flops, locally converts the test voltage to a skew between a pair of subsampled signals, thus giving rise to as many subsampled signal pairs as the number of nodes. To measure a certain analog voltage, the corresponding subsampled signal pair is fed to a delay measurement unit to measure the skew between this pair. The concept is validated by designing a test chip in a UMC 130-nm CMOS process. Sub-millivolt accuracy for static signals is demonstrated for a measurement time of a few seconds, and an effective number of bits of 5.29 is demonstrated for low-bandwidth signals in the absence of sample-and-hold circuitry.

Anisotropic magnetic couplings and structure-driven canted to collinear transitions in Sr2IrO4 by magnetically constrained noncollinear DFT

We study the canted magnetic state in Sr2IrO4 using fully relativistic density functional theory (DFT) including an on-site Hubbard U correction. A complete magnetic phase diagram with respect to the tetragonal distortion and the rotation of IrO6 octahedra is constructed, revealing the presence of two types of canted to collinear magnetic transitions: a spin-flop transition with increasing tetragonal distortion and a complete quenching of the basal weak ferromagnetic moment below a critical octahedral rotation. Moreover, we put forward a scheme to study the anisotropic magnetic couplings by mapping magnetically constrained noncollinear DFT onto a general spin Hamiltonian. This procedure allows for the simultaneous account and direct control of the lattice, spin, and orbital interactions within a fully ab initio scheme. We compute the isotropic, single site anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) coupling parameters, and clarify that the origin of the canted magnetic state in Sr2IrO4 arises from the structural distortions and the competition between isotropic exchange and DM interactions.

Fabrication and Nonlinear Thermomechanical Analysis of SU8 Thermal Actuator

SU8-based micromechanical structures are widely used as thermal actuators in the development of compliant micromanipulation tools. This paper reports the design, nonlinear thermomechanical analysis, fabrication, and thermal actuation of SU8 actuators. The thermomechanical analysis of the actuator incorporates nonlinear temperature-dependent properties of SU8 polymer to accurately model its thermal response during actuation. The designed SU8 thermal actuators are fabricated using surface micromachining techniques and the electrical interconnects are made to them using flip-chip bonding. The issues due to thermal stress during fabrication are discussed and a novel strategy is proposed to release the thermal stress in the fabricated actuators. Subsequent characterization of the actuator using an optical profilometer reveals excellent thermal response, good repeatability, and low hysteresis. The average deflection is similar to 8.5 mu m for an actuation current of similar to 5 mA. The experimentally obtained deflection profile and the tip deflection at different currents are both shown to be in good agreement with the predictions of the nonlinear thermomechanical model. This underscores the need to consider nonlinearities when modeling the response of SU8 thermal actuators. 2015-0087]

Connecting Active-Site Loop Conformations and Catalysis in Triosephosphate Isomerase: Insights from a Rare Variation at Residue96 in the Plasmodial Enzyme

Despite extensive research into triosephosphate isomerases (TIMs), there exists a gap in understanding of the remarkable conjunction between catalytic loop-6 (residues 166-176) movement and the conformational flip of Glu165 (catalytic base) upon substrate binding that primes the active site for efficient catalysis. The overwhelming occurrence of serine at position96 (98% of the 6277 unique TIM sequences), spatially proximal to E165 and the loop-6 residues, raises questions about its role in catalysis. Notably, Plasmodium falciparum TIM has an extremely rare residuephenylalanineat this position whereas, curiously, the mutant F96S was catalytically defective. We have obtained insights into the influence of residue96 on the loop-6 conformational flip and E165 positioning by combining kinetic and structural studies on the PfTIM F96 mutants F96Y, F96A, F96S/S73A, and F96S/L167V with sequence conservation analysis and comparative analysis of the available apo and holo structures of the enzyme from diverse organisms.

Enhanced efficiency of near-UV emitting LEDs for solid-state lighting applications

The performance of a series of near-UV (∼385 nm) emitting LEDs, consisting of high efficiency InGaN/AlInGaN QWs in the active region, was investigated. Significantly reduced roll-over of efficiency at high current density was found compared to InGaN/GaN LEDs emitting at a similar wavelength. The importance of optical cavity effects in flip-chip geometry devices has also been investigated. The light output was enhanced by more than a factor of 2 when the lightemitting region was located at an anti-node position with respect to a high reflectivity current injection mirror. A power of 0.49 mW into a numerical aperture of 0.5 was obtained for a junction area of 50μm in diameter and a current of 30 mA, corresponding to a radiance of 30 W/cm2/str.

用改进的混合方法分析微电子封装热应变场

介绍一种可用于微电子封装局部应变场分析的实验/计算混合方法，该方法结合了有限元的整体/局部模型和实时的激光云纹干涉技术，利用激光云纹干涉技术所测得的应变场来校核有限元整体模型的计算结果，并用整体模型的结果作为局部模型的边界条件，对实验难以确定的封装结构局部位置的应力、应变场进行分析。用这种方法对可控坍塌倒装封装结构在热载荷作用下焊球内的应变场分布进行了分析，结果表明该方法能够提供封装结构内应力-应变场分布的准确和可靠的结果，为微电子封装的可靠性分析提供重要的依据。

Quantum error correction with biased noise

Quantum computing offers powerful new techniques for speeding up the calculation of many classically intractable problems. Quantum algorithms can allow for the efficient simulation of physical systems, with applications to basic research, chemical modeling, and drug discovery; other algorithms have important implications for cryptography and internet security.

At the same time, building a quantum computer is a daunting task, requiring the coherent manipulation of systems with many quantum degrees of freedom while preventing environmental noise from interacting too strongly with the system. Fortunately, we know that, under reasonable assumptions, we can use the techniques of quantum error correction and fault tolerance to achieve an arbitrary reduction in the noise level.

In this thesis, we look at how additional information about the structure of noise, or "noise bias," can improve or alter the performance of techniques in quantum error correction and fault tolerance. In Chapter 2, we explore the possibility of designing certain quantum gates to be extremely robust with respect to errors in their operation. This naturally leads to structured noise where certain gates can be implemented in a protected manner, allowing the user to focus their protection on the noisier unprotected operations.

In Chapter 3, we examine how to tailor error-correcting codes and fault-tolerant quantum circuits in the presence of dephasing biased noise, where dephasing errors are far more common than bit-flip errors. By using an appropriately asymmetric code, we demonstrate the ability to improve the amount of error reduction and decrease the physical resources required for error correction.

In Chapter 4, we analyze a variety of protocols for distilling magic states, which enable universal quantum computation, in the presence of faulty Clifford operations. Here again there is a hierarchy of noise levels, with a fixed error rate for faulty gates, and a second rate for errors in the distilled states which decreases as the states are distilled to better quality. The interplay of of these different rates sets limits on the achievable distillation and how quickly states converge to that limit.

Avaliação por ressonância magnética funcional da necrose coagulativa por ablação de radiofrequência nas metástases hepáticas colorretais

A maioria dos pacientes que apresentam metástases hepáticas colorretais (MHCR) não são elegíveis para ressecção. Por isso, outras técnicas para se alcançar o controle locorregional da doença têm sido utilizadas. A Ablação por Radiofrequência (ARF) hepática tem sido empregada frequentemente para o tratamento desta condição devido às boas taxas de resposta, principalmente quando associada ao emprego de quimioterápicos modernos. Apesar da caracterização das MHCR no pré-operatório estar bem estabelecida, os parâmetros de ressonância magnética (RM) após ARF no período pós-cirúrgico requerem maior padronização objetiva. O coeficiente de difusão aparente de água (CDA) tem sido usado na RM como um parâmetro de isquemia e necrose. Entretanto, não está ainda bem definido seu papel e das imagens ponderadas de difusão (DWI) na avaliação da necrose coagulativa gerada pela ARF, especificamente em pacientes com MHCR. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar o espectro de mudança em RM funcional após a ARF de MHCR. Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo entre 2001 e 2006, avaliando 51 pacientes que foram submetidos à ARF por MHCR no Hospital Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, EUA) dos quais 16 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os critérios de inclusão foram: (1) apresentar MHCR tratada cirurgicamente com intenção curativa por ARF guiados por ultrassom per-operatório, e (2) ter uma RM anterior e imediatamente após a cirurgia (até 10 dias). As imagens de RMs antes e após a ablação hepática para MCHR foram identificadas e revistas. As imagens de RM de difusão e captação de contraste foram feitas numa unidade de 1.5 T. Imagens em T2 e T1 foram realizadas na presença e ausência de contraste venoso. Todos os exames tiveram a espessura de 4 a 6 mm e um intervalo de 2 mm, apresentando um angulo de rotação de 150. O índice de difusão foi determinado com um b-valor (intensidade do gradiente de difusão) de 500 seg/mm2. As análises de parâmetros para avaliar e comparar o pré e pós ARF através da RM funcional incluiram: (1) valores do mapa de CDA, (2) captação de contraste, (3) difusão e (4) mudança no tamanho da lesão. Em adição, a sobrevida mediana global e tempo para recorrência local foram calculados. As imagens foram avaliadas por um consenso de dois radiologistas/cirurgiões. Foram avaliados no total 65 lesões, com tamanho médio pré-ablação de 1,7 cm. Após ablação o tamanho médio da lesão aumentou para 3,5 cm (p<0,001). A captação de contraste nas fases arterial e venosa diminuíram significativamente após ARF (diminuição média 10% e 17,5%, respectivamente, p = 0,002 e <0,001). O valor médio do mapa de CDA da lesão foi de 2.79 x 10-3 mm2/seg pré-ARF, e após ARF diminui em média para 1.75 x 10-3 mm2/seg (p<0.001). A sobrevida mediana global foi de 34,7 meses. A ressonância magnética funcional através da captação de contraste e difusão pode prover uma estimativa subjetiva e objetiva da necrose coagulativa tissular e da desidratação celular na área ablada por radiofrequência. Quando combinada ao aumento no tamanho do tumor, podem atuar como um marcador adicional de resposta tumoral.

Magnetic properties and anisotropy of orthorhombic DyMnO3 single crystal

An orthorhombic DyMnO3 single crystal has been studied in magnetic fields up to 14 T and between 3 K and room temperature. The field dependent ordering temperature of Dy moments is deduced. The paramagnetic Curie Weiss behavior is related mainly to the Dy3+sublattice whereas the Mn sublattice contribution plays a secondary role. DC magnetization measurements show marked anisotropic features, related to the anisotropic structure of a cubic system stretched along a body diagonal, with a magnetic easy axis parallel to the crystallographic b axis. A temperature and field dependent spin flop transition is observed below 9 K, when relatively weak magnetocrystalline anisotropy is overcome by magnetic fields up to 1.6 T. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Global analysis of dynamical decision-making models through local computation around the hidden saddle

Bistable dynamical switches are frequently encountered in mathematical modeling of biological systems because binary decisions are at the core of many cellular processes. Bistable switches present two stable steady-states, each of them corresponding to a distinct decision. In response to a transient signal, the system can flip back and forth between these two stable steady-states, switching between both decisions. Understanding which parameters and states affect this switch between stable states may shed light on the mechanisms underlying the decision-making process. Yet, answering such a question involves analyzing the global dynamical (i.e., transient) behavior of a nonlinear, possibly high dimensional model. In this paper, we show how a local analysis at a particular equilibrium point of bistable systems is highly relevant to understand the global properties of the switching system. The local analysis is performed at the saddle point, an often disregarded equilibrium point of bistable models but which is shown to be a key ruler of the decision-making process. Results are illustrated on three previously published models of biological switches: two models of apoptosis, the programmed cell death and one model of long-term potentiation, a phenomenon underlying synaptic plasticity. © 2012 Trotta et al.

Coherence loss and recovery of an electron spin coupled inhomogeneously to a one-dimensional interacting spin bath: An adaptive time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group study

Coherence evolution and echo effect of an electron spin, which is coupled inhomogeneously to an interacting one-dimensional finite spin bath via hyperfine-type interaction, are studied using the adaptive time-dependent density-matrix renormalization group method. It is found that the interplay of the coupling inhomogeneity and the transverse intrabath interactions results in two qualitatively different coherence evolutions, namely, a coherence-preserving evolution characterized by periodic oscillation and a complete decoherence evolution. Correspondingly, the echo effects induced by an electron-spin flip at time tau exhibit stable recoherence pulse sequence for the periodic evolution and a single peak at root 2 tau for the decoherence evolution, respectively. With the diagonal intrabath interaction included, the specific feature of the periodic regime is kept, while the root 2 tau-type echo effect in the decoherence regime is significantly affected. To render the experimental verifications possible, the Hahn echo envelope as a function of tau is calculated, which eliminates the inhomogeneous broadening effect and serves for the identification of the different status of the dynamic coherence evolution, periodic versus decoherence.

Spin relaxation in diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dots

Electron spin relaxation induced by phonon-mediated s-d exchange interaction in a II-VI diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum dot is investigated theoretically. The electron-acoustic phonon interaction due to piezoelectric coupling and deformation potential is included. The resulting spin lifetime is typically on the order of microseconds. The effectiveness of the phonon-mediated spin-flip mechanism increases with increasing Mn concentration, electron spin splitting, vertical confining strength, and lateral diameter, while it shows nonmonotonic dependence on the magnetic field and temperature. An interesting finding is that the spin relaxation in a small quantum dot is suppressed for strong magnetic field and low Mn concentration at low temperature.