Letter written by John Bentley, Sept. 26, 1813.

Transcript [original spelling and grammar retained]: Sacketts Harbour 26th Sept. 1813. Dear wife. From this you are informed that I am in health at this Date. When I last wrote to you I some expected to go upon and expedition but to us unknown we sat out and went up the Lake 3 Days Landed at Oswego The British Fleet appeared off, and we returned and saw our fleet upon our return, I think that our Regt. going was only a maneuver to get the Fleet out that our Fleet might come a threat[?] of them We expect to embark immediately into Canada as preparations are making to convey us over to them we are anxious to commence an action with them. Troops are daily coming in to the Harbour to take the Stand in our absence, we shall not be here 3 days before we try their[?] Powder. they are daily defecting[?] to us from Canada very fearful of the consequence of our Resisting[?] of them…our Fleet is now out and has been for 6 or 7 days. The Lake Erie fleet has done great things. I hope ours will be as successful. I think that our Generals are waiting to hear from them as every thing is ready[?] of to embark various opinions reflecting were we shall attack them some say at Kingston others at Montreal and others at Prescot—Mr. William Butler and D[?]…are well and in Spirits, Sergt Daniel White is very hearty for him, M. Samuel C[?] is well and in good health Benjm Thompson is well Charles Bryant is well [?] is well Eben[?] Smith is very much plagued with the Rheumatik Disease[?] he……… his limbs very often for being Crippled[?] he is at the Hospital I often visit it to see the sick Jacob Barnes is at the Hospital but recovering fast been very sick. Luther Gregory is at the Hospital and on the recovery, Sergt. L[?] & Smith are well, Henry ………[?] is well, very healthy have not more die here than 3…[?]to the best of my knowledge. I will make a few remarks upon the place it abounds in Lime Rock more than Thomaston and not every person to my knowledge burn it, and in the whole Town not but one Pump that supplies the Towns People and Soldiers and a ………[?] of such a Lake of water the Lake water is good for drinking but the water near the Shore is exposed to all kind of filth being thrown into it. The officers with whom I have been with have used me kindly and I get quietly by them. The Lieut. Downer who recruits at Thomaston tell me he has thots[?] of Leaving the army if so I must say I am greatly sorry as he was my ……[?] friend although he Left us and went in a northern Company it is a Company……………[?]worthy an officer as he proves to be, I cannot get any higher than a Sergeant or Quarter Master Sergeant which I may have without any friends at Thomaston assisting me. I am a Sergeant and Sergeant Daniel White is expecting[?] to be a Quarter Master Sergeant, and a number of his friends from Thomaston have went to their Major for him in the 9th Regt Major….[?] and he expects to obtain a Commission as I ……[?] expect to be promoted and it died away he will have the Laugh upon me, I wish that My Friend Dawes would[?] put the question to Col. Foot? to write to our Col. E.W. Ripley if he has …[?]in the …[?]taken by him and others of my …[?] friends[?]. I expect to come home this winter without fail. I remain your Loving Husband till Death. John Bentley for Betsey Bentley Thomaston P.S. The next Letter will be ……[?]to Mr. Dawes[?] and shall write as soon as our Fleet arrives or if we are ordered off tomorrow shall write before I leave this Place. I have understood that many letters have been ……[?]to me. I have received only 2 from Mary, one from Mr. Dawes, one from William Thompson and have answered them please to write……[?]to S. Harbour.

Performing Leigh Hunt’s 1840 Play "A Legend of Florence"

Leigh Hunt's authorship of "A legend of Florence" (1840) — a drama inspired by the rich cultural, intellectual, and political climate of Italy — reflects, as Michael Eberle-Sinatra demonstrates in the final essay of the first section, not only a literary exchange between England and Italy, but argues that during the creation of his play, Hunt engaged in his own version of border crossing as he managed the transition between writing about and writing for the stage. A complex maneuver that required Hunt to rech beyond his own intellectual boundaries, the shift from critic to dramatist challenged and enriched his thoughts regarding the work of the theater.

Passive Dynamics in the Control of Gymnastic Maneuvers

The control of aerial gymnastic maneuvers is challenging because these maneuvers frequently involve complex rotational motion and because the performer has limited control of the maneuver during flight. A performer can influence a maneuver using a sequence of limb movements during flight. However, the same sequence may not produce reliable performances in the presence of off-nominal conditions. How do people compensate for variations in performance to reliably produce aerial maneuvers? In this report I explore the role that passive dynamic stability may play in making the performance of aerial maneuvers simple and reliable. I present a control strategy comprised of active and passive components for performing robot front somersaults in the laboratory. I show that passive dynamics can neutrally stabilize the layout somersault which involves an "inherently unstable" rotation about the intermediate principal axis. And I show that a strategy that uses open loop joint torques plus passive dynamics leads to more reliable 1 1/2 twisting front somersaults in simulation than a strategy that uses prescribed limb motion. Results are presented from laboratory experiments on gymnastic robots, from dynamic simulation of humans and robots, and from linear stability analyses of these systems.

Hipocapnia en neuroanestesia : estado actual

La hiperventilación ha sido una maniobra común en el manejo anestésico de procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos. Hace unos años existía el escepticismo médico si esto resultaba en isquemia cerebral, hoy sabemos que es perjudicial y deteriora el estado y pronóstico del paciente.

Effect of joint mobilization on the H Reflex amplitude in people with spasticity

Objective: To determine the effect of ankle joint mobilization on the H reflex amplitude of thesoleus muscle in people with spasticity. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study withcrossover design and simple masking was conducted in 24 randomized subjects to initiate thecontrol or experimental group. Traction and rhythmic oscillation were applied for five minutesto the ankle joint. H wave amplitude changes of Hoffmann reflex (electrical equivalent of themonosynaptic spinal reflex) was assessed, stimulating the tibial nerve at the level of the poplitealfossa and recording in the soleus muscle. In each subject 12 measurements were taken: basalrate, during and after mobilization. Changes in H reflex amplitude were calculated in relationto basal measurement. For each measurement a hypothesis test was performed (Student t test).Results: In groups of patients with brain injury and incomplete spinal cord injury, a significantdifference was found between measurements of both studies, concerning variation in H reflexamplitude during the application of joint mobilization techniques, with a decrease in the experimentalgroup and an increase in the control group. In contrast, no significant differences werefound after mobilization therapy. Patients with complete spinal cord injury showed no significantdifferences in any measurements. Conclusion: We demonstrate the effectiveness of jointmobilization in the decrease of H reflex amplitude in patients with brain injury or incompletespinal cord injury during the mobilization maneuver, but no residual effect after completion ofthe trial. This research showed no evidence regarding excitability reduction in complete spinalcord injury. We suggest that therapeutic interventions to decrease muscle tone based on the jointmobilization should be reconsidered.

Fatiga del reanimador y calidad de las compresiones torácicas en niños con y sin vía aérea asegurada

Introducción: La calidad de las compresiones torácicas tiene importancia durante la reanimación pediátrica y se ve afectada por diversos factores como la fatiga del reanimador, esta puede verse condicionada por las características de las compresiones establecidas según la presencia o ausencia de un dispositivo avanzado en la vía aérea determinando la interrupción continuidad de las mismas. En este estudio se realizó una simulación clínica, evaluando la presencia de fatiga del reanimador frente a pacientes con y sin dispositivo avanzado de la vía aérea. Metodología: Se incluyeron 12 participantes, quienes realizaron compresiones torácicas a un simulador clínico, tanto para el caso de la maniobra 1 correspondiente a ciclos interrumpidos con el fin de proporcionar ventilaciones, como para el caso de la maniobra 2 en la que la actividad fue continua. Se midieron calidad de compresiones, VO2 max y fatiga mediante escala de Borg RPE 6-20. Resultados: La calidad de las compresiones disminuyó en ambos grupos después del minuto 2 y más rápidamente cuando fueron ininterrumpidas. La fatiga se incrementó cuando las compresiones fueron continuas. Discusión: Se evidencia una relación directamente proporcional del aumento de la fatiga en relación al tiempo de reanimación e inversamente proporcional entre la calidad de las compresiones y la sensación de cansancio, en especial después del minuto 2. Un tiempo de 2 minutos podría ser el tiempo ideal para lograr compresiones de calidad y para realizar el reemplazo de la persona que realiza las compresiones.

Condiciones de trabajo y salud : la seguridad en el aula-taller : educación tecnológica 12-16.

Estos materiales curriculares pretenden proporcionar al profesor información sobre distintos aspectos de seguridad necesarios para el desarrollo del DCB de educación tecnológica en la enseñanza secundaria obligatoria. El tratamiento de las condiciones de trabajo en la educación tecnológica encuentra su justificación más obvia por el trabajo técnico a desarrollar en el aula-taller: peligros que entraña el uso de herramientas, precaución ante la nocividad de ciertos materiales, etc. Otra de sus justificaciones es la de refuerzo del valor terminal de la ESO ya que es importante asegurar que los estudiantes reconozcan y valoren el disponer de un entorno de trabajo equilibrado y saludable en su futura incorporación al mundo laboral.

Endothelin-1 and fibroblast growth factors stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in cardiac myocytes. The potential role of the cascade in the integration of two signaling pathways leading to myocyte hypertrophy.

Maximally effective concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1), acidic FGF (aFGF), or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by 3-4-fold in crude extracts of myocytes cultured from neonatal rat heart ventricles. Maximal activation was achieved after 5 min. Thereafter, MAPK activity stimulated by ET-1 or aFGF declined to control values within 1-2 h, whereas activation by TPA was more sustained. Two peaks of MAPK activity (a 42- and a 44-kDa MAPK) were resolved in cells exposed to ET-1 or aFGF by fast protein liquid chromatography on a Mono Q column. One major and one minor peak of MAPK kinase (MAPKK) was stimulated by ET-1 or aFGF. Cardiac myocytes expressed protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, -delta, -epsilon and -zeta as shown immunoblotting. Exposure to 1 microM TPA for 24 h down-regulated PKC-alpha, -delta, and -epsilon, but not PKC-zeta. This maneuver wholly abolished the activation of MAPK on re-exposure to TPA but did not affect the response to aFGF. The effect of ET-1 was partially down-regulated. ET-1 stimulated phospho[3H]inositide hydrolysis 18-fold, whereas aFGF stimulated by only 30%. Agonists which initially utilize dissimilar signaling pathways may therefore converge at the level of MAPKK/MAPK and this may be relevant to the hypertrophic response of the heart.

Contribuição ao estudo das hepatectomias parciais com oclusão do fluxo sanguíneo aferente

O tratamento cirúrgico dos tumores hepáticos tem sido um grande desafio na história evolutiva da cirurgia. No passado, as altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade limitavam sua aplicação como opção terapêutica. O refinamento da técnica de ressecção hepática está associado a menores índices de mortalidade e morbidade peri-operatória e, embora, a mortalidade tenha sido reduzida a menos de 10% nos serviços especializados, a morbidade ainda é bastante significativa, sendo que a hemorragia grave e a embolia aérea permanecem como complicações graves das hepatectomias. O controle da perda sanguínea é o objetivo primordial durante este tipo de cirurgia. As técnicas descritas, com a finalidade de conter a hemorragia transoperatória, são aquelas associadas à redução do fluxo sanguíneo ao fígado, seja através da oclusão vascular aferente ou manobra de Pringle por clampeamento do pedículo hepático, seja por exclusão vascular total do órgão. Hepatectomias parciais podem ser realizadas com pequeno sangramento e, mesmo quando associadas a períodos prolongados de isquemia tecidual, não foram identificadas lesões parenquimatosas ou falência hepática persistente. A redução na necessidade de reposição de sangue, no período peri-operatório, está associada a menor morbidade e à diminuição significativa na incidência de sepse abdominal. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar uma série de hepatectomias parciais com oclusão do fluxo sanguíneo aferente, em pacientes portadores de patologias benignas e neoplasias malignas. Foram analisadas 60 hepatectomias em 59 pacientes com oclusão do fluxo sanguíneo aferente quanto a possíveis fatores de risco para morbidade e mortalidade, bem como a relação entre o tempo de isquemia hepática e a variação das transaminases, tempo de protrombina e bilirrubinas, e destes, com a evolução pós-operatória. A prevalência de complicações pós-operatórias foi de 43,3% e a mortalidade de 6,7%. O fator de risco significativo para mortalidade foi tempo cirúrgico mais prolongado, quando comparado com os pacientes que não foram a óbito. Para a morbidade pós-operatória, foram identificados como fatores de risco a idade acima de 60 anos, cirurgia por neoplasia maligna, parênquima hepático anormal, ou seja, presença de cirrose, esteatose ou colestase, perda sanguínea necessitando reposição de mais de uma unidade de sangue e outros procedimentos cirúrgicos concomitantes. Na análise multivariada por regressão logística, estes fatores de risco foram reduzidos, apenas, para presença de cirrose, esteatose ou colestase. O tempo de isquemia não apresentou relação com a morbi-mortalidade pós-operatória. A variação das transaminases foram mais acentuadas nos casos com maior tempo de isquemia, porém, retornaram aos níveis pré-operatórios em, aproximadamente, uma semana. Não houve variação de tempo de protrombina e bilirrubinas quanto ao tempo de isquemia. A variação de AST e ALT não foram diferentes entre os pacientes com e sem morbidade pós-operatória.

Arbitragem regulatória X one size fits all: a discricionariedade na regulação bancária internacional entre Cila e Caríbdis

As peculiaridades da atividade bancária - normalmente vista como fundamental à persecução do desenvolvimento, bem como bastante influenciada pelo direito - estimularam a emergência de um regime internacional de regulação da categoria. Tal advento se deu na esteira dos trabalhos realizados por organizações internacionais, como o Comitê da Basileia (BCBS) e o Comitê de Estabilidade Financeira (FSB), e em virtude da percepção de estarmos em um mundo no qual os mercados estão muito interligados, mas permanecem nacionalmente regulados. À parte da discussão do mérito e efetividade dos padrões regulatórios propostos por essas organizações, em um contexto no qual uma série de países busca implementá-los, interessa ao presente trabalho perscrutar os elementos que definem o grau adequado de discricionariedade de implementação conferida na formulação desses. A análise de tal problema sugere a existência de dois extremos a se evitar: a arbitragem regulatória e o one size fits all. Evitar a arbitragem regulatória é uma preocupação da literatura de regulação bancária que se traduz em conter uma variação muito acentuada entre os regimes regulatórios de diferentes jurisdições. Isso enseja três vetores favoráveis a um menor grau de discricionariedade, representado por desígnios de maior coordenação, maior competitividade e de evitar uma race to the bottom regulatória entre os países. Já evitar o one size fits all é uma preocupação recorrente da literatura de direito e desenvolvimento que sugere a necessidade de se atentar para as peculiaridades locais na formulação de políticas regulatórias. Por sua vez, isso enseja outros três vetores, dessa vez em direção a um maior grau de discricionariedade. Sendo esses representados por preocupações com a eficiência das medidas adotadas, com a garantia de um espaço de manobra que respeite a autodeterminação dos países - ao menos minorando eventuais déficits democráticos da estipulação de padrões internacionais - e com a viabilidade prática do experimentalismo. A fim de analisar esse problema e levando em conta esses extremos, propõe-se uma estratégia bipartida: a construção de um enquadramento teórico e a verificação de uma hipótese de pesquisa, segundo a qual um caso específico de regulação bancária pode demonstrar como esses elementos interagem na definição do grau de discricionariedade. Assim, em um primeiro momento - após a necessária contextualização e descrição metodológica - é construído um framework teórico do problema à luz da literatura da regulação bancária e do instrumental utilizado pelas discussões acerca do impacto do direito no desenvolvimento. Discussões essas que há anos têm abordado a formulação de padrões internacionais e a sua implementação em contextos nacionais diversos. Também nesse primeiro momento e como parte da construção dos alicerces teóricos, procede-se a um excurso que busca verificar a hipótese da confiança no sistema bancário ser uma espécie de baldio (common), bem como suas possíveis consequências. Partindo desse enquadramento, elege-se o segmento de regulação bancária relativo aos garantidores de depósito para uma análise de caso. Tal análise - realizada com subsídios provenientes de pesquisa bibliográfica e empírica - busca demonstrar com que grau de discricionariedade e de que forma se deu a formulação e implementação de padrões internacionais nesse segmento. Ao fim, analisa-se como os vetores determinantes do grau de discricionariedade interagem no caso dos garantidores de depósitos, bem como as sugestões possivelmente inferíveis dessa verificação para os demais segmentos da regulação bancária.

Analysis of cardiovascular system responses to forced vital capacity in COPD

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O teste de capacidade vital forçada (CVF) é rotineiramente realizado na avaliação da função pulmonar de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Entretanto, permanece pouco compreendida a influência do teste de CVF sobre o sistema cardiovascular de pacientes com DPOC. OBJETIVOS: Analisar o comportamento da frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial (PA) e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) no teste de CVF na DPOC. MÉTODOS: Dezenove homens com DPOC (72 ± 7 anos, no estágio de gravidade GOLD I=3, II=5, III=7 e IV=4 pacientes) realizaram a manobra de CVF e tiveram sua FC monitorada durante todo o exame, e a VFC analisada nos domínios do tempo (rMSSD) e da frequência (BF, AF e BF/AF) durante o repouso, antes e após a melhor manobra de CVF. A PA foi analisada no repouso, imediatamente ao final da manobra de CVF e 10 minutos após o término de todos os testes. RESULTADOS: Ao início da manobra de CVF, a FC reduziu (p<0,001) e, em seguida, aumentou progressivamente até o final do teste (p<0,001). Após término da manobra, a FC continuou a aumentar até atingir um pico (p<0,001) e depois caiu rapidamente a valores inferiores aos de repouso (p<0,001) e retornou ao seu valor basal. A PA e os índices da VFC não sofreram alterações nos períodos analisados. CONCLUSÃO: O teste de CVF influencia o comportamento da FC, sem alterar o seu controle autonômico, bem como a PA em pacientes com DPOC nos períodos analisados.

Avaliação muscular respiratória: adaptação do mano vacuômetro nacional para a avaliação da pressão inspiratória nasal e nível de intensidade da ventilação voluntária máxima em sujeitos saudáveis

The clinical importance of evaluating the respiratory muscles with a variety of tests has been proposed by several studies, once that the combination of several tests would allow a better diagnosis and therefore, a better clinical follow of disorders of the respiratory muscles. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of adapting a national electronic manovacuometer to measure the nasal inspiratory pressure (study 1) and analyze the level of load intensity of maximum voluntary ventilation, as well as the variables that may influence this maneuver in healthy subjects (study 2). We studied 20 healthy subjects by a random evaluation of two measures of SNIP in different equipments: a national and an imported. In study 2 it was analyzed the intensity of the load of MVV test, change in pressure developed during the maneuver, the possible differences between genders, and the correlations between the flow developed in the test and the result of MVV. In study 1 it was found the average for both measures of nasal inspiratory pressures: 125 ± 42.4 cmH2O for the imported equipment and 131.7 ± 28.7 cmH2O for the national one. Pearson analysis showed a significant correlation between the average, with a coefficient r = 0.63. The average values showed no significant differences evaluated by paired t test (p> 0.05). In the Bland-Altman analysis it was found a BIAS = 7 cmH2O, SD 32.9 and a confidence interval of - 57.5 cmH2O up to 71.5 cmH2O. In the second study it was found significant differences between the genders in the air volume moved, being higher in males 150.9 ± 13.1 l / min vs 118.5 ± 15.7 L / min for (p = 0.0002, 95% CI 44.85 to 20:05). Regarding the inspiratory and expiratory loading, they were significantly higher in men than in women, peak inspiratory pressure (34.7 ± 5.3 cmH2O vs 19.5 ± 4.2 cmH2O, 95% CI - 18.0 to -12.3, p <0.0001), peak expiratory (33.8 vs. 23.1 ± 5.9 cmH2O ± 5.4 cmH2O, 95% CI -17.1 to - 4.6, p <0.0001), and the delta pressure (59.7 ± 10 cmH2O vs 36.8 ± 8.3 cmH2O, 95% CI 14.5 to 31.2, p <0.0002). The Pearson correlation showed that the flow generated by the maneuver is strongly correlated with the delta-expiratory pressure / inspiratory (r2= 0.83,R = 0.91, 95%IC 0.72 a 0.97 e p< 0.0001).Through these results we suggest that the national electronic manovacuometer is feasible and safe to perform the sniff test in healthy subjects. For the MVV, there are differences between the genders in the intensity of pressure developed during the maneuver. We found a load intensity considered low during the MVV, and found a strong correlation between the flow generated in the test and the delta pressure expiratory / inspiratory

Avaliação da cinemática do complexo tóracoabdominal durante repouso e endurance muscular respiratória em obesos

Background: Obesity may affect the respiratory system, causing changes in respiratory function and in the pulmonary volumes and flows. Objectives: To evaluate the influence of obesity in the movement of thoracoabdominal complex at rest and during maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and the contribution between the different compartments of this complex and the volume changes of chest wall between obese and non-obese patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 16 patients divided into two groups: the obese group (n = 8) and group non-obese (n = 8). The two groups were homogeneous in terms of spirometric characteristics (FVC mean: 4.97 ± 0.6 L - 92.91 ± 10.17% predicted, and 4.52 ± 0.6 L - 93.59 ± 8.05%), age 25.6 ± 5.0 and 26.8 ± 4.9 years, in non-obese and obese respectively. BMI was 24.93 ± 3.0 and 39.18 ± 4.3 kg/m2 in the groups investigated. All subjects performed breathing calm and slow and maneuver MVV, during registration for optoelectronic plethysmography. Statistical analysis: we used the unpaired t test and Mann-Whitney. Results: Obese individuals had a lower percentage contribution of the rib cage abdominal (RCa) during breathing at rest and VVM. The variation of end expiratory (EELV) and end inspiratory (EILV) lung volumes were lower in obese subjects. It has been found asynchrony and higher distortion between compartments of thoracoabdominal complex in obese subjects when compared to non-obese. Conclusions: Central obesity impairs the ventilation lung, reducing to adaptation efforts and increasing the ventilatory work

Influência do método pilates na força e atividade elétrica dos músculos respiratórios de idosas - ensaio clínico controlado randomizado

The reduction of physiological capacity present in the process of aging causes a marked decline in lung function. The exercise does promote several positive changes in the physical health of people and protect the cardiorespiratory function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a program of Pilates exercices on the strengh and electrical activity of respiratory muscles of elderly. This is a randomized, controlled clinical trial, evaluating 33 elderly aged 65 and 80 (70.88 ± 4.32), healthy, sedentary, without cognitive impairment and able the practice physical activity. The sample was divided into two groups, one experimental group with 16 elderly women who did Pilates exercises and a control group (17) that was not submitted to the exercises, but received educational booklets on aging and health care. The elderly were evaluated initially and after a period of three months, taking into account the Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP), obtained by Manovacuometry and intensity of EMG activity was measured using the values of Root Mean Square (RMS) for the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles, during the course of diaphragmatic breathing and MIP maneuver. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0. For all tests, we used a significance level or p value < 0.05 and confidence interval 95%. RMS in diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles in both tests increased, but the data were significant for the rectus abdominis during diaphragmatic breathing (p = 0.03) and the diaphragm during the MIP maneuver (p = 0.01). There was no significant variation of the MIP and MEP. Pilates exercises were responsible for increasing the electrical activation of the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles in a group of healthy elderly, but had no influence on changes in strength of respiratory muscles

Evasive Maneuvers in Space Debris Environment and Technological Parameters

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)