Use of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube array to enhance the performance of electrochemical capacitors

In the domain of energy storage, electrochemical capacitors have numerous applications ranging from hybrid vehicles to consumer electronics, with very high power density at the cost of relatively low energy storage. Here, we report an approach that uses vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays as electrodes in electrochemical capacitors. Different electrolytes were used and multiple parameters of carbon nanotube array were compared: carbon nanotube arrays were shown to be two to three times better than graphite in term of specific capacitance, while the surface functionalization was demonstrated to be a critical factor in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions to increase the specific capacitance. We found that a maximum energy density of 21 Wh/kg at a power density of 1.1 kW/kg for a hydrophilic electrode, could be easily achieved by using tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate in propylene carbonate. These are encouraging results in the path of energy-storage devices with both high energy density and power density, using only carbon-based materials for the electrodes with a very long lifetime, of tens of thousands of cycles. © 2011 IEEE.

Changes in innovation styles - comprehensive study of the changes in innovation styles to identify the causes and effects of different influencing factors and capabilities to create a general innovation pattern.

An investigation in innovation management and entrepreneurial management is conducted in this thesis. The aim of the research is to explore changes of innovation styles in the transformation process from a start-up company to a more mature phase of business, to predict in a second step future sustainability and the probability of success. As businesses grow in revenue, corporate size and functional complexity, various triggers, supporters and drivers affect innovation and company's success. In a comprehensive study more than 200 innovative and technology driven companies have been examined and compared to identify patterns in different performance levels. All of them have been founded under the same formal requirements of the Munich Business Plan Competition -a research approach which allowed a unique snapshot that only long-term studies would be able to provide. The general objective was to identify the correlation between different factors, as well as different dimensions, to incremental and radical innovations realised. The 12 hypothesis were formed to prove have been derived from a comprehensive literature review. The relevant academic and practitioner literature on entrepreneurial, innovation, and knowledge management as well as social network theory revealed that the concept of innovation has evolved significantly over the last decade. A review of over 15 innovation models/frameworks contributed to understand what innovation in context means and what the dimensions are. It appears that the complex theories of innovation can be described by the increasing extent of social ingredients in the explanation of innovativeness. Originally based on tangible forms of capital, and on the necessity of pull and technology push, innovation management is today integrated in a larger system. Therefore, two research instruments have been developed to explore the changes in innovations styles. The Innovation Management Audits (IMA Start-up and IMA Mature) provided statements related to product/service development, innovativeness in various typologies, resources for innovations, innovation capabilities in conjunction to knowledge and management, social networks as well as the measurement of outcomes to generate high-quality data for further exploration. In obtaining results the mature companies have been clustered in the performance level low, average and high, while the start-up companies have been kept as one cluster. Firstly, the analysis exposed that knowledge, the process of acquiring knowledge, interorganisational networks and resources for innovations are the most important driving factors for innovation and success. Secondly, the actual change of the innovation style provides new insights about the importance of focusing on sustaining success and innovation ii 16 key areas. Thirdly, a detailed overview of triggers, supporters and drivers for innovation and success for each dimension support decision makers in putting their company in the right direction. Fourthly, a critical review of contemporary strategic management in conjunction to the findings provides recommendation of how to apply well-known management tools. Last but not least, the Munich cluster is analysed providing an estimation of the success probability of the different performance cluster and start-up companies. For the analysis of the probability of success of the newly developed as well as statistically and qualitative validated ICP Model (Innovativeness, Capabilities & Potential) has been developed and applied. While the model was primarily developed to evaluate the probability of success of companies; it has equal application in the situation to measure innovativeness to identify the impact of various strategic initiatives within small or large enterprises. The main findings of the model are that competitor, and customer orientation and acquiring knowledge important for incremental and radical innovation. Formal and interorganisation networks are important to foster innovation but informal networks appear to be detrimental to innovation. The testing of the ICP model h the long term is recommended as one subject of further research. Another is to investigate some of the more intangible aspects of innovation management such as attitude and motivation of mangers. IV

The role of proximity in university-business cooperation for innovation

The potential for universities to contribute positively to business innovation has received much attention in recent years. While the determinants of university-business cooperation have been examined extensively, less attention has been given to the mediating influence of proximity in this relationship. The analysis in this paper builds on theUKbusiness innovation survey (2002–2005) by incorporating measures of the university research environment for each of the 16,500 businesses surveyed. These measures allow us to look beyond business-level characteristics as determinants of the geography of university cooperation and account for the character of the local university environment. Measures include the distance from each business to its nearest university, the quality of local university research and the density of the university research environment. The findings suggest that significant differences exist between those businesses that cooperate with local universities and those that cooperate with non-local universities. These differences relate to business size, sales profile, location, absorptive capacity and innovation activity. In addition, we also find that if a business is located close to a research excellent university, cooperation tends to remain local, however, the distance between businesses and the nearest university is not a significant determinant of university-business cooperation and further, the higher the concentration of universities in the business locale, the more likely businesses are to cooperate with non-local universities.

Using remote lab networks to provide support to public secondary school education level

The advantages of networking are widely known in many areas (from business to personal ones). One particular area where networks have also proved their benefits is education. Taking the secondary school education level into account, some successful cases can be found in literature. In this paper we describe a particular remote lab network supporting physical experiments accessible to students of institutions geographically separated. The network architecture and application examples of using some of the available remote experiments are illustrated in detail.

A relevância da comunicação integrada no web marketing: estudo de um caso prático

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Marketing Digital, sob orientação do Prof. Paulo Alexandre Pires

Two divergent ways to manage HR and to get to the top: an exploratory study in micro firms

Aim of the paper: The purpose of this paper is to examine human resources management practices (HRM practices) in small firms and to improve the understanding of the relationship between this kind of practices and business growth. This exploratory study is based on the resource-based view of the firm and empirical work carried out in two small firms by relating HRM practices with the firms’ results. Contribution to the literature: This is an in-depth study of HRM practices and its impact on performance growth in micro firms, isolating and controlling for most of the contextual and internal variables considered in the literature that relate HRM to growth. Firm growth analysis was broadened by the use of several dependent variables: employment growth and operational and financial performance growth. Some hypotheses for further research in identifying HRM practices in small business and its relation with firm growth are suggested. Methodology: Case study methodology was used to study two firms. The techniques used to collect data were semi-structured interviews to the owner and all the employees, unstructured observation at the firms’ facilities (during two days), entrepreneur profile definition (survey answer) and document data collection (on demographic characterization and performance results). Data was analyzed through content analysis methodology, and categories derived from the interviews’ protocols and literature. Results and implications: Results revealed that despite the firms’ organizational characteristics similarities, they differ significantly in owners’ motivation to grow, HRM practices and organizational performance and growth. Future studies should pay special attention to owner willingness to grow, to firms’ years of experience in business, to staff’s years of experience in their field of work and turnover. HRM practices in micro/small firms should be better defined and characterized. The external image of management posture relating to longitudinal financial results and growth should also be explored.

Logoplaste: Implementation of flexible packaging technology and internationalization to Nigeria

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics

Exploring the consumer decision journey and online shoping experience through an emotional prespective

Traditional consumer decision-making models have long used quantitative research to address a link between emotional and rational behavior. However, little qualitative research has been conducted in the area of online shopping as an end-to-end experience. This study aims to provide a detailed phenomenological account of consumers’ online shopping experience and extend Mckinsey & Companys’s consumer decision journey model from an emotional perspective. Six semi-structured interviews and a focus group of nine people are analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenology Analysis and five superordinate themes emerged from the results: emotional experience, empathy and encouragement, in relation to brand preference, emotional encounters in relation to consumer satisfaction and emotional exchange and relationship with a company or brand. A model interrelating these themes is then introduced to visually represent the emotional essence of a large online purchase. This study promises to be applicable as a descriptive, and perhaps, better predictive report for understanding the complex consumer decision-making process as it relates to online consumer behavior. Future research topics are also identified.

Vintners Quality Alliance fonds

VQA Ontario was designated as Ontario's wine authority under the Vintners Quality Alliance Act, 1999 on June 29, 2000 by the Honourable Robert W. Runciman, Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations. In its capacity as Ontario's wine authority, VQA Ontario exercises delegated authority to administer and enforce the VQA Act and its associated regulations. It is accountable to the minister of small business and consumer services and operates under a framework set out in an administrative agreement with the ministry. Along with its statutory duties, VQA Ontario engages in related activities such as promoting awareness of the VQA appellation system, participating in national and international standards discussions and encouraging public education about VQA appellations and wines.

La légalisation de la publicité directe des médicaments d’ordonnance

La publicité directe des médicaments d’ordonnance (PDMO), interdite au Canada, influence la relation tripartite entre l’industrie pharmaceutique, les consommateurs de médicaments d’ordonnance et les professionnels de la santé. L’industrie pharmaceutique, un secteur très lucratif, emploie diverses tactiques publicitaires dont plusieurs sont nuisibles aux consommateurs. Ces derniers sont la cible de la PDMO et interprètent de multiples façons le message publicitaire reçu. Finalement, les professionnels de la santé jouent un rôle crucial entre l’industrie et les consommateurs puisqu’une ordonnance est nécessaire pour se procurer le produit publicisé. L’encadrement normatif visant la PDMO au Canada est de sources variées. La législation mentionne clairement l’interdiction de ce type de publicité, mais Santé Canada tolère tout de même deux usages relatifs à la PDMO : les annonces de rappel de marque et les annonces de recherche d’aide. Cette situation crée de la confusion puisque l’information transmise aux consommateurs est incomplète. Les Américains ont légalisé la PDMO en favorisant son potentiel éducatif. Il est toutefois difficile de constater les effets positifs de cette légalisation sur la santé publique et l’économie américaine. Au Canada, le médicament Viagra a été l’objet de PDMO, lui conférant un succès économique et populaire. Mais cette notoriété fait que les consommateurs associent aisément le produit à la condition qu’il traite, ce qui est contraire aux usages tolérés par Santé Canada. Tous ces éléments renforcent notre position quant à l’importance de maintenir l’interdiction législative de la PDMO et de l’appliquer de manière plus rigoureuse.

Credibility on the Web

"La nature flexible et interactive d’Internet implique que de plus en plus de consommateurs l’utilisent en tant qu’outil d’information sur tous les sujets imaginables, qu’il s’agisse de trouver la meilleurs aubaine sur un billet d’avion, ou de se renseigner sur certains problèmes liés à leur santé. Cependant, une grande quantité de l’information disponible en ligne n’est pas impartiale. Certains sites web ne présentent qu’une vision des choses ou font la promotion des produits d’une seule entreprise. Les consommateurs sont plus habitués à évaluer le poid à attribuer à certains conseils ou autres formes d’informations dans un contexte différent. Une telle évaluation de la crédibilité d’une information devient plus difficile dans le monde virtuel où les indices du monde réel, de l’écrit ou de l’interaction face-à-face sont absents. Consumers International a développé une définition de la notion de « crédibilité de l’information retrouvée en ligne » et a établi une liste de critères pouvant l’évaluer. Entre les mois d’avril et juillet 2002, une équipe représentant 13 pays a visité 460 sites web destinés à fournir de l’information sur la santé, sur des produits financiers et sur les prix de voyages et de différents biens de consommation en utilisant ces critères. L’appréciation de ces données nous démontre que les consommateurs doivent faire preuve de prudence lorsqu’ils utilisent Internet comme source d’information. Afin de faire des choix éclairés sur la valeur à donner à une information retrouvée en ligne, les consommateurs doivent connaître ce qui suit : L’identité du propriétaire d’un site web, ses partenaires et publicitaires; La qualité de l’information fournie, incluant son actualité et sa clarté, l’identité des sources citées et l’autorité des individus donnant leur opinion; Si le contenu du site est contrôlé par des intérêts commerciaux, ou, s’il offre des liens, la nature de la relation avec le site visé; et Si on lui demandera de fournir des données personnelles, l’usage réservé à ces données et les mesures employées pour protéger ces données. Cette étude démontre que plusieurs sites ne fournissent pas suffisamment de détails dans ces domaines, ce qui risque d’exposer le consommateur à des informations inexactes, incomplètes ou même délibérément fausses. Les discours exagérés ou vagues de certains sites concernant leurs services ne fait qu’ajouter à la confusion. Ceci peut résulter en une perte de temps ou d’argent pour le consommateur, mais pour certaines catégories d’informations, comme les conseils visant la santé, le fait de se fier à de mauvais conseils peut avoir des conséquences beaucoup plus graves. Cette étude vise à aviser les consommateurs de toujours vérifier le contexte des sites avant de se fier aux informations qui s’y retrouvent. Elle demande aux entreprises d’adopter de meilleures pratiques commerciales et de fournir une information plus transparente afin d’accroître la confiance des consommateurs. Elle demande finalement aux gouvernements de contribuer à ce mouvement en assurant le respect des lois relatives à la consommation et des standards existants tant dans le monde réel que dans le monde virtuel."

Chancen und Risiken der Arbeit im E-Business

E-Business, verstanden als ganzheitliche Strategie zur Reorganisation von Geschäftsprozessen, Strukturen und Beziehungen in Unternehmen, bietet für die Arbeitsgestaltung in einer digital vernetzten Welt Chancen und Risiken in Hinblick auf die Humankriterien. Empirische Untersuchungen in 14 Unternehmen zeigen „good practice“-Ansätze im B2B-Feld (Business-to-Business). Untersucht wurden die Tätigkeiten der elektronisch vernetzten Auftragsbearbeitung, des Web-, Content-Managements, der digitalen Druckvorlagenherstellung sowie der CAD- Bauplanzeichnung. Die beobachteten Arbeitsplätze zeigen, dass Arbeitsinhalte eher ganzheitlich und komplex gestaltet sind. Planende, ausführende, kontrollierende und organisierende Anteile weisen auf eine vielfältige Aufgabengestaltung hin, die hohe Anforderungen beinhaltet. Während alle beobachteten Tätigkeiten mit Aufnahme-, Erarbeitungs-, Verarbeitungs-, Übertragungs- und Weitergabeprozessen von Informationen zu tun haben, gibt es Differenzen in Bezug auf den Arbeitsumfang, den Zeitdruck, Fristsetzungen, erwartete Arbeitsleistungen sowie die Planbarkeit der Aufgaben. Die vorgefundenen Aufgabentypen (wenig bis sehr anforderungsreich im Sinne von Denk- und Planungsanforderungen) sind gekennzeichnet durch eine unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Aufgabenkomplexität. Interessant ist, dass, je anforderungsreicher die Aufgabengestaltung, je höher die Aufgabenkomplexität, je größer die Wissensintensität und je niedriger die Planbarkeit ist, desto größer sind die Freiräume in der Aufgabenausführung. Das heißt wiederum, dass bei zunehmenden E-Business-Anteilen mehr Gestaltungsspielräume zur Verfügung stehen. Die bestehenden Chancen auf eine humane Aufgabengestaltung sind umso größer, je höher die E-Business-Anteile in der Arbeit sind. Diese Wirkung findet sich auch bei einem Vergleich der Aufgabenbestandteile wieder. Die negativen Seiten des E-Business zeigen sich in den vorgefundenen Belastungen, die auf die Beschäftigten einwirken. Diskutiert wird die Verschiebung von körperlichen hin zu psychischen und vorrangig informatorischen Belastungen. Letztere stellen ein neues Belastungsfeld dar. Ressourcen, auf welche die Mitarbeiter zurückgreifen können, sind an allen Arbeitsplätzen vorhanden, allerdings unterschiedlich stark ausgeprägt. Personale, organisationale, soziale, aufgabenbezogene und informatorische Ressourcen, die den Beschäftigten zur Verfügung stehen, werden angesprochen. In Bezug auf die Organisationsgestaltung sind positive Ansätze in den untersuchten E-Business-Unternehmen zu beobachten. Der Großteil der untersuchten Betriebe hat neue Arbeitsorganisationskonzepte realisiert, wie die vorgefundenen kooperativen Organisationselemente zeigen. Die kooperativen Organisationsformen gehen allerdings nicht mit einer belastungsärmeren Gestaltung einher. Das vorgefundene breite Spektrum, von hierarchisch organisierten Strukturen bis hin zu prozess- und mitarbeiterorientierten Organisationsstrukturen, zeigt, dass Organisationsmodelle im E-Business gestaltbar sind. Neuen Anforderungen kann insofern gestaltend begegnet und somit die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden der Mitarbeiter positiv beeinflusst werden. Insgesamt betrachtet, zeigt E-Business ein ambivalentes Gesicht, das auf der Basis des MTO-Modells (Mensch-Technik-Organisation) von Uhlich (1994) diskutiert wird, indem vernetzte Arbeitsprozesse auf personeller, technischer sowie organisationaler Ebene betrachtet werden. E-business, seen as more than only the transformation of usual business processes into digital ones, furthermore as an instrument of reorganisation of processes and organisation structures within companies, offers chances for a human oriented work organisation. Empirical data of 14 case studies provide good practice approaches in the field of B2B (Business-to-Business). The observed work contents show, that tasks (e.g. order processing, web-, contentmanagement, first print manufacturing and architectural drawing) are well arranged. Executive, organising, controlling and coordinating parts constitute a diversified work content, which can be organised with high demands. Interesting is the result, that the more e-business-parts are within the work contents, on the one hand the higher are the demands of the type of work and on the other hand the larger is the influence on workmanship. The observed enterprises have realised new elements of work organisation, e.g. flexible working time, cooperative leadership or team work. The direct participation of the employees can be strengthened, in particular within the transformation process. Those companies in which the employees were early and well informed about the changes coming up with e-business work, the acceptance for new technique and new processes is higher than in companies which did not involve the person concerned. Structured in an ergonomic way, there were found bad patterns of behaviour concerning ergonomic aspects, because of missing knowledge regarding work-related ergonomic expertise by the employees. E-business indicates new aspects concerning requirements – new in the field of informational demands, as a result of poorly conceived technical balance in the researched SME. Broken systems cause interruptions, which increase the pressure of time all the more. Because of the inadequate usability of software-systems there appear in addition to the informational strains also elements of psychological stress. All in all, work contents and work conditions can be shaped and as a result the health and well-being of e-business-employees can be influenced: Tasks can be structured and organised in a healthfulness way, physiological strain and psychological stress are capable of being influenced, resources are existent and developable, a human work design within e-business structures is possible. The ambivalent face of e-business work is discussed on the basis of the MTO- (Mensch-Technik-Organisation) model (Ulich 1994). Thereby new and interesting results of researches are found out, concerning the personal/human side, the technical side and the organisational side of e-business work.

Plan de Mejoramiento Para la Empresa AAA PH SAS Asistencia y Administración A Propiedad Horizontal

La oportunidad del mercado se define como la necesidad de abarcar el mercado de la administración de propiedad horizontal y la venta de copropiedades. Mercado que se encuentra en crecimiento en Bogotá. Enfocándonos en los estratos 5 y 6 de las localidades de Usaquén, Suba y Chapinero. En la actualidad son muy pocas las empresas especializadas en la administración de propiedad horizontal. Existen muchas empresas que intentan abarcar este mercado, pero no hay estrategias de fondo que permitan la satisfacción de los clientes, ni que generen valor agregado. Por lo tanto consideramos que es posible incursionar en el mercado con una idea que introduzca valor, que sea flexible, que cuente con estándares de calidad y que involucre la tecnología, de la mano del internet y la intención de hacerle la vida más fácil a los consejeros y copropietarios. El servicio principal de este emprendimiento es la administración de propiedad horizontal y el servicio secundario es la administración inmobiliaria para la venta de copropiedades. Nuestra capacidad de generar valor está dada a través de nuestra oficina virtual, nuestra estrategia de comunicación, nuestros aliados estratégicos y la asistencia personal dedicada. Las cuales creemos son la base fundamental para aprovechar esta oportunidad de negocio, generando empleo y obteniendo muy buenas ganancias y rentabilidades en el mediano y largo plazo. Hoy el mercado de la propiedad horizontal se encuentra en crecimiento. El tamaño del mercado es de (61.200’000.000) sesenta y un mil doscientos millones de pesos anuales, y crece en promedio alrededor del 1 %. Lo anterior según un estudio de proyección - Perspectivas del mercado de vivienda nueva y del sector edificador en 2012- realizado por la Cámara Colombiana de La Construcción (CAMACOL). AAA PH SAS o Asistencia y Administración a Propiedad Horizontal, cuanta en la actualidad con una participación en el mercado del 0,07843 por ciento, pero para el final de esta proyección se contara con una participación del 0.3921 por ciento. El proyecto se encuentra ubicado en la Avenida carrera 15 número 144-43 apartamento 101, Bogotá DC. El radio de acción está enfocado en las localidades de Suba, Chapinero y Usaquén en las copropiedades estrato 5 y 6. En el futuro se espera abarcar un radio mucho más amplio con oficinas en puntos estratégicos de la ciudad e involucrar municipios aledaños a la ciudad de Bogotá (Chía, Cota, Cajicá), y tal vez otras ciudades del país (Cartagena, Medellín) La inversión es de 22 millones de pesos. Los ingresos por ventas en el primer año son de 77 millones de pesos, en el segundo año de 135 millones de pesos y en el tercer año de 211 millones de pesos. La utilidad neta del primer año es de $ 631.866 pesos, en el segundo año de $ 17.827.602 pesos y en el tercer año de $ 28.024.867 pesos. Los gastos en su mayoría se ven reflejados en la mano de obra fija, ya que nuestros empleados tienen muy buenas capacidades y son retribuidos con un salario por encima del promedio del mercado. Esto porque nuestra intención es posicionar nuestra marca por nuestra exclusiva calidad de servicio, experiencia y alto contenido tecnológica para agilizar y facilitar procesos. La rentabilidad bruta es de del 77.63% anual. La rentabilidad sobre las ventas es de 0.82% anual, pero es necesario considerar que los valores de venta están siendo aproximados y según nuestra experiencia estos valores de venta serán mucho mayores, debido a la capacidad y el reconocimiento que ya tiene la empresa. Teniendo en cuenta que en la actualidad tenemos contratos que representan ingresos del doble del promedio presentado en esta proyección. De igual forma hay que considerar que en el mercado inmobiliario las comisiones por ventas pueden aumentar significativamente. La rentabilidad sobre la inversión supera a la del comportamiento del mercado o interés de oportunidad en un poco más de 9 millones de pesos. Esto significa que es un proyecto viable que genera mejores resultados que los del mercado de oportunidad, evidenciando que podríamos generar muy buenos ingresos. La tasa interna de retorno o TIR es igual a 33.22 %. Es un valor considerado alto pero que está de acuerdo a la tendencia del mercado de los servicios, en donde la TIR suele ser mucho más alta. Con este valor se recomienda seguir con el proyecto. Eso significa que por cada peso invertido en el proyecto se recupera cada peso y se generaran beneficios adicionales por 33.22 pesos. El valor del VPN o valor presente neto arrojado es de $9, 152,729 pesos. Esto quiere decir que se generan 9 millones de pesos adicionales al invertir los recursos en este proyecto, que en uno que rente el 14 % anual, por lo tanto se sugiere continuar con el proyecto e invertir los recursos. El indicador de viabilidad financiera, es el periodo de recuperación de la inversión (PRI). La inversión es de 22 millones de pesos, como la suma de las utilidades de los tres años es superior se afirma que la inversión se recupera en el tercer año.

El manejo del comportamiento del consumidor como variable clave para la perdurabilidad de mypimes del sector confección de Bogotá

A través de la documentación realizada acerca del Sector Confecciones y la investigación por medio del acercamiento a sus micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYMES), hemos querido profundizar acerca de su rol dentro de la economía Colombiana, analizando la realidad empresarial de lo que ha sido el sector en los últimos años y ¿cómo estas empresas han implementado estrategias relacionadas con el comportamiento del consumidor? o ¿cómo han jugado al azar para perdurar dentro del mercado?

Adopción de TIC como mecanismos facilitadores de la gestión organizacional

Los avances tecnológicos y la entrada a una nueva era digital son una realidad presente en todos los aspectos de la sociedad actual. El mundo organizacional se incluye en esta nueva era digital modernizando sus procesos y soportando sus actividades empresariales en tecnologías de la información y comunicaciones. La inclusión en la era digital por parte de las organizaciones es un paso importante que se debe dar para obtener los crecientes beneficios que la tecnología ofrece. Esta transformación organizacional hacia la implementación de herramientas TIC, como soporte del quehacer misional, debe darse bajo unos lineamientos de planeación estratégica e integración organizacional. Este estudio contiene una revisión conceptual con los lineamientos que una empresa debe tener en cuenta al momento de implementar herramientas TIC a sus áreas y actividades. Los hallazgos teóricos planteados son llevados a la realidad estudiando cómo empresas de Bogotá adoptan recursos tecnológicos. Los resultados principales del estudio muestran que la agrupación empresarial clasificada como gran empresa es el segmento que mejor aplica los lineamientos teóricos para la implementación correcta de herramientas TIC en un ambiente organizacional. El segmento de mediana y pequeña empresa da muestras de uso de herramientas TIC, sin embargo se nota una debilidad en la falta de planeación estratégica e integración de estos recursos tecnológicos al sistema organizacional. Esta investigación concluye mostrando un conjunto de recomendaciones y hallazgos de acuerdo a los datos analizados.