A Successful Leader or a Psychopathic Individual?

There are numerous studies that have focused on the qualities and attributes of an effective organisational leader, and these identified characteristics such as, charisma, confidence, persuasiveness and courage. What if these qualities however, were a mere façade, underpinned by a more sinister side? The result might be far from an effective leader, but instead reveal... a psychopath!

Adolescent boys’ health : managing emotions, masculinities and subjective social status

The health of adolescent boys is complex and surprisingly little is known about how adolescent boys perceive, conceptualise and experience their health. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to explore adolescent boys’ perceptions and experiences of health, emotions, masculinity and subjective social status (SSS). This thesis consists of a qualitative, a quantitative and a mixed methods study. The qualitative study aimed to explore how adolescent boys understand the concept of health and what they find important for its achievement. Furthermore, the adolescent boys’ views of masculinity, emotion management and their potential effects on wellbeing were explored. For this purpose, individual interviews were conducted with 33 adolescent boys aged 16-17 years. The quantitative study aimed to investigate the associations between pride, shame and health in adolescence. Data were collected through a cross-sectional postal survey with 705 adolescents. The purpose of the mixed methods study was to investigate associations between SSS in school, socioeconomic status (SES) and self-rated health (SRH), and to explore the concept of SSS in school. Cross-sectional data were combined with interview data in which the meaning of SSS was further explored. Individual interviews with 35 adolescents aged 17-18 years were conducted. In the qualitative study, data were analysed using Grounded Theory. In the quantitative study, statistical analyses (e.g., chi-square test and uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses) were performed. In the mixed method study, a combination of statistical analyses and thematic network analysis was applied. The results showed that there was a complexity in how the adolescent boys viewed, experienced, dealt with and valued health. On a conceptual level, they perceived health as holistic but when dealing with difficult emotions, they were prone to separate the body from the mind. Thus, the adolescent boys experienced a difference between health as a concept and health as an experience (paper I). Concerning emotional orientation in masculinity, two main categories of masculine conceptions were identified: a gender-normative masculinity and a non-gender-normative masculinity (paper II). Gender-normative masculinity comprised two seemingly opposite emotional masculinity orientations, one towards toughness and the other towards sensitivity, both of which were highly influenced by contextual and situational group norms and demands, despite that their expressions are in contrast to each other. Non-gender-normative masculinity included an orientation towards sincerity, emphasising the personal values of the boys. Emotions were expressed more independently of peer group norms. The findings suggest that different masculinities and the expression of emotions are intricately intertwined and that managing emotions is vital for wellbeing. The present findings also showed that both shame and pride were significantly associated with SRH, and furthermore, that there seems to be a protective effect of experiencing pride for health (paper III). The results also demonstrated that SSS is strongly related to SRH, and high SRH is related to high SSS, and further that the positioning was done in a gendered space (paper IV). Results from all studies suggest that the emotional and relational aspects, as well as perceived SSS, were strongly related to SRH. Positive emotions, trustful relationships and having a sense of belonging were important factors for health and pride was an important emotion protecting health. Physical health, on the other hand, had a more subordinated value, but the body was experienced as an important tool to achieve health. Even though health was mainly perceived in a holistic manner by the boys, there were boys who were prone to dichotomise the health experience into a mind-body dualism when having to deal with difficult emotions. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that young, masculine health is largely experienced through emotions and relationships between individuals and their contexts affected by gendered practices. Health is to feel and function well in mind and body and to have trusting relationships. The results support theories on health as a social construction of interconnected processes. Having confidence in self-esteem, access to trustful relationships and the courage to resist traditional masculine norms while still reinforcing and maintaining social status are all conducive to good health. Researchers as well as professionals need to consider the complexity of adolescent boys’ health in which norms, values, relationships and gender form its social determinants. Those working with young boys should encourage them to integrate physical, social and emotional aspects of health into an interconnected and holistic experience.

Writing disenchantment: British First World War Prose, 1914-30.

This book argues that disenchantment is not only a response to wartime experience, but a condition of modernity with a language that finds extreme expression in First World War literature. The objects of disenchantment are often the very same as the enchantments of scientific progress: bureaucracy, homogenisation and capitalism. Older beliefs such as religion, courage and honour are kept in view, and endure longer than often is realised. Social critics, theorists and commentators of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provide a rich and previously unexplored context for wartime and post-war literature. The rise of the disenchanted narrative to its predominance in the War Books Boom of 1928 – 1930 is charted from the turn of the century in texts, archival material, sales and review data. Rarely-studied popular and middlebrow novels are analysed alongside well-known highbrow texts: D. H. Lawrence, Virginia Woolf, H. G. Wells and Rebecca West rub shoulders with forgotten figures such as Gilbert Frankau and Ernest Raymond. These sometimes jarring juxtapositions show the strained relationship between enchantment and disenchantment in the war and the post-war decade.

Notificação da violência intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes como exercício de poder e resistência

Estudos sobre notificação da violência intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes têm suscitado, entre os profissionais, diversas abordagens e perspectivas de interpretação, mostrando a complexidade e amplitude desse fenômeno, tão presente na sociedade. Nesse estudo, apoiando-se em Foucault, defende-se a seguinte tese: O ato de implementação da notificação da violência constitui-se em exercício de poder do denunciante e um ato de resistência contra a sua manutenção. Como objetivo geral do estudo, buscou-se compreender o processo de notificação de violência intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes, no Município do Rio Grande/RS; e como objetivos específicos: analisar as notificações realizadas entre janeiro de 2009 e maio de 2014, em uma instituição de proteção à crianças e adolescentes de Rio Grande/RS; conhecer como os profissionais da saúde tem se fortalecido e encorajado para proceder às notificações de violência contra crianças e adolescentes no Rio Grande/RS. O estudo foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, uma quantitativa, mediante pesquisa documental em 800 prontuários de um Centro de Referência Especializada em Assistência Social (CREAS) do Rio Grande, abertos entre janeiro de 2009 e maio de 2014, enfocando variáveis sociodemográficas das vítimas, agressores e a modalidade de violência e da notificação. Constata-se que o perfil prevalente foi de crianças e adolescentes brancas, do sexo feminino, com idades entre sete e 14 anos, residentes em bairros periféricos. A maioria dos agressores é do sexo masculino, com idades entre 20 e 40 anos, e baixo nível de escolaridade. Identificou-se também a mãe como a principal responsável pelas agressões, seguida do pai e padrasto. Houve o predomínio da violência sexual, física e psicológica. A maioria das notificações encaminhadas aos órgãos de proteção foi realizada pelos familiares, desencadeada, principalmente, pela evidência de sinais fisicos. A etapa qualitativa foi realizada através de entrevista semi-estruturada com profissionais de saúde que notificaram atos de violência. Realizou-se análise textual discursiva dos dados, emergindo duas categorias: Coragem da verdade fortalecida pelo conhecimento e Coragem da verdade: conhecimento de si e cuidado de si. Os profissionais de saúde adotaram a notificação como um exercício de poder frente ao agressor e uma forma de resistência e enfrentamento da violência. No exercício da sua liberdade, procederam a notificação, que se constitui em uma ação ética, especialmente porque se consideram profissionais comprometidos com o bem-estar e proteção de seus pacientes. Foram respeitados todos os procedimentos éticos, a partir da Resolução n. 466/2012.

Exploration des pratiques et des conceptions éthiques des enseignantes et des enseignants du collégial en lien avec la compétence éthique

L’actualité est dominée par les questions d’éthique, dans le secteur économique entre autres où les actions des investisseurs comme celles des dirigeants d’organisations doivent répondre aux normes éthiques de leur domaine. C’est le cas aussi en éducation où l’attention est portée sur la professionnalisation de l’enseignement. Celle-ci est axée sur la formation et le travail des enseignantes et des enseignants. Elle vise à les former à des normes éthiques élevées et aux compétences professionnelles spécifiques au travail. L’une des composantes de la professionnalisation est l’éthique. L’éthique de la profession enseignante sous-tend les actions de l’enseignante et de l’enseignant dans sa pratique en ce qui a trait au contenu enseigné, aux étudiantes et aux étudiants, aux collègues et à soi. Or, la formation en éthique et en pédagogie n’est pas une condition à l’embauche des enseignantes et des enseignants des secteurs pré-universitaires et techniques du collégial qui sont recrutés comme des professionnels ou des spécialistes disciplinaires. Cette recherche vise à explorer sur le terrain les pratiques et les conceptions éthiques des enseignantes et des enseignants au collégial. Il s’agit de répertorier les pratiques éthiques en vue de connaître les raisons sur lesquelles ces derniers se basent pour les justifier. Pour situer le contexte de la problématique à l’origine de cette recherche, les facteurs suivants ont été pris en considération : les réductions des ressources financières qui caractérisent le milieu professionnel collégial depuis plus d’une décennie, les changements organisationnels et pédagogiques importants tels que l’approche-programme, la finalité de l’éducation, la nature de la tâche enseignante, le manque de formation en éthique et en pédagogie, l’insuffisance de l’encadrement des nouveaux enseignantes et enseignants qui arrivent en grand nombre, session après session, au collégial. Pour rendre compte des pratiques et des conceptions éthiques des enseignantes et des enseignants, il a été nécessaire de considérer et de préciser les éléments qui constituent le cadre de référence. Il s’agit de l’éthique, de la compétence éthique (MEQ, 2001), de l’éthique appliquée, de l’éthique réflexive, de la finalité de l’éducation, de la complexité de la tâche d’enseignement, de la compétence professionnelle au collégial (Dorais, Laliberté, 1999), des principales préoccupations éthiques au collégial (Desautels, Gohier, Jutras, 2009) et du cycle de vie de la carrière enseignante. Étant donné que la recherche porte sur les pratiques et les conceptions éthiques des enseignantes et des enseignants en lien avec la compétence éthique, une méthodologie qualitative a été utilisée. Un questionnaire de renseignements sociodémographiques et une entrevue semi-dirigée ont permis d’obtenir des données qualitatives à partir desquelles les récits des enseignantes et des enseignants ont été analysés afin de dresser un répertoire de leurs pratiques éthiques. Cette méthodologie a été privilégiée puisqu’elle permet de comprendre la signification que donnent les enseignantes et les enseignants à leurs pratiques et à leurs conceptions éthiques. L’interprétation des résultats comprend une analyse descriptive et une analyse compréhensive des données. Le travail a d’abord consisté à regrouper les données selon les principaux enjeux éthiques qui sont en fait des thèmes relevant de la compétence éthique. Par exemple, la préparation des cours, l’évaluation des apprentissages des étudiantes et des étudiants, les préoccupations éthiques des enseignantes et des enseignants en rapport aux collègues, etc. Une fois le portrait d’un thème fait, une analyse compréhensive est réalisée pour en trouver le sens à partir de l’explication des pratiques professionnelles des enseignantes et des enseignants. Les résultats de la recherche ont permis de constater la présence constante chez les enseignantes et les enseignants du souci d’amener les étudiantes et les étudiants à la réussite scolaire. Cela se traduit par la recherche de l’amélioration des moyens d’enseignement, les mises à jour des contenus enseignés, la recherche d’activités d’apprentissage qui ont un sens pour les étudiantes et les étudiants et le courage professionnel (essayer de nouvelles pratiques professionnelles). Les résultats montrent aussi que, malgré l’absence d’une structure permanente pour développer la compétence éthique, c’est-à-dire l’absence de balises administratives en matière d’éthique, les enseignantes et enseignantes développent bien la compétence éthique. Parmi les moyens qu’ils se donnent pour améliorer le développement de l’éthique, ils privilégient la sensibilisation à travers des groupes de discussion avec les pairs.

Autoritarismes étatiques et régulation religieuse du politique en République démocratique du Congo : analyse discursive de la parole épiscopale catholique sur les élections (1990-2015)

Centrée essentiellement autour de la parole épiscopale congolaise, la présente recherche porte sur les articulations de la religion et du politique dans une perspective limitée au catholicisme en RDC. En prenant pour base empirique la ville de Kinshasa, elle thématise les effets des dynamiques religieuses sur les fermentations sociales et les changements politiques dans un contexte d’autoritarisme. Celui-ci est, dans ce travail, problématisé comme le fait conjoint de l’institution étatique et de l’organisation religieuse catholique. Le choix de cette approche relationnelle basée sur les interactions entre religion et politique, permet d’inscrire ce travail dans le champ d’études des sciences des religions. L’approche retenue s’appuie également sur les avancées de la sociologie politique et éclaire la régulation religieuse du politique, rarement étudiée par les sciences humaines. Cette recherche s’inscrit donc à l’intersection entre l’histoire, la sociologie, les sciences politiques, l’anthropologie, l’analyse du discours, la philosophie et la théologie. Sa thèse centrale est organisée autour d’une question principale : comment la religion participe-t-elle à la régulation du politique dans le contexte d’autoritarisme caractéristique de la RDC ? La réponse à cette question croise l’approche fonctionnelle de la religion et l’analyse des déclarations institutionnelles de l’épiscopat congolais. Elle esquisse les relations entre, d’une part, contextes et événements sociopolitiques et d’autre part, discours et pratiques religieuses. Elle construit la scène religieuse à partir de la trajectoire sociopolitique, économique et culturelle de la RDC entre 1990 et 2015, sous les Présidents J.-D. Mobutu, L.-D. Kabila et J. Kabila. Elle étudie l'offre normative de sens de leurs éminences J.-A. Malula, F. Etsou et L. Monsengwo. L’analyse de la rhétorique de l’épiscopat sur les élections vérifie la plausibilité sociale et l’efficience politique de la parole épiscopale congolaise. Elle se ressource dans la pragmatique de la communication telle que mise en œuvre dans l’analyse argumentative du discours de R. Amossy et dans celle du discours politique de P. Charaudeau. En mettant la focale sur l’objet linguistique « vérité des urnes », la recherche pose au niveau normatif, juridique et éthique, le problème de l’institutionnalisation d’un État de droit en RDC. Les élaborations sur ce dernier niveau s’articulent autour de l’inscription de l’éthique dans l’agir politique. L’examen des modes conventionnels d’action des chrétiens (élections de 2006 et 2011) et non conventionnels (marche des chrétiens de 1992 et 2012) conduit à éclairer les modes de reproduction ou de contestation de l’autoritarisme étatique par l’organisation religieuse. Il permet de promouvoir une démocratie des valeurs et d’action adossée à la parrhêsia. L’introduction de l’aléthique dans la vie publique donne à voir la parole épiscopale congolaise comme un discours ethopoïétique. C’est sur ce point précis que les élaborations de M. Foucault sur la parrhêsia aident à thématiser la capacité de la religion à informer et à influencer la démocratisation de la RDC. De là, la requête formulée pour un nouveau système d’action institutionnelle de l’organisation religieuse, susceptible de promouvoir le courage de la vérité en situation autoritaire. Cette innovation permet de tenir ensemble les valeurs démocratiques et les valeurs de l’Évangile, en les corrélant à la cohérence axiologique, à la probité morale et à l’intégrité existentielle des protagonistes de la démocratisation de la RDC.

Idiosyncratic psychological aspects in entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is having the courage to transform an idea in reality and with it achieve personal, nancial and recognition satisfaction. The psychological ability to handle failure has proven essential in success. We analysed the importance of idiosyncratic psychological aspects in the success of entrepreneurs through an observational study accompanying 20 entrepreneurs from the idea presentation phase to company incorporation. During the observation period 4 distinct psychological phases of the entrepreneurs were observed, being it possible to describe them as follows: absorption of information and knowledge; application of the gathered knowledge to their speci c cases; frustration generated by criticism, namely from investors who didn’t recognise the value of their projects; realism and implementation of the project. Having passed more than 6 months after the analysis period, one can verify that the entrepreneurs who have travelled the 4 phases are today developing their projects being that the remaining ones are in a similar situation as at the end of the initial two months. Conclusion: The ability to cope with frustration and rejection is a determinant factor in the success of the entrepreneur. The ability to learn from rejection, more than resilience help the entrepreneur to proceed.

HIV Disclosure: Parental dilemma in informing HIV infected Children about their HIV Status in Malawi

Background Increasingly many perinatally HIV-infected children are surviving through adolescence and adulthood as a result of improvements in the management of paediatric HIV infection, particularly the increased use of combination therapy. It is usually the parents or guardians of these children who are faced with the task of informing the child living with HIV about his or her positive status. However, many parents—particularly biological parents —find this disclosure process difficult to initiate, and this study explored some of the difficulties that these parents encounter. Objective This study set out to explore potential factors that challenge parents and guardians when informing their perinatally HIV-infected child about the child’s HIV status. Design This was a qualitative narrative study that employed in-depth interviews with parents or guardians of children perinatally infected with HIV. A total of 20 parents and guardians of children who attend the outpatient HIV clinic at the Baylor College of Medicine-Abbott Fund Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence (COE) in Lilongwe, Malawi were interviewed. Of these, 14 were biological parents and six were guardians. Results Guardians and parents expressed uneasiness and apprehension with the disclosure conversation, whether or not they had already told their child that he or she had HIV. Participants who had not told their children recounted that they had contemplated starting the conversation but could not gather enough courage to follow through with those thoughts. They cited the fear of robbing their child of the happiness of living without the knowledge of being positive, fear of making their own status known to more people, and fear of confrontation or creating enmity with their child as impediments to disclosing their child’s positive HIV status to him or her. Conclusions It is apparent that guardians—more particularly biological parents—of children perinatally infected by HIV find it difficult to inform their children about their children’s HIV status. From this disempowered position, parents dread the disclosure of a positive HIV status to a child as a psychosocial process that has the potential to disturb a family’s previously established equilibrium with threats of stigmatization, marginalization, and parent-child conflict. This calls for strategies that could support parents to make disclosure to the child less challenging.

O bem-estar subjetivo, a esperança, o otimismo e a resiliência em famílias com filhos com NEE

Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Liderança e coesão dos graduados instruendos no curso de Comandos

Este Trabalho de Investigação Aplicada incidiu sobre a “Liderança e Coesão dos Graduados Instruendos no Curso de Comandos”, cujo objetivo principal é a caracterização dos níveis de Liderança e Coesão durante as várias fases do Curso de Comandos. Para a realização deste estudo, foi feita uma intervenção em cada fase do Curso de Comandos (Estágio inicial, Fase Individual, Fase de Equipa, Fase de Grupo) com um Questionário de Competências de Liderança com seis dimensões de Liderança e três fatores critério (Rouco, 2012) inerentes à ação de comando e, um Questionário do Ambiente no Grupo com quatro aspetos (Carron, 1985). Estes Questionários foram aplicados a todos os Graduados Instruendos, Oficiais e Sargentos, que frequentaram o 124º Curso de Comandos, 1º Turno de 2015. Com base nas respostas, foi efetuado o tratamento dos dados num programa estatístico Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Os graduados instruendos no Curso de Comandos obtiveram comportamentos de liderança com valores médios mais elevados nas dimensões associadas à relação com as pessoas. A média com valores mais elevados regista-se na dimensão “Coesão, trabalho de equipa e cooperação”. Acrescenta-se o facto de que, os graduados instruendos, entre a fase inicial e a fase final, mostram grande vontade de cumprir a missão, grande capacidade de tomada de decisão e planeamento e desenvolver a coesão nos grupos. Os graduados instruendos, de um modo geral, percecionam que os níveis de coesão aumentaram desde a segunda fase até à última fase. Apesar da enorme queda de valores entre a primeira fase e a segunda fase, os valores na última fase são tão elevados que para além de compensarem a queda, atingem um limite superior a nove em todos os aspetos da coesão. Conclui-se que os graduados instruendos se sentem em todos os momentos, envolvidos com a interação, as tarefas, a produtividade e os objetivos do grupo. De um modo geral, os comportamentos dos graduados instruendos “Gestão de Conflitos” e “Liderança Participativa e Envolvimento” ao longo do curso de comandos contribuem para os três fatores critério. A capacidade dos graduados instruendos em tomar decisões com coragem e confiança em qualquer situação, a capacidade de avaliarem o ambiente externo e interno do grupo e a capacidade de influenciar e motivar através do exemplo, relaciona-se com a capacidade de obterem desempenhos superiores, com a competência adequada de estabelecer a capacidade de organização e motivação e, ainda, satisfazer o grupo em todo o curso. Podemos dizer que, de todas as fases do curso de comandos, a fase individual é a que apresenta os valores mais baixos nas dimensões da liderança, fatores critério e aspetos da coesão. Isto porque não existe prática de comando por parte do graduado instruendo, o que não permite a prática de liderança, e como nesta fase não existe equipa definida nem grupo, o graduado anda sozinho, o que não permite promover a coesão. Na última fase, a Fase de Grupo, todos os graduados instruendos trabalham pela primeira vez em conjunto, obtendo os valores mais elevados da coesão.

Don't get mad, get even: How employees abused by their supervisor retaliate against the organization and undermine their spouses

My study investigated the effects of abusive supervision on work and family outcomes including supervisor-directed and organization-directed deviance and spousal undermining. Using a moderated-mediation model, the relationship of abusive supervision on outcome variables was proposed to be mediated by moral courage and moderated by leader-member exchange (a-path) and work and family role quality (b-path). Two separate studies were conducted using a sample (N=200) recruited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk and through relatives of students at a large US public southeastern university (N=150 dyads). Results confirm the effects of abusive supervision on work and family outcomes while analyses of contextual and conditional factors are mixed. Confirmatory factor analyses, factor loadings, and model fit statistics are provided and implications for research and practice are discussed.^

Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 11 from companion animals bearing ArmA methyltransferase, DHA-1 β-lactamase, and QnrB4

Seven Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from dogs and cats in Spain were found to be highly resistant to aminoglycosides, and ArmA methyltransferase was responsible for this phenotype. All isolates were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) as ST11, a human epidemic clone reported worldwide and associated with, among others, OXA-48 and NDM carbapenemases. In the seven strains, armA was borne by an IncR plasmid, pB1025, of 50 kb. The isolates were found to coproduce DHA-1 and SHV-11 β-lactamases, as well as the QnrB4 resistance determinant. This first report of the ArmA methyltransferase in pets illustrates their importance as a reservoir for human multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.

Estudo do comportamento parental face à criança com paralisia cerebral

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica

Modern trafik – En studie kring cykelfrämjandet i Umeå kommun

Purpose: To determine the progress in Umeå concerning the furtherance of bicycle traffic in the city and to investigate the possibility of a similar progress in Jönköping. Method: Semi structured interviews with officials, politicians and enthusiasts in Umeå and Jönköping, document analysis of documents provided by the municipalities and observations of Umeå city center. Findings: Umeå’s mindset around a sustainable society have been identified and the vast difference between the two cities is the time that they’ve actively worked with the bike issue and how public officials prioritize while planning. Umeå’s large advantage in their decision making is that officials and politicians are working towards the same goal and are united in the bike issue. This makes decisions regarding bicycle promotion easier to make. Due to the difference in conditions between the cities, the writers states that Umeå’s way of planning their traffic not necessarily is the right way for Jönköping to plan theirs. Implications: In order to develop it’s bicycle network, Jönköping must dare to let go of their old way of thinking. Instead of thinking that car traffic is necessary in a city, they should have the courage to take difficult decisions that benefit bicycle promotion and thus develop a sustainable transport system. Limitations: The study does not address the economic aspects that are involved in the development of an attractive bicycle network. Also the environmental issues are only dealt with in a thorough level, as it’s necessary to fulfill the study’s objectives. The study’s purpose is considered to be achieved but the result could have been even more developed if more parties were interviewed. Keywords: Bicycle path, bicycle, sustainable transport planning, sustainable society, sustainability, Umeå, Jönköping 

Women's writing networks in Spanish magazines around 1900

As an output of the HERA Travelling Texts project, created with the aim of uncovering the realities of women’s literary culture on the fringes of Europe during the long nineteenth century, this study was conceptualised to find out more about the networks of women writers in Spain around 1900, using the digitised corpuses of contemporaneous periodicals as the primary source material. Each chapter of the study centres on a particular periodical, which is used as the starting point for the community of writers and readers, both real and imagined. This thesis looks at the realities of the literary culture for creative women in the late nineteenth century-early twentieth century, exploring the strategies used by women (and men) to support each other in their literary endeavours, how they took inspiration and courage from each other, how they promoted their own names, and how they were received by wider society. The study will also focus on the transnational nature of this literary culture, looking at how women of different nations influenced each other’s work, with a view to understanding more about how cultural change takes place. Finally, this thesis hopes to persuade the reader that the periodical is a rich and under-utilised resource for discovering more about the lives of women writers and their network of relationships.