An analysis of the systemic aspects of rights training for people with intellectual disabilities

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) as a group have been subject to abuse. Individuals with ID need to be made aware of their rights. The 3Rs: Rights, Respect and Responsibility Human Rights Project is promoting rights awareness in individuals with ID, their caregivers and family members. To be effeCtive, abuse prevention must include support from the whole organization and its processes. This research evaluated the impact of the 3Rs initiative on the organization. It focused particularly on descriptions of organizational change perceived by full-time staff and managers in response to the initiation of the 3Rs Project. Behavioural interviews were conducted and a thematic analysis was used to describe changes in the organizational culture and behavioural mechanisms maintaining these changes. Systemic barriers to change were also explored. The results indicate that the Association is effectively implementing and supporting the rights-based philosophy.

Comparaison des réponses physiologiques lors d’un exercice incrémental maximal sur vélo immergé et sur terrain sec : aspects biomécaniques, cardiopulmonaires et hémodynamiques.

L’exercice en immersion dans l'eau peut générer des réponses hémodynamiques et cardiorespiratoires différentes à celles de l’exercice sur terraine sec. Cependant, aucune étude n’a comparé ces réponses sur vélo aquatique (VA) à celles sur vélo sur terrain sec (VS) à une même puissance mécanique externe (Pext). À cet égard, le premier travail de cette thèse visait, d’abord, à trouver les équivalences de Pext lors du pédalage sur VA en immersion à la poitrine par rapport au VS au laboratoire, en considérant que cela restait non déterminé à ce jour. Une équation de mécanique des fluides fut utilisée pour calculer la force déployée pour le système de pédalage (pales, leviers, pédales) et des jambes à chaque tour de pédale. Ensuite, cette force totale a été multipliée par la vitesse de pédalage pour estimer la Pext sur VA. Ayant trouvé les équivalences de Pext sur VA et VS, nous nous sommes fixés comme objectif dans la deuxième étude de comparer les réponses hémodynamiques et cardiorespiratoires lors d'un exercice maximal progressif sur VS par rapport au VA à une même Pext. Les résultats ont montré que le VO2 (p<0.0001) et la différence artério-veineuse (C(a-v)O2) (p<0.0001) étaient diminués lors de l’exercice sur VA comparativement à celui sur VS. Parmi les variables hémodynamiques, le volume d’éjection systolique (VES) (p˂0.05) et le débit cardiaque (Qc) (p˂0.05) étaient plus élevés sur VA. En plus, on nota une diminution significative de la fréquence cardiaque (FC) (p˂0.05). Étant donné qu’à une même Pext les réponses physiologiques sont différentes sur VA par rapport à celles sur VS, nous avons effectué une troisième étude pour établir la relation entre les différentes expressions de l'intensité relative de l'exercice (% du VO2max,% de la FCmax,% du VO2 de réserve (% de VO2R) et % de la FC réserve (% FCR)). Les résultats ont démontré que la relation % FCR vs % VO2R était la plus corrélée (régression linéaire) et la plus proche de la ligne d’identité. Ces résultats pourraient aider à mieux prescrire et contrôler l’intensité de l'exercice sur VA pour des sujets sains. Finalement, une dernière étude comparant la réactivation parasympathique après un exercice maximal incrémental effectué sur VA et VS en immersion au niveau de la poitrine a montré que la réactivation parasympathique à court terme était plus prédominante sur VA (i,e. t, delta 10 à delta 60 et T30, p<0.05). Cela suggérait, qu’après un exercice maximal sur VA, la réactivation parasympathique à court terme était accélérée par rapport à celle après l'effort maximal sur VS chez de jeunes sujets sains. En conclusion, nous proposons une méthode de calcul de la puissance mécanique externe sur VA en fonction de la cadence de pédalage. Nous avons démontré que pendant l’exercice sur VA les réponses hémodynamiques et cardiorespiratoires sont différentes de celles sur VS à une même Pext et nous proposons des équations pour le calcul du VO2 dans l’eau ainsi qu’une méthode pour la prescription et le contrôle de l’exercice sur VA. Finalement, la réactivation parasympathique à court terme s’est trouvée accélérée après un effort maximal incrémental sur VA comparativement à celle sur VS.

STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF OSMOREGULATION IN TWO INTERTIDAL BIVALVE MOLLUSCS

Division of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Prevalencia de obesidad y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud - universidad del Quindío - 2013

ANTECEDENTES: En Colombia, reportes del año 2010 de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación en Nutrición ENSIN 2010(2), muestran uno de cada dos colombianos, presentan un índice de masa corporal mayor al esperado (3) METODO: El presente estudio de corte transversal, determino la prevalencia de obesidad y otros factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población de estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud de una Universidad regional en el primer periodo académico del año 2013. El tamaño de muestra fue n=113 sujetos que corresponden 60,5% a la carrera de medicina y 39,95% a enfermería. Con el fin de conocer su comportamiento con respecto a hábitos y estilos de vida específicos como el consumo de alcohol, el consumo de tabaco y el sedentarismo, así como su asociación a eventos inflamatorios relacionados con la fisiopatología de los procesos de salud asociados al peso, por medio de instrumentos de medición clínica, antropométrica y sérica, determino un modelo estadístico propicio para entender el comportamiento de la obesidad y la enfermedad Cardiovascular RESULTADOS: La prevalencia estimada de sobrepeso y obesidad por Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), fue del 27,7% (IC 95%: 19.9%,37.2%); por el perímetro abdominal (OBPABD) se encontró una prevalencia estimada del 27,4% (IC 95%: 19,9% – 36,4%), y la prevalencia con el Índice Cintura Cadera (OBICC) fue de 3,5% (IC 95%:1,3% – 9,3%). CONCLUSIONES: La presencia de hábitos no saludables y la presencia de sobrepeso y obesidad se considera que es necesario en primera instancia una valoración general de estado nutricional de los universitarios de las diferentes facultados y plantear estrategias preventivas ya que la literatura documenta los efectos de los hábitos no saludables sino además documenta los efectos de la prevención de la misma ya que en si se ha encontrado asociación para enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se propone que para obtener mayor información del comportamiento de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares se deberían realizar estudios retrospectivos en el que intervengan las demás carreras de la universidad y poder evaluar la totalidad de población universitaria

Exercise and Training at Altitudes: Physiological Effects and Protocols

An increase in altitude leads to a proportional fall in the barometric pressure, and a decrease in atmospheric oxygen pressure, producing hypobaric hypoxia that affects, in different degrees, all body organs, systems and functions. The chronically reduced partial pressure of oxygen causes that individuals adapt and adjust to physiological stress. These adaptations are modulated by many factors, including the degree of hypoxia related to altitude, time of exposure, exercise intensity and individual conditions. It has been established that exposure to high altitude is an environmental stressor that elicits a response that contributes to many adjustments and adaptations that influence exercise capacity and endurance performance. These adaptations include in crease in hemoglobin concentration, ventilation, capillary density and tissue myoglobin concentration. However, a negative effect in strength and power is related to a decrease in muscle fiber size and body mass due to the decrease in the training intensity. Many researches aim at establishing how training or living at high altitudes affects performance in athletes. Training methods, such as living in high altitudes training low, and training high-living in low altitudes have been used to research the changes in the physical condition in athletes and how the physiological adaptations to hypoxia can enhanceperformance at sea level. This review analyzes the literature related to altitude training focused on how physiological adaptations to hypoxic environments influence performance, and which protocols are most frequently used to train in high altitudes.

Endurance training induces depot-specific changes in IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio in rat adipose tissue

White adipose tissue (WAT) is the source of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and recently, it has been recognized as an important source of interleukin 10 (IL-10). Acute physical exercise is known to induce an anti-inflammatory cytokine profile, however, the effect of chronic physical exercise on the production of IL-10 by WAT has never been examined. We assessed IL-10 and TNF-alpha concentration in WAT of rats engaged in endurance training. Animals were randomly assigned to either a sedentary control group (S, n = 7) or an endurance trained group (T, n = 8). Trained rats ran on a treadmill 5 days/wk for 8 wk (55-65% VO(2max). Detection of IL-10 and TNF-alpha protein and mRNA expression, as well as the gene expression of PPAR-gamma, and immunocytochemistry to detect mononuclear phagocytes were carried out. A reduction in absolute retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) weight in T (44%; p < 0.01), when compared with S was observed. IL-10 concentration was increased (1.5-fold, p < 0.05), to a higher extent than that of TNF-alpha (66%. p < 0.05) in the mesenteric adipose tissue (MEAT) of the trained group, while no change related to training was observed in RPAT. In MEAT, IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio was increased in T, when compared with S (30%; p < 0.05). PPAR-gamma gene expression was increased in T (1.1-fold; p < 0.01), when compared with S in the same adipose depot. No monocyte infiltration was found. In conclusion, exercise training induced increased IL-10 expression in the mesenteric depot, resulting in a modified IL-10/TNF-alpha ratio. We also conclude that WAT presents a depot-specific response to endurance training regarding the studied aspects. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Vaginal weight cone versus assisted pelvic floor muscle training in the treatment of female urinary incontinence. A prospective, single-blind, randomized trial

Vaginal weight cone (VWC) versus assisted pelvic floor muscle training (APFMT) in the treatment of urinary incontinence (UI) in women.One hundred three incontinent women were randomly distributed into two groups: group G1 (n = 51) treated with VWC and G2 (n = 52), APFMT. The following parameters were performed initially and after treatment: (1) clinical questionnaire, (2) visual analogue scale (VAS), (3) 60-min pad test, and (4) subjective and objective assessment of pelvic floor muscle (PFM).There was a significant decrease in nocturia and urine loss after treatment in both groups (p < 0.05). In VAS, there was a significant improvement of all parameters in both groups (p < 0.05). The pad test showed significant decrease in both groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase of PFM strength in both groups (p < 0.05).There was no difference between groups treated with VWC and APFMT.

PHYSIOLOGICAL and NEUROMUSCULAR PROFILE DURING A BODYPUMP SESSION: ACUTE RESPONSES DURING A HIGH-RESISTANCE TRAINING SESSION

Oliveira, AS, Greco, CC, Pereira, MP, Figueira, TR, de Araujo Ruas, VD, Goncalves, M, and Denadai, BS. Physiological and neuromuscular profile during a Bodypump session: acute responses during a high-resistance training session. J Strength Cond Res 23(2): 579-586, 2009-The main purposes of this study were 1) to describe and to compare blood lactate ([La]), heart rate (HR), and electromyographic (EMG) parameters during high-repetition training sessions (HRTSs), 2) to analyze the influence of physical fitness levels in these parameters, and, 3) to analyze the relationship between metabolic ([La]) and neuromuscular (EMG) responses during the HRTS. Fifteen healthy untrained women (21.7 +/- 2.1 years) performed an HRTS called Bodypump for 1 hour, which incorporated the use of variable free weights and high repetitions in a group setting. This session involved 10 music selections (M1-M10) containing resistive exercises for different muscle groups. After music selections 2 (M2), 4 (M4), 6 (M6), 7 (M7), and 9 (M9), [La], HR, and EMG (vastus medialis [VM], vastus lateralis [VL], iliocostalis lumborum [IC], and longissimus thoracis <) were determined. The [La] (M2, 4.00 +/- 1.45 mM; M7, 5.02 +/- 1.73 mM) and HR (M2, 153.64 +/- 18.89 bpm; M7, 16.14 +/- 20.14 bpm) obtained at M2 and M7 were similar but were significantly higher than the other moments of the session. However, EMG (root mean square [RMS]) at M2 (VL, VM, and LT) was lower than at M7. There was no significant correlation of strength and aerobic physical fitness with [La], RMS. In the same way, there was no significant correlation of [La] with RMS at M2 and M7. on the basis of our data, we can conclude that metabolic, cardiovascular, and EMG variables present different and independent behavior during an HRTS. Accordingly, for neuromuscular conditions during HRTS, it seems to be enough to induce improvement in the muscular strength of inferior limbs in untrained subjects.

Psychological, biochemical and physiological responses of Brazilian soccer players during a training program

Aims of the study. - The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of the physiological, biochemical and psychological parameters in Brazilian soccer players during a training program.Materials. - Fifteen athletes were evaluated at the beginning (T1), in the middle (T2) and at the end (T3) of the training program. on the first day, at 7:30 am, before the blood collecting at rest for the determination of serum creatine kinase (CK), serum creatinine and serum urea, the athletes had their psychological parameters assessed by the profile of mood state questionnaire (POMS). After 90 min, they performed a 250-m sprint. on the second day at 8:30 am, the athletes had their alactic anaerobic performance measured and, after 40 min, they completed the aerobic test. Friedman test was used to verify the behavior of overtraining markers.Results. - There was a decrease in vigor score in T3 (p=0.01) compared with T1 and T2. In T3 (p=0.01), the athletes also showed an increase in serum creatinine levels compared to T1. Furthermore, in the same period, we verified a diminishing in the team performance.Conclusion. - The training program developed between T2 and T3 led to the fall of the vigor score, the increase in serum creatinine concentrations and the diminishing in team performance. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Effects of physical training on the immune system in diabetic rats

Aims: This study aims to investigate the influence of physical training on the immune system of diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were distributed into Sedentary Control (SC), Trained Control (TC), Sedentary Diabetic (SD) and Trained Diabetic (TD) groups were used. Diabetes was induced by alloxan (32 mg/bw-i.v.). Training protocol consisted of swimming, at 32 18C, one hour/day, five days/week, supporting an overload equivalent to 5 of the body weight, during four weeks. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed by decapitation and blood samples were collected for glucose, insulin, albumin, hematocrit determinations, total and differential leukocyte counting. Additionally, liver samples for glycogen analyses were obtained. Results: The results were analyzed by one way at a significance level of 5. Diabetes reduced blood insulin, liver glycogen stores and increased blood glucose and neutrophil count. Physical training restored glycemia, liver glycogen levels, neutrophils and lymphocytes count in diabetic rats. Conclusions: In summary, physical training was able to improve metabolic and immunological aspects in the experimental diabetic rats.