Growth of juvenile freshwater prawn Macro brachium mslcolmsonii fed with various protein diets containing different biowastes

An experiment was conducted with juvenile prawns Macrobrachium malcolmso11ii, (0:76± 0.01 ro 0.94-::tO.Ol g) w evaluate various protein source diets. Six diets containing 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,and 45% of crude protein were formulated, and fed to prawns in the form of pellet to evaluate their suitability. The experiment was designed for 60 days and sampling was made at every 15 days interval. At the end of the study period growth, feed conversion ration (FCR) specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency and survival were determined for prawns in each dietary treatment. Among the above five feeds poor FCR and higher weight gain observed in 35% protein diet (B-4). Similarly specific growth rate and feed efficiency are also highest with diet containing 35% protein. The dietary protein levels above 35% exerts a decrease in growth of prawn was observed in the present study. The feed efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio decreased with the increased dietary protein levels. It is concluded that 35% protein diet could be suitable with optimum protein supply for Macrobrachium malcolmsonii Therefore, above and below this 35% protein level in the formulated feed leads to metabolic stress which lowers the conversion efficiency and wastage of nutrients.

Influence of formulated diets with varying protein levels on growth and ammonia excretion in the fry of Indian major carp, Cirrhina mrigala

The influence of formulated isocaloric diets of different protein levels (30, 35, 40, 45 and 50%) on the growth and ammonia excretion of the Indian major carp Cirrhina mrigala fry was studied for a rearing period of four weeks in the laboratory. Fishmeal, groundnut oilcake and silkworm pupae formed the source of protein in all the diets. As the dietary protein level increased from 30 to 40%, the growth and conversion efficiency increased significantly. Further increase in the protein level resulted in decrease in growth and conversion efficiency. Growth rate, weight gain (%), and gross and net feed conversion efficiencies were maximum at 40% dietary protein level. Ammonia excretion was directly proportional to the level of protein in the diet.

Structure of a fig wasp community: Temporal segregation of oviposition and larval diets

Observations were made on six fig wasp species on Ficus racemosa growing in the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanic Garden, Yunnan Province, China. The oviposition sequence was determined for Apocryptophagus testacea, Apocrypta sp2, Apocryptophagus mayri, Cera

Molecular Phylogeny of Slow Lorises ( Nycticebus) Revealed by D2loop Sequences and Complete Cytochrome bGene Sequences of Mitochondrial DNA

本研究测定了懒猴属( Nycticebus) D 环的部分序列和细胞色素b 基因的全序列(1 140 bp) , 分析了 该属物种之间的系统发育进化关系。在DNA 水平上, 序列分析结果一致地提供了新的分类学证据: 支持Rata2 jszczak 和Groves 的观点, 即N1intermedus 只是N1 pygmaeus 的成体(Ratajszczak , 1998 ; Groves , 1971) 。对两种 序列的数据做了联合及个别分析, 获得相似的系统树, 支持懒猴属由两个单系群组成: 第一群由N1 pygmaeus 聚成, 第二群由N1coucang 聚成。该结果也提供了新的分子遗传证据, 支持懒猴属由N1coucang 和 N1 pygmaeus 两物种组成。

Identification of native American founder mtDNAs through the analysis of complete mtDNA sequences: Some caveats

In this study, a detailed analysis of both previously published and new data was performed to determine whether complete, or almost complete, mtDNA sequences can resolve the long-debated issue of which Asian mtDNAs were founder sequences for the Native American mtDNA pool. Unfortunately, we now know that coding region data and their analysis are not without problems. To obtain and report reasonably correct sequences does not seem to be a trivial task, and to discriminate between Asian-and Native American mtDNA ancestries may be more complex than previously believed. It is essential to take into account the effects of mutational hot spots in both the control and coding regions, so that the number of apparent Native American mtDNA founder sequences is not erroneously inflated. As we report here, a careful analysis of all available data indicates that there is very little evidence that more than five founder mtDNA sequences entered Beringia before the Last Glacial Maximum and left their traces in the current Native American mtDNA pool.

Phylogeny of East Asian mitochondrial DNA lineages inferred from complete sequences

The now-emerging mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) population genomics provides information for reconstructing a well-resolved mtDNA phylogeny and for discerning the phylogenetic status of the subcontinentally specific haplogroups. Although several major East Asian mtDNA haplogroups have been identified in studies elsewhere, some of the most basal haplogroups, as well as numerous minor subhaplogroups, were not yet determined or fully characterized. To fill the lacunae, we selected 48 mtDNAs from >2,000 samples across China for complete sequencing that cover virtually all ( sub) haplogroups discernible to date in East Asia. This East Asian mtDNA phylogeny can henceforth serve as a solid basis for phylogeographic analyses of mtDNAs, as well as for studies of mitochondrial diseases in East and Southeast Asia.

Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation

Background: Despite the small number of ursid species, bear phylogeny has long been a focus of study due to their conservation value, as all bear genera have been classified as endangered at either the species or subspecies level. The Ursidae family repre

The complete mitochondrial genomes of two species from Sinocyclocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) and a phylogenetic analysis within Cyprininae

We determined the complete mitochondrial DNA sequences for two species of surface- and cave-dwelling-cyprinid fishes, Sinocyclocheilus grahami and S. altishoulderus. Sequence comparison of 13 protein-coding genes shows that the mutation pattern of each single gene is quite similar to those of other vertebrate animal species. Analysis of the ratios of Ka/Ks at these loci between Sinocyclocheilus and two other cyprinid species (Cyprinus carpio and Procypris rabaudi) show that Ka/Ks ratios are differed, consistent with purifying selection and variation in functional constraint among genes. Bayesian analysis and maximum likelihood analysis of the concatenated mitochondrial protein sequences for 14 cyprinid taxa support the monophyly of the family Cyprininae, and further confirm the monophyly of the genus Sinocyclocheilus. The two Sinocyclocheilus species fall within the Cyprinion-Onychostoma lineage, including Cyprinus, Carassius, and Procypris, rather than among the Barbinae, as previously suggested on morphological grounds.

The dazzling array of basal branches in the mtDNA macrohaplogroup M from India as inferred from complete genomes

Many efforts based on complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes have been made to depict the global mtDNA landscape, but the phylogeny of Indian macrohaplogroup M has not yet been resolved in detail. To fill this lacuna, we took the same strategy as in o

Phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA macrohaplogroup N in India, based on complete sequencing: Implications for the peopling of South Asia

To resolve the phylogeny of the autochthonous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups of India and determine the relationship between the Indian and western Eurasian mtDNA pools more precisely, a diverse subset of 75 macrohaplogroup N lineages was chosen fo

Effects of crude, semipurified and purified starch of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on the water stability of pelleted shrimp diets

A study was conducted to determine the comparative effectiveness of purified, semipurified and crude starch of sago as binders for pelleted shrimp diets. The diet containing semipurified sago starch had the highest water stability (79.1%). The values were nearly the same for the pellets bound with purified and crude sago starch. Reasons for the low binding capacity of purified and crude sago could be that the gel of purified sago is weakened due to purification, and that of the crude sago is due to the spongy material present in the product. Thus, semipurified sago starch is a better source of binder and purified crude sago. From the economic viewpoint, the cost of purified sago is prohibitive for use as binder. Both semipurified and crude sago palm starch are acceptable. Composition of shrimp diets containing various sources of sago palm starch, and binder cost and water stability of shrimp diets containing various sources of sago palm starch tested at 3, 6 and 12 hours, are tabulated.

Ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) leaves as a plant protein source in prawn diets

Penaeus monodon juveniles were fed diets containing fish meal, shrimp head meal and ipil-ipil leaves soaked and unsoaked, local and peruvian varieties. Mean weight gain at the end of 8 wk was significantly highest among those given the diet containing commercial ipil-ipil leaves. Gain in length followed the same pattern as mean weight gains. Among the diets containing ipil-ipil leaves there was a direct relationship in the amount of mimosine in the diet and the survival rate, the lower the amount of mimosine (due to soaking) the higher the survival rate. The Results thus indicate the beneficial effect of the addition of commercial ipil-ipil leaves to the diets of prawns, providing the mimosine content is kept low by soaking. A reduce in costs is also obtained, since 1kg of shrimp head meal or fish costs more than 2 or 4 tons, respectively, than that of ipil-ipil foliage.

Attractants in purified diets

Juvenile Penaeus monodon were reared on purified diets containing different attractants used to gelatinize the cornstarch: plain water, shrimp, mussel, squid or trash fish extract. The highest survival rate was observed in the group given the shrimp attractant, followed by mussel, fish and squid. However growth appeared best in the diet containing mussel extract. Mussel extract apparently can be used to enhance the attractability of purified diets.

The water stability of shrimp diets with various polysaccharides as a binding agent

The water stability of shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets with various polysaccharides as binding agents were tested without steaming. The diet with alginate showed the best water stability and did not completely disintegrate in 24 hours. However, the use of alginate is dependent on cost and availability, so alternate choices may be a combination of sago palm starch and wheat flour or glutinous rice flour.

Gum arabic, carrageenan of various types and sago palm starch as binders in prawn diets

An experiment was undertaken in order to investigate the use of sago palm starch, gum arabic and carrageenans as binders in prawn diets. Water stability data are presented; EPT-2 carrageenan was found to be the best binder for both steamed and unsteamed pellets.