Equations to predict methane emissions from cows fed at maintenance energy level in pasture-based systems

Ruminant production is a vital part of food industry but it raises environmental concerns, partly due to the associated methane outputs. Efficient methane mitigation and estimation of emissions from ruminants requires accurate prediction tools. Equations recommended by international organizations or scientific studies have been developed with animals fed conserved forages and concentrates and may be used with caution for grazing cattle. The aim of the current study was to develop prediction equations with animals fed fresh grass in order to be more suitable to pasture-based systems and for animals at lower feeding levels. A study with 25 nonpregnant nonlactating cows fed solely fresh-cut grass at maintenance energy level was performed over two consecutive grazing seasons. Grass of broad feeding quality, due to contrasting harvest dates, maturity, fertilisation and grass varieties, from eight swards was offered. Cows were offered the experimental diets for at least 2 weeks before housed in calorimetric chambers over 3 consecutive days with feed intake measurements and total urine and faeces collections performed daily. Methane emissions were measured over the last 2 days. Prediction models were developed from 100 3-day averaged records. Internal validation of these equations, and those recommended in literature, was performed. The existing in greenhouse gas inventories models under-estimated methane emissions from animals fed fresh-cut grass at maintenance while the new models, using the same predictors, improved prediction accuracy. Error in methane outputs prediction was decreased when grass nutrient, metabolisable energy and digestible organic matter concentrations were added as predictors to equations already containing dry matter or energy intakes, possibly because they explain feed digestibility and the type of energy-supplying nutrients more efficiently. Predictions based on readily available farm-level data, such as liveweight and grass nutrient concentrations were also generated and performed satisfactorily. New models may be recommended for predictions of methane emissions from grazing cattle at maintenance or low feeding levels.

Sinergias nas fusões e aquisições do setor de educação superior no Brasil

Fusões e aquisições são um fenômeno relevante na economia e estão se tornando cada vez mais presentes no Brasil também. Entre os diferentes setores econômicos nos quais a estratégia de crescimento aquisitivo tem sido implementadas, a educação superior privada merece destaque, não apenas pela frequência de transações, mas também pelo porte de algumas delas, colocando as empresas líderes do mercado brasileiro entre as maiores instituições do mundo. O presente trabalho objetiva entender por que essas empresa têm adotado tal estratégia, ao invés de simplesmente se basearem no crescimento orgânico. A tentativa de responder a essa questão levou à proposta de uma hipótese que sugere que existem motivações econômicas para a ocorrência deste fato. Em outras palavras, a hipótese que o trabalho busca testar é que existem sinergias nas transações realizadas no setor de educação superior no Brasil, bem como que estas sinergias têm sido convertidas em ganhos econômicos para as empresas adquirentes e para os seus acionistas. Para tanto, o presente trabalho primeiramente apresenta uma revisão da literatura do tema de fusões e aquisição e também uma visão sobre o setor brasileiro de educação superior, incluindo sua evolução, regulamentação e outras informações relevantes para apoiar um entendimento mais profundo sobre o fenômeno estudado. Em seguida, baseando-se na metodologia proposta, o trabalho foca no teste de sua hipótese, através da identificação das sinergias específicas presentes no setor e nas empresas selecionadas (Anhanguera, Estácio e Kroton) e da análise de como estas sinergias estão sendo traduzidas em seus resultados econômicos. Finalmente, com base nas evidências geradas por tais discussões, são providas conclusões relativas à veracidade da hipótese.

Reflexões e contribuições para o ensino de gravitação clássica no nível médio

The subject of Classic Gravitation is part of the actual curriculum for High School in Brazil, and it is taught in the first year of that education level. This master thesis presents a research regarding the subject Classic Gravitation in High School. This research was based in two complementary guidelines of research and action. The first guideline was the analysis of 21 didactic books of physics which are the more frequently used in High School, in the city of Natal/RN. The second guideline, worked after being verified the most common deficiencies presents in the didactic books, was the elaboration, followed by a practical application, of a course suggesting how to approach that subject in the classroom. The Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (National Curricular Parameters for High School PCNEM) defend that Classic Gravitation is very important in the student s formation and that its study helps the comprehension of many nature s phenomena. Because of this vision of that subject by the PCNEM, the 21 analyzed books were separated in two groups: the first one, containing 10 books, was edited before the spreading of PCNEM, and the second, with 11 books, after that spreading. Whatever the group to which the didactic books belonged, the great majority of them let that subject in a second plan; two of them even suggesting, in the teacher s orientations, that the subject Gravitation can be suppressed in case of insufficient time . These analyses points that the PCNEM had produced no changes in the conception of the authors that wrote books regarding that subject. To analyze the didactic books, we elaborated a script which was used as an analysis tool, in which we put in evidence the relative importance of the historic and philosophic contextualization of the subject, the quotidian experience of the students and the interdisciplinary approach, among other aspects. It became evident that the didactic books give very little emphasis to historic aspects of the knowledge construction, to the relations with the day-by-day questions and to the interdisciplinary character of the subject Gravitation. It calls attention the non concordance among the authors opinions regarding the necessary previous knowledge or prerequisites the students should fulfill in order to begin to study Gravitation. The course we elaborated was given to a group of teachers as well as to students. In those courses we treated theoretical and practical aspects and emphasized historical questions and the ones which are related to people s daily life. The course for teachers was realized as an extra-mural activity of the UFRN and was given by the author of this thesis at the Escola Estadual Francisco Ivo Cavalcanti (a state public school in Natal/RN). There were 23 teachers present, from several public schools and several fields of knowledge. The thesis supervisor and the master degree s colleagues of the author acted as collaborators , reporting the participants opinions and speeches. The course to the students, on the other hand, had the participation of 300 regular students who belonged to 6 different 1st year classes of the High School Escola Marista de Natal (RN), in which the author acts as a physics teacher. The student s course was realized as part of the regular curriculum activities, in which three classes stood under the responsibility of the author and other three classes in charge of another Marista s teacher, who participated as a collaborator . The teacher s course as well as the students one were given in two stages, with five hours each. The first stage was divided in two moments, the first one focused on the survey of the spontaneous conceptions about gravitation, in which we worked basically with experiments of free throwing and pendulum, and the second one focused in theoretical presentations and quarrels about universe s models. In the second stage of the course we improved the study of Kepler s laws and the Newton s Universal Gravitation law, and we used as motivating tools some practices involving the construction of the solar system in scale. As instruments for evaluating both courses we used questionnaires and reported the speeches with participants opinions, beyond usual written evaluations in the course for the students. The teachers who participated in the course showed very good wills in realizing interdisciplinary practices; nevertheless, according their own speeches, they frequently came across the difficulty of how to do . From the experience we had in both courses, we conclude that the approach we propose hear to the teaching of the subject Classic Gravitation , supported on the tripod theory, practice and historical and philosophical aspects, is viable and effective. One hopes that this research may contribute in the formation of a opinion, among the teachers, concerning how to approach the subject of Classic Gravitation, and may offer suggestions in order those who want to apply that approach may develop classroom practices aiming to improve the teaching of that subject, which has a singular importance in the formation of High School students

As sociedades antiescravistas na cidade de São Paulo (1850-1871)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Em nome de Deus, amém!: mulheres, escravos, famílias e heranças através dos testamentos em Belém do Grão-Pará na primeira metade do século XIX

A presente dissertação pretende investigar as estratégias de mulheres, escravos, ex-escravos e homens livres, percebendo a configuração da manutenção de seu patrimônio e a administração de seu lar, a partir do viés da distribuição de bens na cidade Belém do Grão-Pará, na primeira metade do século XIX. Assim, perceber, através dos testamentos do período de 1800-1850, os espaços, papéis e encargos das mulheres e escravos na transmissão de bens. As mulheres que assumiam a manutenção do lar desempenhavam funções culturalmente masculinas e, sozinhas, passavam a prover o lar na parte econômica e educacional de suas famílias. Outro enfoque de análise refere-se à presença dos cativos nos testamentos, o que é imprescindível para esboçar um panorama do valor econômico e social dos escravos. Também, é importante compreender as diversas utilizações dos escravos para os senhores no ato da confecção do testamento. Desta forma, se procura elucidar quais critérios eram utilizados para a descrição dos bens (escravos), abordando as concessões de liberdade feitas através dos testamentos. Faz-se relevante abordar a dinâmica que envolveu homens e mulheres durante o fazer de seus testamentos. Este estudo possibilita reverberar sobre o cotidiano dos moradores da cidade de Belém do Grão-Pará e suas últimas disposições durante o ato de testar.

O longo caminho dos Corrêa de Miranda no século XIX: um estudo sobre família, poder e economia

Este trabalho está inserido na temática da História da Família e tem como objetivo discutir a trajetória da família Corrêa de Miranda durante o século XIX, atentando para as suas atividades econômicas, políticas e as relações sociais que foram tecidas ao longo da centúria. Através do cruzamento de diversos tipos de fontes históricas como: inventários, testamentos, jornais, relatórios de presidentes da província, relatos de cronistas, dentre outros documentos, atentaremos para as ações de seus membros em localidades como Igarapé-Miri, Abaetetuba, Belém e Soure. Destarte, serão apresentadas as especificidades que os Corrêa de Miranda apresentaram em comparação a outras famílias tradicionais do cenário paraense oitocentista.

Browne Family Papers - Accession 646

The Browne Family Papers consist mainly of incoming correspondence (mainly from the 1840s to the 1850s) of Newton Browne and Jane Morris Browne from various relatives, together with deeds, wills, indentures, land plats, photographs, and various other papers concerning the Browne Family of Anderson County, South Carolina, but also includes information on the allied families of Breazeale, Carpenter, Dobbins, Gunnin, Hillhouse, McFall, McGregor, and Morris.

Jimmie E. Nunnery Family Papers - Accession 1353

The Jimmie E. Nunnery Papers consists of correspondence, death certificates, certificate for administrator of estate, court petition for name change, birth certificates, other various certificates, photographs, high school diploma, plaques, marriage license, legal agreements, wills, newspapers, invitations to graduation, passport, property maps, genealogical information, school programs, recipes, church brochures, boy scout patches, report cards, drawings, records from the House of Representatives, stationary, SC legislative manuals, florist magazine, Kodak movie film, various books, American flag, recording tape, cemetery booklet, family bulletin, high school yearbook, and a scrapbook of time spent in the House of Representatives.

Dacus Family Papers - Accession 251 - M106 (136)

The Dacus Family Papers consist of a brief family history prepared by Mrs. James E. Rugg, together with wills and claims of Nathaniel Dacus (born around 1749 and died around 1831) of Greenville District, SC, and correspondence relating to the family history.

EC77-865 Have It Your Way By Making A Will

Making a will is not the sad and gloomy picture painted by some people. Quite the contrary! A person who makes a will is creating his or her own blueprint for the future. A will, like life insurance, social security, or retirement plans, provides security and peace of mind. The person who has a will made can rest assured that property and loved ones will be taken care of precisely in the manner he or she desires. This publication presents basic information about wills, one of the most important documents a person can make or possess. This information can be useful both to those who have already made a will and those who have not.

La governance della società di capitale a base familiare: "Protocolo Familiar" e Patti di Famiglia

Family businesses have acquired a very specific gravity in the economy of occidental countries, generating most of the employment and the richness for the last ages. In Spain Family Businesses represent the 65% about the total of enterprises with 1,5 million companies. They give employment to 8 million people, the 80% of the private employment and develop the 65% of the Spanish GNP (Gross National Product). Otherwise, the family business needs a complete law regulation that gives satisfaction to their own necessities and challenges. These companies have to deal with national or international economic scene to assure their permanency and competitiveness. In fact, the statistics about family companies have a medium life of 35 years. European family businesses success their successor process between a 10 and 25%. It’s said: first generation makes, second generation stays, third generation distributes. In that sense, the Recommendation of the European Commission of December 7º 1994 about the succession of the small and medium companies has reformed European internal orders according to make easier successor process and to introduce practices of family companies’ good government. So, the Italian law, under the 14th Law, February 2006, has reformed its Covil Code, appearing a new concept, called “Patto di famiglia”, wich abolish the prohibition as laid dwon in the 458 article about successors’ agreements, admitting the possibility that testator guarantees the continuity of the company or of the family society, giving it, totally or in part, to one or various of its descendents. On other hand, Spain has promulgated the 17th Royal Decree (9th February 2007), that governs the publicity of family agreements (Protocolos familiars). These “protocolo familiar” (Family Agreement) are known as accord of wills, consented and accepted unanimously of all the family members and the company, taking into account recommendations and practices of family company’s good government.

History of Medicine Schedule and Abstracts 2009-2010

From Genes to Genome: An historical perspective (David Wheeler) Ignaz Semmelweis: Medical Prophet Without Honor (Ronald L. Young) Why Lewis Thomas, MD is Not a Bore: The Life of a Biology Watcher (Steven Greenberg) Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans (Vivien Spitz) Illuminating Autism: Passing the Torch from the Twentieth Century (Student Essay Contest Winners) (Lynn Yudofsky) Healing Beyond Hippocrates: The Temples of Asclepius and Public Health Care in Ancient Greece (Andrew Baldwin) Iron Wills and Iron Lungs: The Polio Years in Texas (Heather Green Wooten) William Osler and the Inspirational Uses of History (Michael Bliss) Working Too Hard and Achieving Too Much: The Cost of Being Harvey Cushing (Michael Bliss) Medicine in Ancient Egypt (Gene Boisaubin) The History of Diabetes (Jeff Unger)

Endstation Notfallstation: Perzeption und Rezeption des Begriffs «palliativer Patient» sowie Ansätze zur Verbesserung der interdisziplinären Zusammenarbeit – ein Survey unter notfallmedizinischem Personal auf einer Schweizer Notfallstation

Hintergrund: Wegen sich verändernder Strukturen im Spitalbereich sowie im Bereich der Hausarztabdeckung als auch infolge zunehmenden Drucks auf das Gesundheitssystem kommen mehr Patienten auf die Notfallstationen, die aufgrund ihrer Grunderkrankung und des fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsstadiums von einem palliativen Behandlungskonzept profitieren. Eine wesentliche Herausforderung ist hierbei bereits die Definition von «Palliative Care» (PC), sowie die Klärung, was genau die palliative Versorgung beinhaltet. Häufig vermischt wird der Terminus «Palliative Care» mit «End of life care». Die vorliegende Studie ist eine Standortbestimmung im Universitären Notfallzentrum des Inselspitals Bern (UNZ), das jährlich rund 32 400 Patienten versorgt. Ziel ist es, mehr über den Wissensstand und die persönliche Einstellung der Mitarbeiter zu palliativen Fragestellungen und speziell zum Begriff «Palliative Care» zu erhalten. Methodik: Die Mitarbeiter des Universitären Notfallzentrums des Inselspitals Bern (UNZ) wurden mittels einer Online-Umfrage durch eine spitalexterne Fachinstitution interviewt. Diese Befragung basiert auf einem Instrument [1], das in einer vergleichbaren Studie auf einer Notfallstation in den USA entwickelt und validiert wurde. Resultate: Von 154 Mitarbeitenden (Pflege und Ärzte) füllten 60 Mitarbeitende die Befragung vollständig aus, entsprechend einer Antwortrate von 39%. Die Definition von Palliative Care (von n=60) war sehr heterogen und konnte in sechs Themenbereiche eingeteilt werden. Bei den Fragen nach spezifischen Leistungsangeboten äusserten die Mitarbeitenden den Wunsch nach einem erleichterten Zugang zu bestehenden Patientendaten, nach einem 24-Stunden-Palliative-Care-Konsiliardienst und nach mehr Besprechungszeit für Fragestellungen der PC im klinischen Alltag. Schlussfolgerungen: Die heterogene Begriffsdefinition von «Palliative Care» bestätigt sich. Es besteht kein klares Vorgehen, und zudem lässt sich ein Zeitmangel für ausführliche Patientengespräche in palliativen Situationen im UNZ feststellen. Der Patientenwunsch oder Patientenverfügungen mit DNR/DNI-Prozedere stehen nicht im Widerspruch zu den persönlichen Wertvorstellungen der meisten Mitarbeitenden. Die 24-Stunden-Verfügbarkeit eines spezialisierten PC-Teams, das Erarbeiten von Guidelines und vermehrtes Training für PC würde von den UNZ-Mitarbeitenden begrüsst.