Detecting recombination in 4-taxa DNA sequence alignments with Bayesian hidden Markov models and Markov chain Monte Carlo

This article presents a statistical method for detecting recombination in DNA sequence alignments, which is based on combining two probabilistic graphical models: (1) a taxon graph (phylogenetic tree) representing the relationship between the taxa, and (2) a site graph (hidden Markov model) representing interactions between different sites in the DNA sequence alignments. We adopt a Bayesian approach and sample the parameters of the model from the posterior distribution with Markov chain Monte Carlo, using a Metropolis-Hastings and Gibbs-within-Gibbs scheme. The proposed method is tested on various synthetic and real-world DNA sequence alignments, and we compare its performance with the established detection methods RECPARS, PLATO, and TOPAL, as well as with two alternative parameter estimation schemes.

The challenge of maintaining Atlantic forest biodiversity: A multi-taxa conservation assessment of specialist and generalist species in an agro-forestry mosaic in southern Bahia

Recent developments have highlighted the importance of forest amount at large spatial scales and of matrix quality for ecological processes in remnants. These developments, in turn, suggest the potential for reducing biodiversity loss through the maintenance of a high percentage of forest combined with sensitive management of anthropogenic areas. We conducted a multi-taxa survey to evaluate the potential for biodiversity maintenance in an Atlantic forest landscape that presented a favorable context from a theoretical perspective (high proportion of mature forest partly surrounded by structurally complex matrices). We sampled ferns, butterflies, frogs, lizards, bats, small mammals and birds in interiors and edges of large and small mature forest remnants and two matrices (second-growth forests and shade cacao plantations), as well as trees in interiors of small and large remnants. By considering richness, abundance and composition of forest specialists and generalists, we investigated the biodiversity value of matrix habitats (comparing them with interiors of large remnants for all groups except tree), and evaluated area (for all groups) and edge effects (for all groups except trees) in mature forest remnants. our results suggest that in landscapes comprising high amounts of mature forest and low contrasting matrices: (1) shade cacao plantations and second-growth forests harbor an appreciable number of forest specialists; (2) most forest specialist assemblages are not affected by area or edge effects, while most generalist assemblages proliferate at edges of small remnants. Nevertheless, differences in tree assemblages, especially among smaller trees, Suggest that observed patterns are unlikely to be stable over time. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Untangling associations between chironomid taxa in Neotropical streams using local and landscape filters

1. Analyses of species association have major implications for selecting indicators for freshwater biomonitoring and conservation, because they allow for the elimination of redundant information and focus on taxa that can be easily handled and identified. These analyses are particularly relevant in the debate about using speciose groups (such as the Chironomidae) as indicators in the tropics, because they require difficult and time-consuming analysis, and their responses to environmental gradients, including anthropogenic stressors, are poorly known. 2. Our objective was to show whether chironomid assemblages in Neotropical streams include clear associations of taxa and, if so, how well these associations could be explained by a set of models containing information from different spatial scales. For this, we formulated a priori models that allowed for the influence of local, landscape and spatial factors on chironomid taxon associations (CTA). These models represented biological hypotheses capable of explaining associations between chironomid taxa. For instance, CTA could be best explained by local variables (e.g. pH, conductivity and water temperature) or by processes acting at wider landscape scales (e.g. percentage of forest cover). 3. Biological data were taken from 61 streams in Southeastern Brazil, 47 of which were in well-preserved regions, and 14 of which drained areas severely affected by anthropogenic activities. We adopted a model selection procedure using Akaike`s information criterion to determine the most parsimonious models for explaining CTA. 4. Applying Kendall`s coefficient of concordance, seven genera (Tanytarsus/Caladomyia, Ablabesmyia, Parametriocnemus, Pentaneura, Nanocladius, Polypedilum and Rheotanytarsus) were identified as associated taxa. The best-supported model explained 42.6% of the total variance in the abundance of associated taxa. This model combined local and landscape environmental filters and spatial variables (which were derived from eigenfunction analysis). However, the model with local filters and spatial variables also had a good chance of being selected as the best model. 5. Standardised partial regression coefficients of local and landscape filters, including spatial variables, derived from model averaging allowed an estimation of which variables were best correlated with the abundance of associated taxa. In general, the abundance of the associated genera tended to be lower in streams characterised by a high percentage of forest cover (landscape scale), lower proportion of muddy substrata and high values of pH and conductivity (local scale). 6. Overall, our main result adds to the increasing number of studies that have indicated the importance of local and landscape variables, as well as the spatial relationships among sampling sites, for explaining aquatic insect community patterns in streams. Furthermore, our findings open new possibilities for the elimination of redundant data in the assessment of anthropogenic impacts on tropical streams.

Avaliação da permeabilidade epitelial pulmonar em pacientes submetidos a esquemas de quimioterapia contendo bleomicina através da taxa de depuração pulmonar do 99M TC-DTPA

Resumo não disponível.

Taxa de câmbio : um estudo sobre os determinantes, taxa de câmbio real e efetiva e crises cambiais

O mundo atravessa uma fase de incertezas sobre o câmbio. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto, trazendo os modelos que tentam elucidar como se forma a taxa de câmbio no curto e longo prazo. Serão tratados os motivos que levaram o Brasil a abandonar a política de bandas cambiais em 1999 e quais as medidas tomadas pelas autoridades econômicas, bem como o impacto destas sobre a economia. Ao longo dessa análise será calculada a taxa de câmbio real e real efetiva mensalmente com data base julho de 1994, permitindo visualizar as fases de apreciação e depreciação do câmbio. Encerrando o capítulo uma revisão teórica do impacto das políticas monetária e fiscal sobre o câmbio à luz dos diferentes regimes cambiais existentes. Finalmente, uma revisão dos fatos que levaram às crises cambiais no México, Tailândia, Malásia, Indonésia, Coréia do Sul, Rússia e Argentina, analisando os principais indicadores macroeconômicos destas economias tentando encontrar elementos comuns que permitam entender os motivos das crises.

Distribuição dos tipos clínico-patologicos dos melanomas cutâneos e taxa de mortalidade na região de Passo Fundo, RS

Resumo não disponível.

Atuação do Banco Central do Brasil no Controle da Taxa de Juros

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Risco e precificação de operações com taxa percentual do CDI

Neste artigo analisamos um tipo de operação de hedge - com Cupons Cambiais diferentes do negociado no mercado - que recentemente começou a ser operacionalizada no mercado brasileiro. Além de documentar esta operação, este artigo tem como objetivo explicitar a exposição pré-fixada que esta operação gera, algo que pode não ser percebido intuitivamente. Em verdade quando estas operações começaram a ser implementadas, algumas instituições não perceberam este risco, sendo depois surpreendidos com os resultado gerados pelas mesmas. Desenvolvemos também uma "metodologia" para precificar este tipo de operação, utilizando o modelo de Heath, Jarrow and Morton para criar um processo estocástico para o CDI e a partir deste processo, determinar qual a taxa P-Percentual do CDI que precifica as operações de hedge com Cupom Cambial diferente do Cupom Cambial negociado no mercado.

Volatilidade da taxa de câmbio em economias com altas taxas de inflação: um estudo econométrico do Brasil e a Polônia

A dissertação investiga as séries de taxa de câmbio da Polônia do Brasil. elevada volatilidade da série polonesa não explicada pelas variáveis utilizadas como fundamentos. No caso brasileiro, isto verdade para modelo com variáveis do setor real da economia Detectou-se co-integração entre as variáveis do setor financeiro, que levanta hipótese da existência de um processo de aprendizagem induzido pelo longo convívio com altas taxas de inflação e indexação generalizada da economia brasileira. volatilidade da taxa de cambio bastante impactada por intervenções drásticas na economia, concluindo-se que adoçáo deste tipo de medida atua como fator de incremento da volatilidade da taxa de câmbio.

Ciclos políticos e taxa real de câmbio na américa latina

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