CO_2和O_3浓度升高对春小麦活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响

【目的】揭示CO2和O3浓度升高及其复合作用对植物活性氧(ROS)代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响机理。【方法】以春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)为试材,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)研究CO2和O3浓度升高及其复合作用下,春小麦叶片膜脂过氧化程度,活性氧产生速率、含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化。【结果】在整个生育期内,与对照相比,高浓度CO2[(550±20)μmol·mol-1]处理下,春小麦叶片相对电导率、MDA含量减小,产生速率、H2O2含量下降,SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性增强;而在O3浓度为(80±10)nmol·mol-1的条件下,春小麦叶片相对电导率、MDA含量增大,产生速率、H2O2含量升高,SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性总体上有所减弱;CO2和O3浓度升高复合[(550±20)μmol·mol-1+(80±10)nmol·mol-1]处理下,春小麦叶片MDA含量、产生速率和SOD活性总体上低于对照,而相对电导率、H2O2含量以及CAT、POD和APX活性总体上增加。【结论】CO2浓度升高抑制了春小麦叶片活性氧的代谢速率,提高了抗氧化酶的活性,对春小麦表现为保护效应,而O3浓度升高促进了春小麦叶片活性氧的代谢速率,降低了抗氧化酶的活性,对春小麦表现为伤害效应。在CO2和O3浓度升高复合处理下,CO2浓度升高在一定程度上缓解了O3浓度升高对春小麦的伤害效应,而O3浓度升高亦在一定程度上削弱了CO2浓度升高对春小麦的保护效应。

CO_2浓度升高对春小麦不同生育时期抗氧化系统的影响

利用开顶式气室研究了CO2浓度升高(550μmol/mol)对小麦(Triticum aestivumL)孕穗期和开花期抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,高浓度CO2下,小麦叶片外渗电导率和丙二醛的含量下降,说明膜脂过氧化程度有所降低;虽然O2产生速率和H2O2含量2个时期相比开花期大于孕穗期,但是两者均低于对照,说明高CO2浓度下活性氧产生减少;SOD,POD,CAT的活性与对照相比有所增加并达到显著或极显著水平;随着CO2浓度的升高,ASA和Car含量也随之增加,但是随着生育期的推移,两者含量均有不同程度的减少;最终生物量和籽粒产量分别增长18%和14%,说明CO2浓度升高有利于减轻小麦的氧化损伤,促进植物生长。

水肥空间组合对成熟期冬小麦各器官氮磷养分分配的影响

以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)小偃22为供试植物,在全生育期人工控制土壤水分条件下,采用分层隔水土柱法研究了与田间土层分布相同土柱不同土层水分、氮、磷组合对冬小麦不同器官氮、磷养分累积及分配的影响.结果表明:(1)冬小麦不同器官氮、磷累积量表现为籽粒茎秆、叶>穗余部>根系.(2)与整体湿润处理相比,上干下湿水分处理可降低小麦各器官氮、磷累积量,但仅籽粒氮、磷累积量所占比例减少,而营养器官氮累积量所占比例均增加.(3)从肥料处理看,单施氮、单施磷和氮磷配施处理的小麦植株各器官氮、磷累积量均比对照增加,但籽粒氮、磷累积量所占比例均减小.(4)施肥层根系氮、磷累积量比对照相对增加,并以0～30cm土层根系氮、磷累积量为最高.(5)单施氮条件下,以0～90cm土层施肥各器官氮、磷累积量最高,0～30cm土层施肥最低;单施磷和氮磷配施时,以0～90cm土层施肥处理籽粒氮、磷累积量最高,其次是0～30cm土层施肥.由于石灰性土壤中肥料氮终产物以硝态氮为主且容易移动,而磷肥不易在土壤中迁移,在生产实践中仍以氮磷配施入0～30cm土层为佳.

不同类型作物对干湿交替环境的反应

通过对干湿交替环境下春小麦、马铃薯、大豆和玉米等作物的产量、水分利用效率及光合作用、蒸腾作用、气孔导度等生理变化的研究表明 :( 1 )春小麦和马铃薯在干湿交替环境下可获得与充分供水相当的产量而它们的水分利用效率却显著提高 ,大豆减产幅度较大 ,玉米减产严重 ,其水分利用效率显著低于全湿处理 ;( 2 )浇水后各作物的光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度都有所增加 ,但不同作物增加的幅度不同 ,就是同一作物各指标的增幅也不同 ;( 3)干湿交替环境下同化物的运输模式有利于春小麦籽粒的充实和马铃薯块茎的膨大 ,而不利于玉米产量的形成 ;( 4 )产量不仅决定于营养生长阶段 ,更主要决定于生殖生长阶段。此外 ,还就干湿交替过程中若干生理变化和经济产量形成机制作了初步探讨。

水肥空间组合对冬小麦生物学性状及生物量的影响

目的】研究水肥空间组合对冬小麦形态指标及生物量的影响,对指导旱地施肥具有一定理论和实践意义。【方法】以肥熟土垫旱耕人为土为供试土壤,在全生育期遮雨和人工控制土壤水分条件下,采用分层隔水土柱试验法研究与田间土层分布相同土柱不同土层水分、氮、磷组合对冬小麦叶面积、株高、分蘖数、生物量、根冠比和收获指数等指标的影响。【结果】与整体湿润水分处理相比,上干下湿水分处理(0～30cm土层干旱胁迫,30～90cm土层湿润)下,抽穗期小麦旗叶面积、株高分别降低7.03%和3.77%;小麦地上部和根系生物量及收获指数也不同程度降低,但根冠比增加。从肥料处理看,单施磷和氮磷配施处理,小麦叶面积、株高、有效分蘖数和总生物量均极显著高于单施氮和CK,这与供试土壤各土层严重缺磷,而氮素供应相对丰富有关。从不同土层施肥看,在两种水分处理下,单施氮时,以均匀施入0～90cm土层小麦叶面积、株高、有效分蘖数、地上部生物量和根系生物量最高,施入0～30cm土层最低;单施磷和氮磷配施时,0～90cm与0～30cm土层施肥间总叶面积、旗叶面积、株高、有效分蘖数以及总生物量差异不显著,但均显著高于30～60cm和60～90cm土层相应施肥处理。【...

植物CytP450和抗氧化酶对土壤低浓度菲、芘胁迫的响应

以小麦(Triticum acstivnm)为供试植物,草甸棕壤为供试土壤,以微粒体细胞色素P450及抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT酶活性为指标,进行了土壤中菲、芘单一及复合胁迫响应研究。结果初步表明,菲、芘胁迫引起植物体内解毒代谢和抗氧化防御酶反应。菲、芘单一胁迫浓度为1mgkg-1时对细胞色素P450产生显著诱导;4mgkg-1时P450酶含量明显被抑制,表明低浓度菲、芘单一胁迫对植物代谢解毒系统产生损伤;而菲、芘复合1mgkg-1时P450酶含量明显被抑制,说明菲、芘复合胁迫对植物的代谢解毒具有协同毒性效应。土壤中菲、芘单一胁迫未引起SOD酶活性的明显改变,复合胁迫下SOD酶活性出现微弱下降;菲、芘单一胁迫对CAT和POD酶活性具有显著抑制作用;复合胁迫对CAT产生抑制作用,而POD酶活性并未对菲、芘复合产生增强毒性响应。研究从代谢解毒和抗氧化防御酶系统两方面,为土壤低浓度PAHs污染诊断提供了实验依据。

苜蓿干草和秸秆组合体外发酵营养特性及其利用研究

应用体外发酵产气技术,评价了苜蓿Medicago sativa干草和玉米Zea mays、小麦Triticum aestivum秸秆分别以0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0进行两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明：不同比例组合产气量（GP）、理论最大产气量（A）、产气速率（b）及产气延滞时间（LAG）变化趋势不同;苜蓿干草与玉米秸秆按50∶50的比例或苜蓿干草与小麦秸秆按75∶25的比例组合时的效应明显好于其他组合。48 h产气量与粗蛋白（CP）（P〈0.05）及中性洗涤可溶物（NDS）含量呈正相关关系,而与中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、半纤维（HC）含量及NDS/CP（P〈0.01）呈负相关关系;理论最大产气量与CP、NDS的含量呈正相关关系,与NDF、ADF、HC和NDS/CP（P〈0.01）呈负相关关系;产气速率与CP（P〈0.01）、HC（P〈0.01）、NDS（P〈0.01）呈极显著正相关关系,分别与NDF（P〈0.01）、ADF（P〈0.01）、NDS/CP（P〈0.05）呈负相关关系;产气延滞时间与饲草料的主要营养成分的相关关系不明显,只与NDS/CP（P〈0.05）呈显著正相关关系。结论认为,饲草中非结构性碳水化合物与蛋白质比例决定了体外发酵产气的特性。生产实践中应针对低质粗饲料营养特性,适当添补易发酵或高蛋白牧草,提高粗饲料利用效率。

Cytological and Molecular Identification of Alien Chromatin in Giant Spike Wheat Germplasm

Alien chromosomes of twelve giant spike wheat germplasm lines were identified by C-banding, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). All lines showed a chromosome number of 2n = 42, five of them carried both a pair of wheat-rye (Triticum aestivum-Secale cereal) 1BL/1RS translocation chromosomes and a pair of Agropyron intermedium (Ai) chromosomes, three carried a pair of Ai chromosomes only, three others carried a pair of 1BL/1RS chromosomes only, and one carried neither 1BL/1BS nor Ai chromosome. Further identification revealed that the identical Ai chromosome in these germplasm lines substituted the chromosome 2D of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), designated as 2Ai. The genetic implication and further utilization of 2Ai in wheat improvement were also discussed.

Analysis of high wheat yields in Northwest China

Grain yields of over 14 Mg ha(-1) were reported in 1978 for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in Northwest China. Understanding the circumstances under which this record yield was achieved may be useful in defining the key factors that lead to high grain yields and in determining the limits to wheat yield. A relatively simple, mechanistic model was used in an effort to simulate the record yield. The model was used as a framework in which various crop traits could be adjusted to match the observed crop growth. The weather that was characterized by cool temperatures and high levels of solar radiation, proved to be especially important in allowing a full-season crop to achieve record yields. Variables defining plant development in the model also had to be set to describe the high yielding cultivar grown in China. Leaf development was defined by the length of a phyllochron, which was set equal to 78 TU (thermal units, base temperature equal to 0 degrees C) based on independent data. The description of grain fill had to be defined to match simulation results with the observations. Two variables, length of the grain-fill period and the grain growth rate, were set in response to the unique traits of this cultivar and the low temperatures during grain development. These simulations led to important suggestions for examining the interaction between cool temperature regimes and developmental traits of wheat cultivars. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Reconhecimento oficial de área livre do nematóide Anguina tritici (Steinbuch, 1799) Chitwood, 1935, no estado de Virginia; EUA, para exportação de trigo para o Brasil.

2002

Modelagem molecular da proteína small heat shock de Xylella fastidiosa.

Este documento descreve o modelo molecular da proteína XF2234 e a análise preliminar da sua estrutura. O modelo foi construído por modelagem por homologia (ou modelagem comparativa) com a estrutura cristalográfica de uma proteína small heat shock de Triticum aestivum (trigo). A análise da estrutura tridimensional da proteína XF2234 tem o objetivo de contribuir para aumentar o conhecimento sobre o papel biológico das smHSPs, necessário para o combate à CVC.

Método do tanque classe A para irrigação do trigo no Cerrado.

2001

Tensiometria aplicada no manejo da irrigação por pivô-central na cultura do trigo.

2001

Trigo Embrapa 41: nova cultivar para Minas Gerais, Goiás e Distrito Federal.

1997

Identification and analysis of mechanisms involved in a broad-spectrum disease resistant mutant of the winter wheat cv. Guardian

M66 an X-ray induced mutant of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Guardian exhibits broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici), yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), along with partial resistance to stagnonospora nodorum blotch (caused by the necrotroph Stagonosporum nodorum) and septoria tritici blotch (caused by the hemibiotroph Mycosphaerella graminicola) compared to the parent plant ‘Guardian’. Analysis revealed that M66 exhibited no symptoms of infection following artificial inoculation with Bgt in the glasshouse after adult growth stage (GS 45). Resistance in M66 was associated with widespread leaf flecking which developed during tillering. Flecking also occurred in M66 leaves without Bgt challenge; as a result grain yields were reduced by approximately 17% compared to ‘Guardian’ in the absence of disease. At the seedling stage, M66 exhibited partial resistance. M66, along with Tht mutants (Tht 12, Tht13), also exhibit increased tolerance to environmental stresses (abiotic), such as drought and heat stress at seedling and adult growth stages, However, adult M66 exhibited increased susceptibility to the aphid Schizaphis graminum compared to ‘Guardian’. Resistance to Bgt in M66 was characterized with increased and earlier H2O2 accumulation at the site of infection which resulted in increased papilla formation in epidermal cells, compared to ‘Guardian’. Papilla formation was associated with reduced pathogen ingress and haustorium formation, indicating that the primary cause of resistance in M66 was prevention of pathogen penetration. Heat treatment at 46º C prior to challenge with Bgt also induced partial disease resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici in ‘Guardian’ and M66 seedlings. This was characterized by a delay in primary infection, due to increased production of ROS species, such as hydrogen peroxide, ROS-scavenging enzymes and Hsp70, resulting in cross-linking of cell wall components prior to inoculation. This actively prevented the fungus from penetrating the epidermal cell wall. Proteomics analysis using 2-D gel electrophoresis identified primary and secondary disease resistance effects in M66 including detection of ROS scavenging enzymes (4, 24 hai), such as ascorbate peroxidase and a superoxidase dismutase isoform (CuZnSOD) in M66 which were absent from ‘Guardian’. Chitinase (PR protein) was also upregulated (24 hai) in M66 compared to ‘Guardian’.Monosomic and ditelosomic analysis of M66 revealed that the mutation in M66 is located on the long arm of chromosome 2B (2BL). Chromosome 2BL is known to have key genes involved in resistance to pathogens such as those causing stripe rust and powdery mildew. The TaMloB1 gene, an orthologue of the barley Mlo gene, is also located on chromosome 2BL. Sanger sequencing of part of the coding sequence revealed no deletions in the TaMloB1 gene between ‘Guardian’ and M66.