Common and rare variants of the renin-angiotensin system and their relation to antihypertensive drug responses

Most of the diseases affecting public health, like hypertension, are multifactorial by etiology. Hypertension is influenced by genetic, life style and environmental factors. Estimation of the influence of genes to the risk of essential hypertension varies from 30 to 50%. It is plausible that in most of the cases susceptibility to hypertension is determined by the action of more than one gene. Although the exact molecular mechanism underlying essential hypertension remains obscure, several monogenic forms of hypertension have been identified. Since common genetic variations may predict, not only to susceptibility to hypertension, but also response to antihypertensive drug therapy, pharmacogenetic approaches may provide useful markers in finding relations between candidate genes and phenotypes of hypertension. The aim of this study was to identify genetic mutations and polymorphisms contributing to human hypertension, and examine their relationships to intermediate phenotypes of hypertension, such as blood pressure (BP) responses to antihypertensive drugs or biochemical laboratory values. Two groups of patients were investigated in the present study. The first group was collected from the database of patients investigated in the Hypertension Outpatient Ward, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and consisted of 399 subjects considered to have essential hypertension. Frequncies of the mutant or variant alleles were compared with those in two reference groups, healthy blood donors (n = 301) and normotensive males (n = 175). The second group of subjects with hypertension was collected prospectively. The study subjects (n=313) underwent a protocol lasting eight months, including four one-month drug treatment periods with antihypertensive medications (thiazide diuretic, β-blocker, calcium channel antagonist, and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist). BP responses and laboratory values were related to polymorphims of several candidate genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). In addition, two patients with typical features of Liddle’s syndrome were screened for mutations in kidney epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunits. Two novel mutations causing Liddle’s syndrome were identified. The first mutation identified located in the beta-subunit of ENaC and the second mutation found located in the gamma-subunit, constituting the first identified Liddle mutation locating in the extracellular domain. This mutation showed 2-fold increase in channel activity in vitro. Three gene variants, of which two are novel, were identified in ENaC subunits. The prevalence of the variants was three times higher in hypertensive patients (9%) than in reference groups (3%). The variant carriers had increased daily urinary potassium excretion rate in relation to their renin levels compared with controls suggesting increased ENaC activity, although in vitro they did not show increased channel activity. Of the common polymorphisms of the RAS studied, angiotensin II receptor type I (AGTR1) 1166 A/C polymorphism was associated with modest changes in RAS activity. Thus, patients homozygous for the C allele tended to have increased aldosterone and decreased renin levels. In vitro functional studies using transfected HEK293 cells provided additional evidence that the AGTR1 1166 C allele may be associated with increased expression of the AGTR1. Common polymorphisms of the alpha-adducin and the RAS genes did not significantly predict BP responses to one-month monotherapies with hydroclorothiazide, bisoprolol, amlodipin, or losartan. In conclusion, two novel mutations of ENaC subunits causing Liddle’s syndrome were identified. In addition, three common ENaC polymorphisms were shown to be associated with occurrence of essential hypertension, but their exact functional and clinical consequences remain to be explored. The AGTR1 1166 C allele may modify the endocrine phenotype of hypertensive patients, when present in homozygous form. Certain widely studied polymorphisms of the ACE, angiotensinogen, AGTR1 and alpha-adducin genes did not significantly affect responses to a thiazide, β-blocker, calcium channel antagonist, and angiotensin II receptor antagonist.

Molecular mechanisms of hypertension-induced heart failure : Experimental studies with special emphasis on local renin-angiotensin system, cardiac metabolism and levosimendan

Hypertension is a major risk factor for stroke, ischaemic heart disease, and the development of heart failure. Hypertension-induced heart failure is usually preceded by the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which represents an adaptive and compensatory response to the increased cardiac workload. Biomechanical stress and neurohumoral activation are the most important triggers of pathologic hypertrophy and the transition of cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. Non-clinical and clinical studies have also revealed derangements of energy metabolism in hypertensive heart failure. The goal of this study was to investigate in experimental models the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in hypertension-induced heart failure with special emphasis on local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), cardiac metabolism, and calcium sensitizers, a novel class of inotropic agents used currently in the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. Two different animal models of hypertensive heart failure were used in the present study, i.e. hypertensive and salt-sensitive Dahl/Rapp rats on a high salt diet (a salt-sensitive model of hypertensive heart failure) and double transgenic rats (dTGR) harboring human renin and human angiotensinogen genes (a transgenic model of hypertensive heart failure with increased local RAAS activity). The influence of angiotensin II (Ang II) on cardiac substrate utilization and cardiac metabolomic profile was investigated by using gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry to detect 247 intermediary metabolites. It was found that Ang II could alter cardiac metabolomics both in normotensive and hypertensive rats in an Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1)-dependent manner. A distinct substrate use from fatty acid oxidation towards glycolysis was found in dTGR. Altered cardiac substrate utilization in dTGR was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Cardiac expression of the redox-sensitive metabolic sensor sirtuin1 (SIRT1) was increased in dTGR. Resveratrol supplementation prevented cardiovascular mortality and ameliorated Ang II-induced cardiac remodeling in dTGR via blood pressure-dependent pathways and mechanisms linked to increased mitochondrial biogenesis. Resveratrol dose-dependently increased SIRT1 activity in vitro. Oral levosimendan treatment was also found to improve survival and systolic function in dTGR via blood pressure-independent mechanisms, and ameliorate Ang II-induced coronary and cardiomyocyte damage. Finally, using Dahl/Rapp rats it was demonstrated that oral levosimendan as well as the AT1 receptor antagonist valsartan improved survival and prevented cardiac remodeling. The beneficial effects of levosimendan were associated with improved diastolic function without significantly improved systolic changes. These positive effects were potentiated when the drug combination was administered. In conclusion, the present study points to an important role for local RAAS in the pathophysiology of hypertension-induced heart failure as well as its involvement as a regulator of cardiac substrate utilization and mitochondrial function. Our findings suggest a therapeutic role for natural polyphenol resveratrol and calcium sensitizer, levosimendan, and the novel drug combination of valsartan and levosimendan, in prevention of hypertension-induced heart failure. The present study also provides a better understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension-induced heart failure, and may help identify potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions.

Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I (Ang I) to angiotensin II (Ang II). ACE also cleaves the terminal dipeptide of vasodilating hormone bradykinin (a nonapeptide) to inactivate this hormone. Therefore, inhibition of ACE is generally used as one of the methods for the treatment of hypertension. `Oxidative stress' is another disease state caused by an imbalance in the production of oxidants and antioxidants. A number of studies suggest that hypertension and oxidative stress are interdependent. Therefore, ACE inhibitors having antioxidant property are considered beneficial for the treatment of hypertension. As selenium compounds are known to exhibit better antioxidant behavior than their sulfur analogues, we have synthesized a number of selenium analogues of captopril, an ACE inhibitor used as an antihypertensive drug. The selenium analogues of captopril not only inhibit ACE activity but also effectively scavenge peroxynitrite, a strong oxidant found in vivo.

Effect of peptide-based captopril analogues on angiotensin converting enzyme activity and peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) regulates the blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II and bradykinin to bradykinin 1-7. These two reactions elevate the blood pressure as angiotensin II and bradykinin are vasoconstrictory and vasodilatory hormones, respectively. Therefore, inhibition of ACE is an important strategy for the treatment of hypertension. The natural substrates of ACE, i.e., angiotensin II and bradykinin, contain a Pro-Phe motif near the site of hydrolysis. Therefore, there may be a Pro-Phe binding pocket at the active site of ACE, which may facilitate the substrate binding. In view of this, we have synthesized a series of thiol-and selenol-containing dipeptides and captopril analogues and studied their ACE inhibition activities. This study reveals that both the selenol or thiol moiety and proline residues are essential for ACE inhibition. Although the introduction of a Phe residue to captopril and its selenium analogue considerably reduces the inhibitory effect, there appears to be a Phe binding pocket at the active site of ACE.

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) catalyses the conversion of angiotensin I (Ang I) to angiotensin II (Ang II). The ACE activity directly related to hypertension as Ang II is the blood pressure regulating hormone. Therefore, ACE inhibitors are a major class of antihypertensive drugs. Captopril, chemical name, was the first orally active ACE inhibitory antihypertensive drug, discovered in 1977. Since then, a number of such drugs have been synthesized. Enzyme-inhibitor bound crystal structural studies reveal a great deal of understanding about the interactions of the inhibitors at the active site of ACE. This can be helpful in the rational design of ACE inhibitors. With the advancement of the combination therapy, it is known that ACE inhibitors having antioxidant activity can be beneficial for the treatment of hypertension. This study describes the development of ACE inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension. Importance of ACE inhibitors having antioxidant activity is also described.

Antioxidant activity of peptide-based angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are important for the treatment of hypertension as they can decrease the formation of vasopressor hormone angiotensin II (Ang II) and elevate the levels of vasodilating hormone bradykinin. It is observed that bradykinin contains a Ser-Pro-Phe motif near the site of hydrolysis. The selenium analogues of captopril represent a novel class of ACE inhibitors as they also exhibit significant antioxidant activity. In this study, several di- and tripeptides containing selenocysteine and cysteine residues at the N-terminal were synthesized. Hydrolysis of angiotensin I (Ang I) to Ang II by ACE was studied in the presence of these peptides. It is observed that the introduction of L-Phe to Sec-Pro and Cys-Pro peptides significantly increases the ACE inhibitory activity. On the other hand, the introduction of L-Val or L-Ala decreases the inhibitory potency of the parent compounds. The presence of an L-Pro moiety in captopril analogues appears to be important for ACE inhibition as the replacement of L-Pro by L-piperidine 2-carboxylic acid decreases the ACE inhibition. The synthetic peptides were also tested for their ability to scavenge peroxynitrite (PN) and to exhibit glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity. All the selenium-containing peptides exhibited good PN-scavenging and GPx activities.

Efeitos cardiovasculares da transferência adotiva de linfócitos T reguladores em camundongos submetidos à infusão crônica de angiotensina II e de aldosterona

A angiotensina (Ang) II e aldosterona induzem hipertensão arterial por mecanismos em parte mediados pela imunidade adaptativa, envolvendo linfócitos T auxiliares respondedores (Tresp). Os linfócitos T reguladores (Treg) são capazes de suprimir os efeitos próinflamatórios do sistema imune. O presente estudo avaliou se a transferência adotiva de Treg é capaz de prevenir a hipertensão e a lesão vascular induzidas pela Ang II ou pela aldosterona, em dois protocolos distintos. No protocolo com Ang II, camundongos machos C57BL/6 sofreram a injeção endovenosa de Treg ou Tresp, sendo depois infundidos com Ang II (1μg/kg/min), ou salina (grupo controle) por 14 dias. No protocolo com aldosterona, um outro conjunto de animais sofreu injeções de Treg ou Tresp, sendo depois infundido com aldosterona (600μg/kg/d) ou salina (grupo controle), pelo mesmo intervalo de tempo. O grupo tratado com aldosterona recebeu salina 1% na água. Tanto o grupo Ang II como aldosterona apresentaram elevação da pressão arterial sistólica (43% e 31% respectivamente), da atividade da NADPH oxidase na aorta (1,5 e 1,9 vezes, respectivamente) e no coração (1,8 e 2,4 vezes, respectivamente) e uma redução da resposta vasodilatadora à acetilcolina (de 70% e 56%, respectivamente), quando comparados com os respectivos controles (P<0,05). Adicionalmente, a administração de Ang II proporcionou um aumento rigidez vascular (P<0,001), na expressão de VCAM-1 nas artérias mesentéricas (P<0,05), na infiltração aórtica de macrófagos e linfócitos T (P<0,001) e nos níveis plasmáticos das citocinas inflamatórias interferon (INF)-γ, interleucina (IL)-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α e IL-10 (P<0,05). Ang II causou uma queda de 43% no número de células Foxp3+ no córtex renal, enquanto que a transferência adotiva de Treg aumentou as células Foxp3+ em duas vezes em comparação com o controle. A administração de Treg preveniu o remodelamento vascular induzido pela aldosterona, observado na relação média/lúmen e na área transversal da média das artérias mesentéricas (P<0,05). Todos os parâmetros acima foram prevenidos com a administração de Treg, mas não de Tresp. Estes resultados demonstram que Treg são capazes de impedir a lesão vascular e a hipertensão mediadas por Ang II ou por aldosterona, em parte através de ações antiinflamatórias. Em conclusão, uma abordagem imuno-modulatória pode prevenir o aumento da pressão arterial, o estresse oxidativo vascular, a inflamação e a disfunção endotelial induzidos por Ang II ou aldosterona.

新型非肽类血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂设计合成及其生物活性研究

Ang II受体拮抗剂是作用于肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)的抗高血压药，因其抗高血压作用与较老的抗高血压药物作用相同，且更具有选择性，不良反应状况与安慰剂相似,而在高血压治疗中逐渐引起研究者重视，并成为目前增长最快的抗高血压药物。在许多AngII受体拮抗剂中四氮唑结构已成为固定基团，但四氮唑有许多合成及代谢弊端。因此，寻找其他合适的杂环酸性基团来替代四氮唑，在保持较高口服活性的同时克服相应缺陷，具有极其重要的意义。 本项目以四氮唑沙坦类药物为先导化合物，运用生物电子等排原理及拼合原理，根据计算机分子模拟研究结果，对其进行结构修饰和改造，首次将咪唑、氯代咪唑、三氮唑及咪唑啉替代四氮唑，并结合具有较高AngII受体拮抗活性的联苯并咪唑衍生物，设计并合成一系列含咪唑，咪唑啉，氯代咪唑及三氮唑衍生物的Ang II受体拮抗剂。 研究这一系列新型AngII受体拮抗剂的体内、体外抗高血压活性时，发现咪唑啉衍生物展示了与对照药物几乎相当的活性，而咪唑、氯代咪唑和三氮唑衍生物分别表现了较弱或者没有活性，这些研究对今后更进一步设计合成新的Ang II受体拮抗剂具有重要的指导意义，同时也为筛选抗高血压药物奠定良好的基础。 The angiotensin II receptor antagonists act on renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which are as effective as other types of anti-hypertensive drugs. Because even the more specific and comparable to placebo in terms of side effects, Ang II receptor antagonists cause a high attention and become the fastest growing anti-hypertension drugs. Most of such compounds share the biphenyltetrazole unit with the lead Losartan. However, there are many defects in tetrazole synthesis and vivo metabolism. Therefore, we felt quite encouraged to find some proper acidic heterocyclic groups which maintain the same oral bioavailability to replace the tetrazole. In the present paper, we applied the bioisostere and combination principle, in accordance with the results of computer modeling of molecular, to modify the lead structural of terazole in sartan compounds reported. We turned our attention to replace the tetrazole ring with imidazole rings, chloro-imidazole, imidazoline, traizole ring and combinated them with benzimidazoles derivatives which have antagonistic activity for angiotensin II to design and synthesize a series of Ang II receptor antagonists contaning imidazole ring, chloro-imidazole, imidazoline or traizole ring. In addition, activity tests in vivo and in vivo had shown that imidazoline derivatives display almost equivalent activity with the reference drug, but imidazole derivatives, chloro-imidazole, triazole derivatives were weak or non-performance of the hypotensive activity. We believe that the imidazoline derivative type Ang II receptor antagonists can build a foundation for the development of a novel series of anti-hypertensive drugs.

The renin-angiotensin system and antihypertensive drugs in Alzheimer's disease:current standing of the angiotensin hypothesis?

There is an urgent need to improve upon Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatments. Limitations of existing drugs are that they target specific downstream neurochemical abnormalities while the upstream underlying pathology continues unchecked. Preferable treatments would be those that can target a number of the broad range of molecular and cellular abnormalities that occur in AD such as amyloid-ß (Aß) and hyperphosphorylated tau-mediated damage, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well more systemic abnormalities such as brain atrophy, impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebrovascular disease. Recent pre-clinical, epidemiological, and a limited number of clinical investigations have shown that prevention of the signaling of the multifunctional and potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II (Ang II) may offer broad benefits in AD. In addition to helping to ameliorate co-morbid hypertension, these drugs also likely improve diminished CBF which is common in AD and can contribute to focal Aß pathology. These drugs, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, or angiotensin receptor antagonists (ARAs) may also help deteriorating cognitive function by preventing Ang II-mediated inhibition of acetylcholine release as well as interrupt the upregulation of deleterious inflammatory pathways that are widely recognized in AD. Given the current urgency to find better treatments for AD and the relatively immediate availability of drugs that are already widely prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, one of the largest modifiable risk factors for AD, this article reviews current knowledge as to the eligibility of ACE-inhibitors and ARAs for consideration in future clinical trials in AD.

Drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system and survival from cancer: a population based study of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer patient cohorts

Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly prescribed to the growing number of cancer patients (more than two million in the UK alone) often to treat hypertension. However, increased fatal cancer in ARB users in a randomized trial and increased breast cancer recurrence rates in ACEI users in a recent observational study have raised concerns about their safety in cancer patients. We investigated whether ACEI or ARB use after breast, colorectal or prostate cancer diagnosis was associated with increased risk of cancer-specific mortality.

Methods: Population-based cohorts of 9,814 breast, 4,762 colorectal and 6,339 prostate cancer patients newly diagnosed from 1998 to 2006 were identified in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink and confirmed by cancer registry linkage. Cancer-specific and all-cause mortality were identified from Office of National Statistics mortality data in 2011 (allowing up to 13 years of follow-up). A nested case–control analysis was conducted to compare ACEI/ARB use (from general practitioner prescription records) in cancer patients dying from cancer with up to five controls (not dying from cancer). Conditional logistic regression estimated the risk of cancer-specific, and all-cause, death in ACEI/ARB users compared with non-users.

Results: The main analysis included 1,435 breast, 1,511 colorectal and 1,184 prostate cancer-specific deaths (and 7,106 breast, 7,291 colorectal and 5,849 prostate cancer controls). There was no increase in cancer-specific mortality in patients using ARBs after diagnosis of breast (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.06 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84, 1.35), colorectal (adjusted OR = 0.82 95% CI 0.64, 1.07) or prostate cancer (adjusted OR = 0.79 95% CI 0.61, 1.03). There was also no evidence of increases in cancer-specific mortality with ACEI use for breast (adjusted OR = 1.06 95% CI 0.89, 1.27), colorectal (adjusted OR = 0.78 95% CI 0.66, 0.92) or prostate cancer (adjusted OR = 0.78 95% CI 0.66, 0.92).

Conclusions: Overall, we found no evidence of increased risks of cancer-specific mortality in breast, colorectal or prostate cancer patients who used ACEI or ARBs after diagnosis. These results provide some reassurance that these medications are safe in patients diagnosed with these cancers.

Keywords: Colorectal cancer; Breast cancer; Prostate cancer; Mortality; Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers

Adult cardiac fibroblast proliferation is modulated by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in normal and hypertrophied hearts

Increased adult cardiac fibroblast proliferation results in an increased collagen deposition responsible for the fibrosis accompanying pathological remodelling of the heart. The mechanisms regulating cardiac fibroblast proliferation remain poorly understood. Using a minimally invasive transverse aortic banding (MTAB) mouse model of cardiac hypertrophy, we have assessed fibrosis and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. We have investigated whether calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ (CaMKIIδ) regulates proliferation in fibroblasts isolated from normal and hypertrophied hearts. It is known that CaMKIIδ plays a central role in cardiac myocyte contractility, but nothing is known of its role in adult cardiac fibroblast function. The MTAB model used here produces extensive hypertrophy and fibrosis. CaMKIIδ protein expression and activity is upregulated in MTAB hearts and, specifically, in cardiac fibroblasts isolated from hypertrophied hearts. In response to angiotensin II, cardiac fibroblasts isolated from MTAB hearts show increased proliferation rates. Inhibition of CaMKII with autocamtide inhibitory peptide inhibits proliferation in cells isolated from both sham and MTAB hearts, with a significantly greater effect evident in MTAB cells. These results are the first to show selective upregulation of CaMKIIδ in adult cardiac fibroblasts following cardiac hypertrophy and to assign a previously unrecognised role to CaMKII in regulating adult cardiac fibroblast function in normal and diseased hearts.

Renal responses to three types of renin-angiotensin system blockers in patients with diabetes mellitus on a high-salt diet: a need for higher doses in diabetic patients?

Objective Activation of the renal renin-angiotensin system in patients with diabetes mellitus appears to contribute to the risk of nephropathy. Recently, it has been recognized than an elevation of prorenin in plasma also provides a strong indication of risk of nephropathy. This study was designed to examine renin-angiotensin system control mechanisms in the patient with diabetes mellitus.Methods We enrolled 43 individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All individuals were on a high-salt diet to minimize the contribution of the systemic renin-angiotensin system. After an acute exposure to captopril (25 mg), they were randomized to treatment with either irbesartan (300 mg) or aliskiren (300 mg) for 2 weeks.Results All agents acutely lowered blood pressure and plasma aldosterone, and increased renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate. Yet, only captopril and aliskiren acutely increased plasma renin and decreased plasma angiotensin II, whereas irbesartan acutely affected neither renin nor angiotensin II. Plasma renin and angiotensin II subsequently did increase upon chronic irbesartan treatment. When given on day 14, irbesartan and aliskiren again induced the above hemodynamic, renal and adrenal effects, yet without significantly changing plasma renin. Irbesartan at that time did not affect plasma angiotensin II, whereas aliskiren lowered it to almost zero.Conclusion The relative resistance of the renal renin response to acute (irbesartan) and chronic (irbesartan and aliskiren) renin-angiotensin system blockade supports the concept of an activated renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes, particularly at the level of the juxtaglomerular cell, and implies that diabetic patients might require higher doses of renin-angiotensin system blockers to fully suppress the renal renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 29: 2454-2461 (C) 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Les récepteurs intracellulaires de l'angiotensine II : nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le remodelage cardiaque

L'angiotensine-II (Ang-II), synthétisée à partir de sources extracardiaques et intracardiaques, régule l'homéostasie cardiaque en favorisant des effets mitogéniques et en promouvant la croissance cellulaire résultant d’une altération de l'expression génique. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué la possibilité que les récepteurs de l'angiotensine-1 (AT1) ou les récepteurs de l'angiotensine-2 (AT2) situés sur l'enveloppe nucléaire régulent l’expression génique des cardiomyocytes. En analysant les noyaux cellulaires retenus des fractions de cœur de rat par immunobuvardage Western, nous avons détecté une co-purification préférentielle des protéines AT1 et AT2 avec un marqueur de la membrane nucléaire (Nup 62), par rapport aux marqueurs de la membrane plasmique (Calpactin I), de l’appareil de Golgi (GRP 78) ou du réticulum endoplasmique (GM130). La microscopie confocale a permis de démontrer la présence des AT1 et AT2 dans les membranes nucléaires. La microinjection de l’Ang-II-FITC sur des cardiomyocytes a provoqué une liaison de préférence aux sites nucléaires. Les enregistrements de transients calciques ont illustré que les AT1 nucléaires régulent le relâchement du Ca2+. L’incubation des ligands spécifiques d’AT1 et d’AT2 avec l’UTP [α32P] a résulté en une synthèse de novo d’ARN (par exemple, 16,9 ± 0,5 cpm/ng ADN contrôle vs 162,4 ± 29,7 cpm/ng ADN-Ang II, 219,4 ± 8,2 cpm/ng ADN L -162313 (AT1) et 126,5 ± 8,7 cpm/ng ADN CGP42112A (AT2), P <0,001). L’incubation des noyaux avec Ang-II augmente de façon significative l’expression de NFκB, une réponse qui est réprimée partiellement par la co-administration de valsartan ou de PD123177. Les expériences dose-réponse avec Ang-II administrée à l'ensemble des noyaux purifiés vs. aux cardiomyocytes seuls a montré une augmentation plus importante dans les niveaux d'ARNm de NFκB avec une affinité de ~ 3 fois plus grande (valeurs d’EC50 = 9 contre 28 pmol/L, respectivement), suggérant un rôle préférentiel nucléaire dans la signalisation. Par conséquent, nous avons conclu que les membranes cardiaques nucléaires possèdent des récepteurs d’Ang-II couplés à des voies de signalisation et à la transcription génique. La signalisation nucléaire pourrait jouer un rôle clé dans les changements de l'expression de gènes cardiaques, entraînant ainsi des implications mécanistiques et thérapeutiques diverses.

Modulation de l’expression du récepteur B1 des kinines par l’angiotensine II et l’endothéline-1 dans des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires

Le stress oxydatif est impliqué dans l’expression du récepteur B1 des kinines (RB1) dans différents modèles de diabète et d'hypertension. Puisque l'angiotensine II (Ang II) et l'endothéline-1 (ET-1) sont des peptides prooxydants impliqués dans les maladies cardiovasculaires, leur contribution dans l'augmentation de l'expression du RB1 a été étudiée dans des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV). Le QRT-PCR et l’immunobuvardage de type Western ont été utilisés pour mesurer l’expression du RB1 dans des CMLV dérivées de la lignée A10 et de l’aorte de rats Sprague-Dawley. Cette étude montre que l’Ang II augmente l’expression du RB1 (ARNm et protéine) en fonction de la concentration et du temps (maximum 1 μM entre 3-6 h). Cette augmentation implique le récepteur AT1, la PI3K et le NF-κB, mais non le récepteur AT2 et ERK1/2. Aussi, le récepteur ETA de l’ET-1 est impliqué dans la réponse à l’Ang II à 6-8 h et non à 1-4 h. Par contre, l’ET-1 augmente l’expression du RB1 (maximum 2-4 h) via la stimulation des récepteurs ETA et ETB. L’augmentation du RB1 causée par l’Ang II et l’ET-1 est bloquée par les antioxydants (N-acétyl-cystéine et diphénylèneiodonium). Ces résultats suggèrent que l’Ang II induit le RB1 dans les CMLV par le récepteur AT1 dans la première phase, et par la libération d’ET-1 (majoritairement par ETA) dans la phase tardive, via le stress oxydatif et l’activation de la PI3K et du NF-κB. Ces résultats précisent le mécanisme impliqué dans la surexpression du RB1 ayant des effets néfastes dans le diabète et l'hypertension.

Étude de la polyubiquitination en lysine 63 dans les effets proinflammatoires de l'angiotensine II in vitro

Les évidences scientifiques révèlent l’implication des actions proinflammatoires de l’angiotensine II (Ang II) dans le développement de l’athérosclérose. Cependant, la caractérisation des bases moléculaires de l’Ang II sur le tissu vasculaire n’est pas totalement élucidée. La majorité des actions de l’Ang II implique l’activation d’une variété de cascades de signalisation dont les voies mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ; c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), p38 kinases et extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) et l’activation du facteur de transcription NF-κB via le complexe IKK. Récemment, une nouvelle modification post-traductionnelle dans les actions de l’Ang II, soit la polyubiquitination de la sous-unité NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) du complexe IKK, a été révélée. L’objectif de mon projet de recherche est de vérifier l’importance de la polyubiquitination en K63 tout en caractérisant les protéines impliquées dans la modification de NEMO dans des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CMLV) exposées à l’Ang II. Notre étude suggère, selon une approche siARN combinant Ubc7 et Ubc13, la diminution de la phosphorylation du complexe IKK, de Akt et des MAPKs. De plus, nos résultats illustrent l’implication de TRAF6 dans la signalisation cellulaire de l’Ang II. Finalement, notre étude révèle la présence de la polyubiquitination en K63 dans la signalisation cellulaire de l’Ang II par chromatographie d’affinité. Cette étude met en évidence l’implication de la polyubiquitination en K63 dans la signalisation de l’Ang II dans des CMLV et implique Ubc13 et Ubc7 dans le remodelage vasculaire et l’inflammation dépendante de l’Ang II dans des CMLV.