Disentangling social networks from spatiotemporal dynamics: the temporal structure of a dolphin society

Social networks are static illustrations of dynamic societies, within which social interactions are constantly changing. Fundamental sources of variation include ranging behaviour and temporal demographic changes. Spatiotemporal dynamics can favour or limit opportunities for individuals to interact, and then a network may not essentially represent social processes. We examined whether a social network can embed such nonsocial effects in its topology, whereby emerging modules depict spatially or temporally segregated individuals. To this end, we applied a combination of spatial, temporal and demographic analyses to a long-term study of the association patterns of Guiana dolphins, Sotalia guianensis. We found that association patterns are organized into a modular social network. Space use was unlikely to reflect these modules, since dolphins' ranging behaviour clearly overlapped. However, a temporal demographic turnover, caused by the exit/entrance of individuals (most likely emigration/immigration), defined three modules of associations occurring at different times. Although this factor could mask real social processes, we identified the temporal scale that allowed us to account for these demographic effects. By looking within this turnover period (32 months), we assessed fission-fusion dynamics of the poorly known social organization of Guiana dolphins. We highlight that spatiotemporal dynamics can strongly influence the structure of social networks. Our findings show that hypothetical social units can emerge due to the temporal opportunities for individuals to interact. Therefore, a thorough search for a satisfactory spatiotemporal scale that removes such nonsocial noise is critical when analysing a social system. (C) 2012 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Kidney of Minke Whale (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): Architecture and structure

Sarmento C. A. P., Ferreira A. O., Rodrigues E. A. F., Lesnau G. G., Rici R. E. G., Abreu D. K., Biasi C. & Miglino M. A. 2012. [Kidney of Minke Whale (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): Architecture and structure.] Rins de Baleia Minke (Baleanoptera acutorostrata): arquitetura e estrutura. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 32(8): 807-811. Departamento de Cirurgia, Setor de Anatomia dos Animais Domesticos e Silvestres, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil. E-mail: sarmento@usp.br Among marine mammals, whale is one of the most attention-arousing animals, especially concerning its urinary tract. This system follows the pattern of mammals with regard to its constitution, however, it differs in renal morphology and number of lobes, which, in turn, form complete reniculi, agglutinated in hundreds. This structure is supported by fibrous connective tissue, but highly capable of maintaining electrolyte balance. Six pairs of kidneys of Minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), collected in 1982, in Cabedelo, Paraiba, Brazil, in the last fishing allowed, were dissected. These kidneys were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and they presented a very large histologic layer of collagen surrounding the medullary wall. The urinary collecting duct form papillary glasses, that reach a single collecting center which discharges in the ureter. It was found that the kidney of Minke whale has a lobe characteristic, with, on average, 700 reniculi; each reniculus has anatomical and functional characteristics of a unipyramidal kidney, with an inner layer (medulla), and an outer layer (cortex), and independent irrigation, with formation of individually arcuate arteries, as observed in unipyramidal terrestrial mammals. However, the set gathering all these reniculi constitutes, in the end, a multilobular and polipyramidal kidney, contrary to the morphology of most terrestrial mammals. It was not possible to distinguish the renicular cortex structures of the Minke whale in the level of light microscopy. Through scanning electron microscopy, it was possible to visualize a cortical layer located between two fibrous capsules. This joint, in turn, consists of connective tissue, which, along with a layer of collagen and elastic fibers, separates the cortex from the medulla; the kidney glomeruli were visualized, completely taken by the glomerular vessels and arranged into several layers. One notices that the glomerular cavity is almost a virtual space into which the glomerular filtrate is drained, and it does not present a globular shape. Vascularization is increased in the medullary region. The difference between the kidneys of terrestrial and marine mammals consists in the arrangement of morphological components, favoring the organ's physiology.

FEEDING HABITS OF THE ATLANTIC SPOTTED DOLPHIN, Stenella frontalis, IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL

This study presents new information on the feeding habits of the Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, in the Western South Atlantic. Nine stomach contents of S. frontalis incidentally caught in fishing operations conducted by the gillnet fleet based on main harbour of Cananeia (25 degrees 00' S; 47 degrees 55'W), southeastern Brazil, were analyzed. These specimens were captured between 2005 and 2007. A total of 1 422 cephalopod beaks, 147 otoliths and three crustaceans were recovered from the stomach contents. The dolphins assessed preyed on at least eight different fish species of the families Trichiuridae, Carangidae, Sparidae, Merluccidae, Engraulidae, Sciaenidae, Congridae and Scombridae, five cephalopod species of the families Loliginidae, Sepiolidae, Tremoctopodidae and Thysanoteuthidae, and one shrimp species of the Penaeidae family. Based on the analysis of the Index of Relative Importance (IRI), the Atlantic cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, was the most important fish species represented. Of the cephalopods, the squid Doryteuthis plei was by far the most representative species. Several items were reported for the first time as prey of the S. frontalis: Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Tremoctopus violaceus, Semirossia tenera, Merluccius hubbsi, Pagrus pagrus and Paralonchurus brasiliensis. S. frontalis presented teuthophagous and ichthyofagous feeding habits, with apparent predominance of the first, and preyed mainly on pelagic and demersal items.

OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND LEPSTOSPIRA SPP. IN MANATEES (TRICHECHUS INUNGUIS) OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

The presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira spp. antibodies was investigated in 74 manatees (Trichechus inunguis [Mammalia: Sirenia]) kept in captivity in two rescue units in the northern region of Brazil. Antibodies to T gondii were detected in 29 (39.2%) of 74 animals by using the modified agglutination test (titer, 1:25). For antibodies against Leptospira spp., sera were diluted 1:50 and tested against 24 strains of leptospires by microscopic agglutination microtechnique, and positive samples were end titrated. Twenty-three (31.1%) of 74 animals were reactive to four serovars (Patoc 21/23, Castellonis 2/23, Icterohaemorrhagiae 1/23, and Butembo 1/23), with titers ranging from 100 to 1,600. This is the first report of antibodies against T gondii and Leptospira spp. in T. inunguis from the Brazilian Amazon.

Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus

Analyses of spatial relationships and social interactions provide insights into the social structure of animal societies and the ways in which social preferences among and between dyads affect higher order social relationships. In this paper we describe the patterns of spatial associations and social interactions among adult male northern muriquis in order to evaluate the dynamics of their social networks above the dyadic levels. Systematic observations were made on the 17 adult males present in a multi-male/multi-female group from April 2004 through February 2005, and in July 2005. Analyses of their spatial relationships identified two distinct male cliques; some adult males (called "N" males) were more connected to the females and immatures than other adult males ("MU" males), which were more connected to one another. Affiliative interactions were significantly higher among dyads belonging to the same clique than to different cliques. Although frequencies of dyadic agonistic interactions were similarly low among individuals within and between cliques, MU males appeared to be subordinate to N males. Nonetheless, there were no significant differences in the copulation rates estimated for MU males and N males. Mutual benefits of cooperation between MU and N cliques in intergroup encounters might explain their ongoing associations in the same mixed-sex group [Current Zoology 58 (2): 342-352, 2012].

Mechanisms of ring chromosome formation, ring instability and clinical consequences

Background The breakpoints and mechanisms of ring chromosome formation were studied and mapped in 14 patients. Methods Several techniques were performed such as genome-wide array, MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification) and FISH (Fluorescent in situ Hybridization). Results The ring chromosomes of patients I to XIV were determined to be, respectively: r(3)(p26.1q29), r(4)(p16.3q35.2), r(10)(p15.3q26.2), r(10)(p15.3q26.13), r(13)(p13q31.1), r(13)(p13q34), r(14)(p13q32.33), r(15)(p13q26.2), r(18)(p11.32q22.2), r(18)(p11.32q21.33), r(18)(p11.21q23), r(22)(p13q13.33), r(22)(p13q13.2), and r(22)(p13q13.2). These rings were found to have been formed by different mechanisms, such as: breaks in both chromosome arms followed by end-to-end reunion (patients IV, VIII, IX, XI, XIII and XIV); a break in one chromosome arm followed by fusion with the subtelomeric region of the other (patients I and II); a break in one chromosome arm followed by fusion with the opposite telomeric region (patients III and X); fusion of two subtelomeric regions (patient VII); and telomere-telomere fusion (patient XII). Thus, the r(14) and one r(22) can be considered complete rings, since there was no loss of relevant genetic material. Two patients (V and VI) with r(13) showed duplication along with terminal deletion of 13q, one of them proved to be inverted, a mechanism known as inv-dup-del. Ring instability was detected by ring loss and secondary aberrations in all but three patients, who presented stable ring chromosomes (II, XIII and XIV). Conclusions We concluded that the clinical phenotype of patients with ring chromosomes may be related with different factors, including gene haploinsufficiency, gene duplications and ring instability. Epigenetic factors due to the circular architecture of ring chromosomes must also be considered, since even complete ring chromosomes can result in phenotypic alterations, as observed in our patients with complete r(14) and r(22).

Phylogenetic identification of marine bacteria isolated from deep-sea sediments of the eastern South Atlantic Ocean

The deep-sea environments of the South Atlantic Ocean are less studied in comparison to the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. With the aim of identifying the deep-sea bacteria in this less known ocean, 70 strains were isolated from eight sediment samples (depth range between 1905 to 5560 m) collected in the eastern part of the South Atlantic, from the equatorial region to the Cape Abyssal Plain, using three different culture media. The strains were classified into three phylogenetic groups, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, by the analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequences. Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most frequently identified groups, with Halomonas the most frequent genus among the strains. Microorganisms belonging to Firmicutes were the only ones observed in all samples. Sixteen of the 41 identified operational taxonomic units probably represent new species. The presence of potentially new species reinforces the need for new studies in the deep-sea environments of the South Atlantic.

Feeding habits of the atlantic spotted dolphin, Stenella frontalis, in southeastern Brazil

This study presents new information on the feeding habits of the Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis, in the Western South Atlantic. Nine stomach contents of S. frontalis incidentally caught in fishing operations conducted by the gillnet fleet based on main harbour of Cananéia (25°00'S; 47°55'W), southeastern Brazil, were analyzed. These specimens were captured between 2005 and 2007. A total of 1 422 cephalopod beaks, 147 otoliths and three crustaceans were recovered from the stomach contents. The dolphins assessed preyed on at least eight different fish species of the families Trichiuridae, Carangidae, Sparidae, Merluccidae, Engraulidae, Sciaenidae, Congridae and Scombridae, five cephalopod species of the families Loliginidae, Sepiolidae, Tremoctopodidae and Thysanoteuthidae, and one shrimp species of the Penaeidae family. Based on the analysis of the Index of Relative Importance (IRI), the Atlantic cutlassfish, Trichiurus lepturus, was the most important fish species represented. Of the cephalopods, the squid Doryteuthis plei was by far the most representative species. Several items were reported for the first time as prey of the S. frontalis: Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Tremoctopus violaceus, Semirossia tenera, Merluccius hubbsi, Pagrus pagrus and Paralonchurus brasiliensis. S. frontalis presented teuthophagous and ichthyofagous feeding habits, with apparent predominance of the first, and preyed mainly on pelagic and demersal items.

Entwicklung eines pharmakologischen Modells zur Prüfung immuntherapeutischer Antikörper mit dreidimensionalen Tumorzellkulturen in vitro

In den letzten Jahren hat die Tumorbehandlung mit immunologischen Präparaten an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der allgemeine Ablauf der Testung eines Arzneimittelkandidaten sieht vor, zunächst in Zellkulturversuchen und Tierversuchen Wirkweise und Sicherheit, sowie voraussichtliche Abbauwege und mögliche Gefahren so beurteilen zu können, dass sie für einen Einsatz im Menschen in Frage kommen. Zur präklinischen in vitro-Testung werden dabei in der Regel Monolayer-Zellkulturen oder Einzelzellsuspensionen eingesetzt. Der Einsatz von 3D-Zellkulturmodellen, welche den Aufbau von Mikrometastasen oder intervaskuläre Areale in Tumoren exakter widerspiegeln, führt zu wesentlich besseren Voraussagen bezüglich der klinischen Wirksamkeit neuer Präparate. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war daher die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines neuen 3D-Zellkulturbasierten Systems zur Testung trifunktionaler bispezifischer Antikörper für die Tumorbehandlung, welches sich auch auf andere vergleichbare Präparate übertragen lässt.rnIn meiner Arbeit konnte ich mehrere humane Tumorzelllinien definieren, mit denen es gelang, stabile Co-Kulturen von Multi Cellular Tumour Spheroids (MCTS) mit Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) in miniaturisierten Spinner-Flaschen zu etablieren. Spinner-Flaschen, in denen die im Kulturmedium befindlichen Immunzellen, MCTS und Therapeutika ständig frei zirkulieren, sind besonders für eine wirklichkeitsnahe Nachbildung der in vivo-Simulation mit disseminierten Tumorzellen oder mit malignem Aszites geeignet. Diese Art der Kultivierung erlaubte Beobachtungszeiten von ≥20 Tagen für eine große Bandbreite Analysemethoden. Zu den mit dem erstellten Protokoll standardmäßig durchführbaren Analysemethoden zählen unter anderem immunhistochemische Färbungen an Sphäroid-Gefrierschnitten, Vitalitätstest, Untersuchung der Plattierungs-Effizienz, Bestimmung der Sphäroidvolumina, Zytokinbestimmungen aus dem Medienüberstand mit Cytokine Bead Arrays, PCR-Analysen immunzellspezifischer Antigene, sowie durchflusszytometrische Analysen. Diese Methodenkombination erlaubt einen sehr detaillierten Einblick in die Wirkweise und Effizienz neuer Immuntherapeutika aus verschiedensten Blickwinkeln und stellt ein reproduzierbares Testsystem zur präklinischen Testung von Immuntherapeutika dar, das zukünftig als Bindeglied zwischen Monolayer-Zellkulturen und klinischen Prüfungen einen festen Platz einnehmen könnte.rnMit dem beschriebenen 3D-Zellkultur-System wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die trifunktionalen bispezifischen Antikörper catumaxomab (unter dem Handelsnamen Removab® für die Behandlung maligner Ascites zugelassen) und ertumaxomab (derzeit in klinischen Prüfungen) hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkweise untersucht. Die Antikörper besitzen im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen monoklonalen Antikörpern zwei verschiedene Bindungsarme, einer gegen CD3 auf T-Zellen, der zweite gegen EpCAM respektive Her2/neu - beides weit verbreitete Tumorantigene - gerichtet. An ihrem Fc-Teil besitzen sie eine dritte Bindungskapazität, über welche sie an Fcγ RI, -IIa und -III positive akzessorische Zellen binden. Diese Kombination ermöglicht theoretisch die Ausbildung eines Tri-Zell-Komplexes aus T-Zelle, Tumorzelle und akzessorischer Zelle. Dies stellt eine wirkungsvolle Therapieoption unter Ausnutzung der körpereigenen, immunologischen Abwehr dar. rnIm Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass beide Antikörper eine Größenreduktion der Sphäroide mit den entsprechenden Tumorantigenen in gleichem Maße bewirkten und die Plattierungseffizienz durch ertumaxomab dosisabhängig reduziert wurde. Mit dem erstellten Testsystem konnte der Wirkmechanismus von catumaxomab auf Sphäroide der Zelllinie FaDu (Kopf-Hals-Plattenepithelkarzinom) detaillierter gezeigt werden: catumaxomab wirkte dosisabhängig auf die Reduktion der Sphäroidvolumina und die zunehmende Infiltration von CD45+ Zellen, die als T-, NK- und/oder dendritische Zellen identifiziert wurden. Des Weiteren rief die catumaxomab-Gabe eine verstärkte Ausschüttung der Zytokine IL-2, IFN-γ und TNF-α hervor. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass catumaxomab die zelluläre Immunantwort aktiviert.rnDie Standard-Tumorbehandlung beinhaltet die Gabe von Chemotherapeutika. Oft werden dafür Zytostatika mit dem unerwünschten Nebeneffekt auch gesunde proliferierende Zellen anzugreifen verwendet. Dies kann prinzipiell auch die Wirksamkeit der Antikörper-Therapie beeinflussen. Aus diesem Grund wurden in dieser Arbeit zusätzlich vergleichende Kombinations-Versuche mit catumaxomab und einem gängigen Zytostatikum - Cisplatin - durchgeführt. Mit Untersuchungen der Sphäroidvolumina, Vitalitätstests und Plattierungseffizienz konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Wirkung von catumaxomab bei gleichzeitiger Anwendung beider Therapeutika aufrecht erhalten bleibt und diese sogar additiv verstärkt wird. Eine Kombinationstherapie im Menschen ist daher denkbar.rnrn

Monitoring the extracellular matrix mineralization processes in biological scaffolds using bioreactors, x-ray μct technology and 3-d modeling methods (monitoraggio dei processi di mineralizzazione della matrice extracellulare in scaffolds biologici, utilizzando bioreattore, tecnologia μct a raggi x e metodi di modellizzazione 3d)

Al fine di migliorare le tecniche di coltura cellulare in vitro, sistemi a bioreattore sono sempre maggiormente utilizzati, e.g. ingegnerizzazione del tessuto osseo. Spinner Flasks, bioreattori rotanti e sistemi a perfusione di flusso sono oggi utilizzati e ogni sistema ha vantaggi e svantaggi. Questo lavoro descrive lo sviluppo di un semplice bioreattore a perfusione ed i risultati della metodologia di valutazione impiegata, basata su analisi μCT a raggi-X e tecniche di modellizzazione 3D. Un semplice bioreattore con generatore di flusso ad elica è stato progettato e costruito con l'obiettivo di migliorare la differenziazione di cellule staminali mesenchimali, provenienti da embrioni umani (HES-MP); le cellule sono state seminate su scaffold porosi di titanio che garantiscono una migliore adesione della matrice mineralizzata. Attraverso un microcontrollore e un'interfaccia grafica, il bioreattore genera tre tipi di flusso: in avanti (senso orario), indietro (senso antiorario) e una modalità a impulsi (avanti e indietro). Un semplice modello è stato realizzato per stimare la pressione generata dal flusso negli scaffolds (3•10-2 Pa). Sono stati comparati tre scaffolds in coltura statica e tre all’interno del bioreattore. Questi sono stati incubati per 21 giorni, fissati in paraformaldehyde (4% w/v) e sono stati soggetti ad acquisizione attraverso μCT a raggi-X. Le immagini ottenute sono state poi elaborate mediante un software di imaging 3D; è stato effettuato un sezionamento “virtuale” degli scaffolds, al fine di ottenere la distribuzione del gradiente dei valori di grigio di campioni estratti dalla superficie e dall’interno di essi. Tale distribuzione serve per distinguere le varie componenti presenti nelle immagini; in questo caso gli scaffolds dall’ipotetica matrice cellulare. I risultati mostrano che sia sulla superficie che internamente agli scaffolds, mantenuti nel bioreattore, è presente una maggiore densità dei gradienti dei valori di grigio ciò suggerisce un migliore deposito della matrice mineralizzata. Gli insegnamenti provenienti dalla realizzazione di questo bioreattore saranno utilizzati per progettare una nuova versione che renderà possibile l’analisi di più di 20 scaffolds contemporaneamente, permettendo un’ulteriore analisi della qualità della differenziazione usando metodologie molecolari ed istochimiche.

Optimization of molecular and crystalline forms of drugs, agrochemicals, pesticides in relation to activity, bioavailability, patentability and to the fabrication of polymorphs, solvates, co-crystals with green chemistry methods

This doctorate was funded by the Regione Emilia Romagna, within a Spinner PhD project coordinated by the University of Parma, and involving the universities of Bologna, Ferrara and Modena. The aim of the project was: - Production of polymorphs, solvates, hydrates and co-crystals of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and agrochemicals with green chemistry methods; - Optimization of molecular and crystalline forms of APIs and pesticides in relation to activity, bioavailability and patentability. In the last decades, a growing interest in the solid-state properties of drugs in addition to their solution chemistry has blossomed. The achievement of the desired and/or the more stable polymorph during the production process can be a challenge for the industry. The study of crystalline forms could be a valuable step to produce new polymorphs and/or co-crystals with better physical-chemical properties such as solubility, permeability, thermal stability, habit, bulk density, compressibility, friability, hygroscopicity and dissolution rate in order to have potential industrial applications. Selected APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients) were studied and their relationship between crystal structure and properties investigated, both in the solid state and in solution. Polymorph screening and synthesis of solvates and molecular/ionic co-crystals were performed according to green chemistry principles. Part of this project was developed in collaboration with chemical/pharmaceutical companies such as BASF (Germany) and UCB (Belgium). We focused on on the optimization of conditions and parameters of crystallization processes (additives, concentration, temperature), and on the synthesis and characterization of ionic co-crystals. Moreover, during a four-months research period in the laboratories of Professor Nair Rodriguez-Hormedo (University of Michigan), the stability in aqueous solution at the equilibrium of ionic co-crystals (ICCs) of the API piracetam was investigated, to understand the relationship between their solid-state and solution properties, in view of future design of new crystalline drugs with predefined solid and solution properties.

The nematode parasite fauna in three odontocete species: Phocoena phocoena, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Lagenorhynchus acutus from Northern Scotland and its relationships with diet composition

Food items and nematode parasites were identified from the stomachs of 42 individuals of Phocoena phocoena, 6 of Lagenorhynchus acutus and 8 of L. albirostris stranded off the coastal waters of Northern Scotland between 2004 and 2014. Post-mortem examinations have revealed heavy parasitic worm burdens. Four nematode species complex as Anisakis spp., Contracaeucum spp., Pseudoterronova spp., and Hysterothylacium spp. were recorded. Data on presence of the anisakid species in cetaceans, reported a significative relationship between the presence of Hysterothylacium and the month of host stranding; suggesting a decrease of larval H. aduncum abundance in the period between April and August due to a seasonal effect related to prey availability. Similarly, the parasite burden of the all anisakid genera was related to the year fraction of stranding, and a relationship statistically significant was found just for L. albirostris with an increase between April and October. This finding is explained by a seasonality in occurrence of white-beaked dolphins, with a peak during August, that might be related to movements of shared prey species and competition with other species (Tursiops truncatus). Geographical differences were observed in parasites number of all anisakid species, which was the highest in cetaceans from the East area and lowest in the North coast. The parasites number also increased significantly with the length of the animal and during the year, but with a significant seasonal pattern only for P. phocoena. Regarding diet composition, through a data set consisting of 34 harbour porpoises and 1 Atlantic white-sided dolphins, we found a positive association between parasite number and the cephalopods genus Alloteuthis. This higher level of parasite infection in squid from this area, is probably due to a quantitative distribution of infective forms in squid prey, an abundance of the final host and age or size maturity of squid.

Potential effect of marine traffic on white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) distribution and behaviour in Faxaflói Bay, southwest Iceland

Faxaflói bay is a short, wide and shallow bay situated in the southwest of Iceland. Although hosting a rather high level of marine traffic, this area is inhabited by many different species of cetaceans, among which the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), found here all year-round. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of increasing marine traffic on white-beaked dolphins distribution and behaviour, and to determine whether or not a variation in sighting frequencies have occurred throughout years (2008 – 2014). Data on sightings and on behaviour, as well as photographic one, has been collected daily taking advantage of the whale-watching company “Elding” operating in the bay. Results have confirmed the importance of this area for white-beaked dolphins, which have shown a certain level of site fidelity. Despite the high level of marine traffic, this dolphin appears to tolerate the presence of boats: no differences in encounter durations and locations over the study years have occurred, even though with increasing number of vessels, an increase in avoidance strategies has been displayed. Furthermore, seasonal differences in probabilities of sightings, with respect to the time of the day, have been found, leading to suggest the existence of a daily cycle of their movements and activities within the bay. This study has also described a major decline in sighting rates throughout years raising concern about white-beaked dolphin conservation status in Icelandic waters. It is therefore highly recommended a new dedicated survey to be conducted in order to document the current population estimate, to better investigate on the energetic costs that chronic exposure to disturbances may cause, and to plan a more suitable conservation strategy for white-beaked dolphin around Iceland.

Mechanical modeling of Intraneural Ganglion Cyst

Intraneural Ganglion Cyst is a 200 year old mystery related to nerve injury which is yet to be solved. Current treatments for the above problem are relatively simple procedures related to removal of cystic contents from the nerve. However, these treatments may result into neuropathic pain and recurrence of the cyst. The articular theory proposed by Spinner et al., (Spinner et al. 2003) takes into consideration the neurological deficit in Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN) branch of the sciatic nerve and affirms that in addition to the above treatments, ligation of articular branch results into foolproof eradication of the deficit. Mechanical Modeling of the Affected Nerve Cross Section will reinforce the articular theory (Spinner et al. 2003). As the cyst propagates, it compresses the neighboring fascicles and the nerve cross section appears like a signet ring. Hence, in order to mechanically model the affected nerve cross section; computational methods capable of modeling excessively large deformations are required. Traditional FEM produces distorted elements while modeling such deformations, resulting into inaccuracies and premature termination of the analysis. The methods described in this Master’s Thesis are effective enough to be able to simulate such deformations. The results obtained from the model adequately resemble the MRI image obtained at the same location and shows an appearance of a signet ring. This Master’s Thesis describes the neurological deficit in brief followed by detail explanation of the advanced computational methods used to simulate this problem. Finally, qualitative results show the resemblance of mechanical model to MRI images of the Nerve Cross Section at the same location validating the capability of these methods to study this neurological deficit.