UV determination of epinephrine, uric acid, and acetaminophen in pharmaceutical formulations and some human body fluids using multivariate calibration

In this work, a spectrophotometric methodology was applied in order to determine epinephrine (EP), uric acid (UA), and acetaminophen (AC) in pharmaceutical formulations and spiked human serum, plasma, and urine by using a multivariate approach. Multivariate calibration methods such as partial least squares (PLS) methods and its derivates were used to obtain a model for simultaneous determination of EP, UA and AC with good figures of merit and mixture design was in the range of 1.8 - 35.3, 1.7 - 16.8, and 1.5 - 12.1 µg mL-1. The 2nd derivate PLS showed recoveries of 95.3 - 103.3, 93.3 - 104.0, and 94.0 - 105.5 µg mL-1 for EP, UA, and AC, respectively.

Simultaneous determination of four phenolic compounds in extracts of aerial parts of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. (Convolvulaceae) by HPLC-UV

Among other applications, Ipomoea pes-caprae is popularly used to treat jellyfish stings, supporting the development of a product for dermatological use. Hydroethanolic spray-dried extract was chosen for the further development of phytomedicines, and a stability-indicative HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of isoquercitrin and isochlorogenic acids A, B and C. The method was developed using a C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with an acetonitrile:water mobile phase at pH 3.0 in a gradient run. The four constituents and other unidentified components of the extract were appropriately resolved without interference of degradation products after stress tests (acid, alkali, neutral, oxidant, photolysis). The method showed linearity in the isoquercitrin concentration range from 5.0-50.0 µg mL-1, with adequate precision (RSD% < 2.5% for the intra- and inter-day studies), accuracy (recovery of 100.0 ± 2.0%), and robustness. Both the herbal drug and spray-dried extract of I. pes-caprae were subjected to stability studies in accelerated and long-term conditions over four months. The samples maintained their characteristics and marker contents (< 10% of variation).

CHARACTERIZING THE MECHANISM OF QUETIAPINE DISTRIBUTION IN LIPID-CORE NANOCAPSULES PSEUDO-PHASES USING A VALIDATED LC/UV METHOD

Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic used to treat schizophrenia. However, despite great interest for its chronic therapeutic use, quetiapine has some important side effects such as weight gain induction. The development of a quetiapine nanocarrier can potentially target the drug into central nervous system, resulting in a reduction of systemic side effects and improved patient treatment. In the present work, a simple liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection (LC/UV) analytical method was developed and validated for quantification of total quetiapine content in lipid core nanocapsules as well as for determination of incorporation efficiency. An algorithm proposed by Oliveira et al. (2012) was applied to characterize the distribution of quetiapine in the pseudo-phases of the nanocarrier, leading to a better understanding of the quetiapine nanoparticles produced. The analytical methodology developed was specific, linear in the range of 0.5 to 100 µg mL−1 (r2 > 0,99), and accurate and precise (R.S.D < ±5%). The absolute recovery of quetiapine from the nanoparticles was approximately 98% with an incorporation efficiency of approximately 96%. The results indicated that quetiapine was present in a type III distribution according to the algorithm, and was mainly located in the core of the nanoparticle because of its logD in the formulation pH (6.86 ± 0.4).

MCR-ALS APLICADO NO MONITORAMENTO QUANTITATIVO DO PROCESSO DE ELETRODEGRADAÇÃO DA ATRAZINA USANDO ESPECTROS UV: RESULTADOS COMPARATIVOS COM HPLC-DAD COMO UM MÉTODO DE REFERÊNCIA

Electrodegradation of atrazine in water was performed using homemade (PA and PB) and purchased (PC) boron-doped diamond anodes. The degradation was monitored off-line by analyzing total organic carbon and high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) and at-line by UV spectroscopy. The spectra were recorded every 2 min. The rank deficiency problem was resolved by assembling an augmented column-wise matrix. HPLC was employed to separate the original and byproducts degradation components. Aiming the same goal, multivariate curve resolution - alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) was applied to resolve the UV spectroscopic data. Comparison between HPLC and MCR-ALS separations is presented. By using MCR-ALS the spectra of atrazine and two byproducts were successfully resolved and the resulted concentration profiles properly represented the system studied. The ALS explained variance (R2) for PA, PB and PC was equal to 99.99% for all of them and the lack of fit for PA, PB and PC were 0.39, 0.34 and 0.54 respectively. The correlation (R) between the recovered and pure spectra were calculate for each electrodegradation, validating the MCR-ALS results. The average R was equal to 0.997. The spectral and concentration profiles described with this new approach are in agreement with HPLC-DAD results. The proposed method is an alternative to classical analyses for monitoring of the degradation process, mainly due to the simplicity, fast results and economy.

Efeito da irradiação UV-C no controle da podridão parda (Monilinia fructicola) e da podridão mole (Rhizopus stolonifer) em pós-colheita de pêssegos

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da irradiação UV-C no controle in vitro de Monilinia fructicola e Rhizopus stolonifer e no controle das doenças causadas por estes fungos em pêssegos inoculados com ferimento. No experimento in vitro, avaliou-se o crescimento micelial dos fungos em meio BDA após a exposição nas doses de UV-C de 0, 0,26, 0,52, 1,04, 3,13, 5,22, 10,44, 15,66, e 31,32 kJ.m-2 num equipamento com quatro lâmpadas com taxa de fluência de 1,74 mW.cm-2. Nos experimentos in vivo, os frutos foram tratados com irradiação UV-C de forma protetora e curativa. No tratamento protetor, os frutos foram expostos a 1,04 kJ.m-2 por 1 min. e foram inoculados imediatamente após e 16, 24 e 40 h após. No tratamento curativo, os frutos foram inoculados, incubados e irradiados com doses de UV-C de 0, 1,04, 5,22, 10,44, 15,66 e 31,32 kJ.m². Avaliou-se a incidência das doenças e a severidade da podridão parda. No experimento in vitro, apenas as doses aplicadas durante 1 e 10 min. de exposição reduziram o crescimento micelial de M. fructicola enquanto que a aplicação da luz UV-C entre 10-15 minutos reduziu o crescimento micelial de R. stolonifer e a dose aplicada durante 30 minutos inibiu completamente o crescimento micelial deste fungo. Não houve efeito protetor da luz UV-C no controle das doenças. Não houve controle curativo da podridão parda. A irradiação UV-C foi eficiente no controle curativo da podridão mole e o tempo de exposição de 10 min. foi o que apresentou melhor resultado.

Photoinhibition of Photosystem II. Kinetics, Photoprotection and Mechanism

Photosystem II (PSII) is susceptible to light-induced damage defined as photoinhibition. In natural conditions, plants are capable of repairing the photoinhibited PSII by on-going degradation and re-synthesis of the D1 reaction centre protein of PSII. Photoinhibition is induced by both visible and ultraviolet light and photoinhibition occurs under all light intensities with the same efficiency per photon. In my thesis work, I studied the reaction kinetics and mechanism of photoinhibition of PSII, as well as photoprotection in leaves of higher plants. Action spectroscopy was used to identify photoreceptors of photoinhibition. I found that the action spectrum of photoinhibition in vivo shows resemblance to the absorption spectra of manganese model compounds of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) suggesting a role for manganese as a photoreceptor of photoinhibition under UV and visible light. In order to study the protective effect of non-photochemical quenching, the action spectrum was measured from leaves of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana and two mutants impaired in nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll a excitations. The findings of action spectroscopy and simulations of chlorophyll-based photoinhibition mechanisms suggested that quenching of antenna excitations protects less efficiently than would be expected if antenna chlorophylls were the only photoreceptors of photoinhibition. The reaction kinetics of prolonged photoinhibition was studied in leaves of Cucurbita maxima and Capsicum annuum. The results indicated that photoinhibitory decrease in both the oxygen evolution activity and ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence follows firstorder kinetics in vivo. The persistence of first-order kinetics suggests that already photoinhibited reaction centres do not protect against photoinhibition and that the mechanism of photoinhibition does not have a reversible intermediate. When Cucurbita maxima leaves were photoinhibited with saturating single-turnover flashes and continuous light, the light response curve of photoinhibition was found to be essentially a straight line with both types of illumination, suggesting that similar photoinhibition mechanisms might function during illumination with continuous light and during illumination with short flashes.

Puulevystä valmistettujen kalusteosien pintakäsittelyn kehittäminen UV-telalinjalla

Diplomityö tehtiin Kidex Oy:lle, joka on Kiteellä sijaitseva Martela-konsernin tytäryhtiö. Kidex Oy toimii sopimusvalmistajana Martelalle sekä muille valituille levykalusteasiakkaille, ja tuotteet ovat pääasiassa toimisto- ja keittiökalusteita. Kevättalvella 2008 yritykseen siirrettiin Nummelasta pintakäsittelyosasto, jolla on tehty petsaus- ja lakkaustöitä. Näiden lisäksi tehtaalla on pohdittu mahdollisuuksia maalaustöihin, jotta UV-telalinjan kapasiteetti saataisiin paremmin käyttöön Työssä selvitettiin, mitä muutoksia UV-kovettuvilla aineilla maalaaminen vaatii linjaan ja luotiin edellytykset maalaustoiminnan aloittamiselle. Muutokset pyrittiin pitämään niin vähäisinä kuin mahdollista. Lisäksi määritettiin maalattavien tuotteiden laadun kriteerit ja todennusmenetelmät, jotka voidaan viestiä asiakkaille väärinkäsitysten välttämiseksi. Laadun todentamista varten valmistettiin sarja koekappaleita, joista mitattiin asiakkaan kannalta tärkeimmät maalikalvon ominaisuudet. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös pintakäsittelylaitoksia koskevaa VOC-asetusta ja verrattiin liuottimien kulutusta asetuksen määrittämiin rajoihin. Puulevystä valmistettujen kalusteosien pintakäsittely UV-telalinjalla eroaa oleellisesti perinteisistä menetelmistä esimerkiksi tuotantonopeuden osalta, joka johtuu pääasiassa pinnoitekalvon hetkessä tapahtuvasta kovettumisesta UV-valon vaikutuksesta. UV-aineet ovat käytännössä täysin kiinteistä aineista koostuvia, eivätkä näin sisällä vaarallisia haihtuvia liuottimia. UV-kovettuvilla tuotteilla maalaaminen on viime vuosina runsaasti tutkittu alue, joka eroaa tietyiltä osin myös pintakäsittelystä UV-kirkaslakoilla. Pigmentoitujen kalvojen kovettuminen vaatii erilaista UV-säteilyä ja levitysmäärien seuranta on huomattavasti tarkempaa.

Análise do teor de cocaína em amostras apreendidas pela polícia utilizando-se a técnica de cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência com detector UV-Vis

A técnica de CLAE com detecção UV-Vis foi empregada na análise do teor de cocaína em amostras apreendidas de cocaína e crack. Uma fase móvel de acetonitrila/água (95:5v/v) possibilitou um sinal de pico para a cocaína em 3,5 minutos. O sinal espectrofotométrico otimizado foi obtido em um comprimento de onda de 224 nm. A curva analítica de 1,0 a 40,0 ppm para cocaína foi obtida, exibindo um coeficiente de correlação linear de 0,9989, com limites de detecção e quantificação de 0,75 e 3,78 ppm, respectivamente. Esta metodologia foi aplicada na dosagem de amostras confiscadas de cocaína e crack no Laboratório de Polícia Científica de Ribeirão Preto-SP.

Determination of sugars and organic acids in pulp samples by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection

This MSc work was done in the project of BIOMECON financed by Tekes. The prime target of the research was, to develop methods for separation and determination of carbohydrates (sugars), sugar acids and alcohols, and some other organic acids in hydrolyzed pulp samples by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using UV detection. Aspen, spruce, and birch pulps are commonly used for production of papers in Finland. Feedstock components in pulp predominantly consist of carbohydrates, organic acids, lignin, extractives, and proteins. Here in this study, pulps have been hydrolyzed in analytical chemistry laboratories of UPM Company and Lappeenranta University in order to convert them into sugars, acids, alcohols, and organic acids. Foremost objective of this study was to quantify and identify the main and by-products in the pulp samples. For the method development and optimization, increased precision in capillary electrophoresis was accomplished by calculating calibration data of 16 analytes such as D-(-)-fructose, D(+)-xylose, D(+)-mannose, D(+)-cellobiose, D-(+)-glucose, D-(+)-raffinose, D(-)-mannitol, sorbitol, rhamnose, sucrose, xylitol, galactose, maltose, arabinose, ribose, and, α-lactose monohydratesugars and 16 organic acids such as D-glucuronic, oxalic, acetic, propionic, formic, glycolic, malonic, maleic, citric, L-glutamic, tartaric, succinic, adipic, ascorbic, galacturonic, and glyoxylic acid. In carbohydrate and polyalcohol analyses, the experiments with CE coupled to direct UV detection and positive separation polarity was performed in 36 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate electrolyte solution. For acid analyses, CE coupled indirect UV detection, using negative polarity, and electrolyte solution made of 2,3 pyridinedicarboxylic acid, Ca2+ salt, Mg2+ salts, and myristyltrimethylammonium hydroxide in water was used. Under optimized conditions, limits of detection, relative standard deviations and correlation coefficients of each compound were measured. The optimized conditions were used for the identification and quantification of carbohydrates and acids produced by hydrolyses of pulp. The concentrations of the analytes varied between 1 mg – 0.138 g in liter hydrolysate.

Hidrotermia e radiação UV-C no controle de patógenos de manga e melão

As doenças de pós-colheita são, em geral, de difícil controle e são responsáveis por perdas significativas de manga (Mangifera indica L.) e melão (Cucumis melo L.) no Brasil. Os principais patógenos pós-colheita do melão são Alternaria alternata, Fusarium pallidoroseum e Myrothecium roridum, enquanto que na manga são Colletotrichum gloeosporioides e Lasiodiplodia theobromae. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade dos propágulos destes patógenos aos tratamentos de hidrotermia e de radiação UV-C. Suspensões de conídios e discos de micélio de cada patógeno foram submetidos aos tratamentos de hidrotermia a 50, 55 e 58 ºC por 15 e 30 s e de radiação UV-C nas doses de 0,330 kJ m-2, 0,660 kJ m-2 e 1,320 kJ m-2. Após os tratamentos e incubação por 72 e 48 h, foram avaliados o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) e o crescimento micelial dos patógenos, respectivamente. Os tratamentos apresentaram eficiência distinta entre os propágulos e os patógenos. O controle de UFCs e do crescimento micelial de C. gloeosporioides e L. theobromae foi superior a 88 % com água aquecida a 55 ºC ou 58 ºC, independente do tempo de tratamento. Para os mesmos patógenos, a maior dose de radiação, 1,320 kJ m-2, controlou acima de 96 % das UFCs. Entretanto, o controle do crescimento micelial destes patógenos com radiação UV-C foi inferior quando comparado ao uso de água aquecida a 55 ºC ou 58 ºC. O controle de UFCs de A. alternata, M. roridum e F. pallidoroseum foi superior com os tratamentos de água aquecida a 55 ºC por 30 s, 58 ºC por 15 s e 30 s e com as doses de radiação de 0,660 kJ m-2 e 1,320 kJ m-2. O controle do crescimento micelial de A. alternata e de M. roridum foi inferior com as doses de radiação e com a temperatura de 50 ºC quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. Na redução do crescimento micelial de F. pallidoroseum, os tratamentos a 58 ºC ou as doses de 0,660 kJ m-2 e 1,320 kJ m-2 foram mais eficiêntes, com controle superior a 88 %. Água aquecida a 58 ºC por 15 s controlou UFCs e o crescimento micelial dos patógenos testados.

Uv. Lilla slafvinnan ("Ali Baba") : alkusoitto

Soitinnus: orkesteri.

Rasvasuodatus UV-valon avulla

Tämä kandidaatintyö käsittelee rasva-aerosolien vähentämistä liesituulettimissa ultraviolettivalon (UV) ja titaanioksidin avulla (TiO2). Työssä käsitellään rasva-aerosolien aiheuttamia haittoja julkisissa keittiöissä ja liesituulettimen merkitystä rasva-aerosolipitoisuuksiin. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, miten rasva-aerosolit käyttäytyvät kun niitä suodatetaan UV-valon ja TiO2-katalyytin avulla. Työssä myös pohditaan onko UV/TiO2-menetelmä tehokas liesituulettimen rasvan vähentäjä.