Nichtmedikamentöse Sekundärprävention der koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK)

Hintergrund: Die koronare Herzkrankheit (KHK) ist eine häufige und potenziell tödliche Erkrankung mit einer Lebenszeitprävalenz von über 20%. Allein in Deutschland wird die Zahl der durch die ischämische Herzerkrankung und des akuten Myokardinfarkts jährlich verursachten Todesfälle auf etwa 140.000 geschätzt. Ein Zusammenhang eng mit dem Lebensstil verbundener Risikofaktoren mit Auftreten und Prognose der KHK ist nachgewiesen. Durch Maßnahmen der nichtmedikamentösen Sekundärprävention wird versucht, diese Risikofaktoren positiv zu verändern sowie die KHK im Gegensatz zu palliativen interventionellen Therapiestrategien kausal zu behandeln. Zur Wirksamkeit der nichtmedikamentösen sekundärpräventiven Maßnahmen liegt eine ganze Reihe von Einzelstudien und -untersuchungen vor, eine systematische Analyse, die die Evidenz aller hauptsächlich angewandten Sekundärpräventionsstrategien zusammenfasst, fehlt unseres Wissens nach bislang jedoch. Auch eine Auswertung vorhandener Studien zur Kosten-Effektivität der Maßnahmen ist hierbei zu integieren. Fragestellung: Ziel dieses HTA-Berichts (HTA=Health Technology Assessment) ist die Erstellung einer umfassenden Übersicht der aktuellen Literatur zu nichtmedikamentösen Sekundärpräventionsmaßnahmen in der Behandlung der KHK, um diese Maßnahmen und deren Komponenten bezüglich ihrer medizinischen Wirksamkeit sowie Wirtschaftlichkeit zu beurteilen. Weiterhin sollen die ethischen, sozialen und rechtlichen Aspekte der nichtmedikamentösen Sekundärprävention und die Übertragbarkeit der Ergebnisse auf den deutschen Versorgungsalltag untersucht werden. Methodik: Relevante Publikationen werden über eine strukturierte und hochsensitive Datenbankrecherche sowie mittels Handrecherche identifiziert. Die Literaturrecherche wird in vier Einzelsuchen zu medizinischen, gesundheitsökonomischen, ethischen und juristischen Themen am 18.09.2008 durchgeführt und erstreckt sich über die vergangenen fünf Jahre. Die methodische Qualität der Publikationen wird von jeweils zwei unabhängigen Gutachtern unter Beachtung von Kriterien der evidenzbasierten Medizin (EbM) systematisch geprüft. Ergebnisse: Von insgesamt 9.074 Treffern erfüllen 43 medizinische Publikationen die Selektionskriterien, mit einem Nachbeobachtungszeitraum zwischen zwölf und 120 Monaten. Insgesamt ist die Studienqualität zufriedenstellend, allerdings berichtet nur ca. die Hälfte der Studien differenziert die Gesamtmortalität, während die übrigen Studien andere Outcomemaße verwenden. Die Wirksamkeit einzelner Sekundärpräventionsmaßnahmen stellt sich als sehr heterogen dar. Insgesamt kann langfristig eine Reduktion der kardialen sowie der Gesamtmortalität und der Häufigkeit kardialer Ereignisse sowie eine Erhöhung der Lebensqualität beobachtet werden. Vor allem für trainingsbasierte und multimodale Interventionen ist eine effektive Reduktion der Mortalität zu beobachten, während psychosoziale Interventionen besonders in Bezug auf eine Erhöhung der Lebensqualität effektiv zu sein scheinen. Für die ökonomischen Auswertungen werden 26 Publikationen identifiziert, die von ihrer Themenstellung und Studienart dem hier betrachteten Kontext zugeordnet werden können. Insgesamt kann festgestellt werden, dass sich die Studienlage zur multimodalen Rehabilitation sowohl bezüglich ihrer Menge als auch Qualität der Analysen besser darstellt, als dies für Evaluationen von Einzelmaßnahmen beobachtet werden kann. Die internationale Literatur bestätigt den multimodalen Ansätzen dabei zwar ein gutes Verhältnis von Kosten und Effektivität, untersucht jedoch nahezu ausschließlich ambulante oder häuslichbasierte Maßnahmen. Die Auswertung der Studien, die einzelne sich mit präventiven Maßnahmen in Hinblick auf ihre Kosten-Effektivität beschäftigen, ergibt lediglich positive Tendenzen für Interventionen der Raucherentwöhnung und des körperlichen Trainings. Im Hinblick auf psychosoziale Maßnahmen sowie auch die Ernährungsumstellung können aufgrund der unzureichenden Studienlage jedoch keine Aussagen über die Kosten-Effektivität getroffen werden. Insgesamt werden im Rahmen der Betrachtung sozialer Aspekte der nichtmedikamentösen Sekundärprävention elf Publikationen einbezogen. Die relativ neuen Studien bestätigen, dass Patienten mit niedrigem sozioökonomischen Status insgesamt schlechtere Ausgangsbedingungen und demnach einen spezifischen Bedarf an rehabilitativer Unterstützung haben. Gleichzeitig sind sich die Forscher jedoch uneinig, ob gerade diese Patientengruppe relativ häufiger oder seltener an den Rehabilitationsmaßnahmen teilnimmt. Bezüglich der Barrieren, die Patienten von der Teilnahme an den präventiven Maßnahmen abhalten, werden psychologische Faktoren, physische Einschränkungen aber auch gesellschaftliche und systemisch-orientierte Einflüsse genannt. Diskussion: Nichtmedikamentöse Sekundärpräventionsmaßnahmen sind sicher und in der Lage eine Reduktion der Mortalität sowie der Häufigkeit kardialer Ereignisse zu erzielen sowie die Lebensqualität zu erhöhen. Da nur wenige der methodisch verlässlichen Studien Teilnehmer über einen längeren Zeitraum von mindestens 60 Monaten nachverfolgen, müssen Aussagen über die Nachhaltigkeit als limitiert angesehen werden. Verlässliche Angaben in Bezug auf relevante Patientensubgruppen lassen sich nur sehr eingeschränkt machen ebenso wie im Hinblick auf die vergleichende Beurteilung verschiedener Maßnahmen der Sekundärprävention, da diese von eingeschlossenen Studien nur unzureichend erforscht wurden. Zukünftige methodisch verlässliche Studien sind notwendig, um diese Fragestellungen zu untersuchen und zu beantworten. Bezogen auf die Kosten-Effektivität nichtmedikamentöser sekundärpräventiver Maßnahmen kann aus den internationalen Studien eine insgesamt positive Aussage zusammengefasst werden. Einschränkungen dieser resultieren jedoch zum einen aus den Besonderheiten des deutschen Systems der stationären Rehabilitationsangebote, zum anderen aus den qualitativ mangelhaften Evaluationen der Einzelmaßnahmen. Studien mit dem Ziel der Bewertung der Kosten-Effektivität stationärer Rehabilitationsangebote sind ebenso erforderlich wie auch qualitativ hochwertige Untersuchungen einzeln erbrachter Präventionsmaßnahmen. Aus sozialer Perspektive sollte insbesondere untersucht werden, welche Patientengruppe aus welchen Gründen von einer Teilnahme an Rehabilitations- bzw. präventiven Maßnahmen absieht und wie diesen Argumenten begegnet werden könnte. Schlussfolgerung: Nichtmedikamentöse sekundärpräventive Maßnahmen sind in der Lage eine Reduktion der Mortalität und der Häufigkeit kardialer Ereignisse zu erzielen sowie die Lebensqualität zu erhöhen. Eine Stärkung des Stellenwerts nichtmedikamentöser Maßnahmen der Sekundärprävention erscheint vor diesem Hintergrund notwendig. Auch kann für einige Interventionen ein angemessenes Verhältnis von Effektivität und Kosten angenommen werden. Es besteht allerdings nach wie vor erheblicher Forschungsbedarf bezüglich der Wirksamkeitsbeurteilung nichtmedikamentöser Maßnahmen der Sekundärprävention in wichtigen Patientensubgruppen und der Effizienz zahlreicher angebotener Programme. Darüber hinaus ist weitere Forschung notwendig, um die Nachhaltigkeit der Maßnahmen und Gründe für die Nichtinanspruchnahme detailliert zu untersuchen. Vor allem gilt es jedoch den Versorgungsalltag in Deutschland, wie er sich für Ärzte, Patienten und weitere Akteure des Gesundheitswesens darstellt, zu untersuchen und den heutigen Stellenwert nichtmedikamentöser Maßnahmen aufzuzeigen.

Moderate-intensity statin therapy seems ineffective in primary cardiovascular prevention in patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by nephropathy:a multicenter prospective 8 years follow up study

Background: Although numerous studies and metanalysis have shown the beneficial effect of statin therapy in CVD secondary prevention, there is still controversy such the use of statins for primary CVD prevention in patients with DM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of total major adverse cardio-vascular events (MACE) in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes complicated by nephropathy treated with statins, in order to verify real life effect of statin on CVD primary prevention. Methods: We conducted an observational prospective multicenter study on 564 patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy free of cardiovascular disease attending 21 national outpatient diabetes clinics and followed them up for 8 years. 169 of them were treated with statins (group A) while 395 were not on statins (group B). Results: Notably, none of the patients was treated with a high-intensity statin therapy according to last ADA position statement. Total MACE occurred in 32 patients from group A and in 68 patients from group B. Fatal MACE occurred in 13 patients from group A and in 30 from group B; nonfatal MACE occurred in 19 patients from group A and in 38 patients from group B. The analysis of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a not statistically significant difference in the incidence of total (p 0.758), fatal (p 0.474) and nonfatal (p 0.812) MACE between the two groups. HbA1c only showed a significant difference in the incidence of MACE between the two groups (HR 1.201, CI 1.041-1.387, p 0.012). Conclusions: These findings suggest that, in a real clinical setting, moderate-intensity statin treatment is ineffective in cardiovascular primary prevention for patients with diabetic nephropathy.

Prevention of binge drinking in young adolescents through the promotion of a balanced level of psychological well-being: be-dry

This doctoral thesis presents a project carried out in secondary schools located in the city of Ferrara with the primary objective of demonstrating the effectiveness of an intervention based on Well-Being Therapy (Fava, 2016) in reducing alcohol use and improving lifestyles. In the first part (chapters 1-3), an introduction on risky behaviors and unhealthy lifestyle in adolescence is presented, followed by an examination of the phenomenon of binge drinking and of the concept of psychological well-being. In the second part (chapters 4-6), the experimental study is presented. A three-arm cluster randomized controlled trial including three test periods was implemented. The study involved eleven classes that were randomly assigned to receive well-being intervention (WBI), lifestyle intervention (LI) or not receive intervention (NI). Results were analyzed by linear mixed model and mixed-effects logistic regression with the aim to test the efficacy of WBI in comparison with LI and NI. AUDIT-C total score increased more in NI in comparison with WBI (p=0.008) and LI (p=0.003) at 6-month. The odds to be classified as at-risk drinker was lower in WBI (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.01–0.14) and LI (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.01–0.03) than NI at 6-month. The odds to use e-cigarettes at 6-month (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.01–0.35) and cannabis at post-test (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.01–0.18) were less in WBI than NI. Sleep hours at night decreased more in NI than in WBI (p = 0.029) and LI (p = 0.006) at 6-month. Internet addiction scores decreased more in WBI (p = 0.003) and LI (p = 0.004) at post-test in comparison with NI. Conclusions about the obtained results, limitations of the study, and future implications are discussed. In the seventh chapter, the data of the project collected during the pandemic are presented and compared with those from recent literature.

Hemorrhagic Shock Secondary To Button Battery Ingestion.

Button battery ingestion is a frequent pediatric complaint. The serious complications resulting from accidental ingestion have increased significantly over the last two decades due to easy access to gadgets and electronic toys. Over recent years, the increasing use of lithium batteries of diameter 20 mm has brought new challenges, because these are more detrimental to the mucosa, compared with other types, with high morbidity and mortality. The clinical complaints, which are often nonspecific, may lead to delayed diagnosis, thereby increasing the risk of severe complications. A five-year-old boy who had been complaining of abdominal pain for ten days, was brought to the emergency service with a clinical condition of hematemesis that started two hours earlier. On admission, he presented pallor, tachycardia and hypotension. A plain abdominal x-ray produced an image suggestive of a button battery. Digestive endoscopy showed a deep ulcerated lesion in the esophagus without active bleeding. After this procedure, the patient presented profuse hematemesis and severe hypotension, followed by cardiorespiratory arrest, which was reversed. He then underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy and presented a new episode of cardiorespiratory arrest, which he did not survive. The battery was removed through rectal exploration. This case describes a fatal evolution of button battery ingestion with late diagnosis and severe associated injury of the digestive mucosa. A high level of clinical suspicion is essential for preventing this evolution. Preventive strategies are required, as well as health education, with warnings to parents, caregivers and healthcare professionals.

A Modified Acidic Approach For Dna Extraction From Plant Species Containing High Levels Of Secondary Metabolites.

Purified genomic DNA can be difficult to obtain from some plant species because of the presence of impurities such as polysaccharides, which are often co-extracted with DNA. In this study, we developed a fast, simple, and low-cost protocol for extracting DNA from plants containing high levels of secondary metabolites. This protocol does not require the use of volatile toxic reagents such as mercaptoethanol, chloroform, or phenol and allows the extraction of high-quality DNA from wild and cultivated tropical species.

A Decade Of Malaria During Pregnancy In Brazil: What Has Been Done Concerning Prevention And Management.

In Brazil, malaria remains a disease of major epidemiological importance because of the high number of cases in the Amazonian Region. Plasmodium spp infections during pregnancy are a significant public health problem with substantial risks for the pregnant woman, the foetus and the newborn child. In Brazil, the control of malaria during pregnancy is primarily achieved by prompt and effective treatment of the acute episodes. Thus, to assure rapid diagnosis and treatment for pregnant women with malaria, one of the recommended strategy for low transmission areas by World Health Organization and as part of a strategy by the Ministry of Health, the National Malaria Control Program has focused on integrative measures with woman and reproductive health. Here, we discuss the approach for the prevention and management of malaria during pregnancy in Brazil over the last 10 years (2003-2012) using morbidity data from Malaria Health Information System. Improving the efficiency and quality of healthcare and education and the consolidation of prevention programmes will be challenges in the control of malaria during pregnancy in the next decade.

Genomic Copy Number Alterations Of Primary And Secondary Metastasizing Pleomorphic Adenomas.

Metastasizing pleomorphic adenoma (MPA) is a rare tumour, and its mechanism of metastasis still is unknown. To date, there has been no study on MPA genomics. We analysed primary and secondary MPAs with array comparative genomic hybridization to identify somatic copy number alterations and affected genes. Tumour DNA samples from primary (parotid salivary gland) and secondary (scalp skin) MPAs were subjected to array comparative genomic hybridization investigation, and the data were analysed with NEXUS COPY NUMBER DISCOVERY. The primary MPA showed copy number losses affecting 3p22.2p14.3 and 19p13.3p123, and a complex pattern of four different deletions at chromosome 6. The 3p deletion encompassed several genes: CTNNB1, SETD2, BAP1, and PBRM1, among others. The secondary MPA showed a genomic profile similar to that of the primary MPA, with acquisition of additional copy number changes affecting 9p24.3p13.1 (loss), 19q11q13.43 (gain), and 22q11.1q13.33 (gain). Our findings indicated a clonal origin of the secondary MPA, as both tumours shared a common profile of genomic copy number alterations. Furthermore, we were able to detect in the primary tumour a specific pattern of copy number alterations that could explain the metastasizing characteristic, whereas the secondary MPA showed a more unbalanced genome.

Treinamento físico e fatores de risco cardiovascular em homens de meia-idade

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Intrapupal temperature variation during Er,Cr: YSGG enamel irradiation on carries prevention

Studies have shown the cariostatic effect of Er,Cr:YSGG (2.78 mm) laser irradiation on human enamel and have suggested its use on caries prevention. However there are still no reports on the intrapulpal temperature increase during enamel irradiation using parameters for caries prevention. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the temperature variation in the pulp chamber during human enamel irradiation with Er,Cr:YSGG laser at different energy densities. Fifteen enamel blocks obtained from third molars (3 x 3 x 3 mm) were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=5): G1 - Er,Cr:YSGG laser 0.25 W, 20 Hz, 2.84 J/cm², G2 - Er,Cr:YSGG laser 0.50 W, 20 Hz, 5.68 J/cm², G3 - Er,Cr:YSGG laser 0.75 W, 20 Hz, 8.52 J/cm². During enamel irradiation, two thermocouples were fixed in the inner surface of the specimens and a thermal conducting paste was used. One-way ANOVA did not show statistically significant difference among the experimental groups (a=0.05). There was intrapulpal temperature variation <0.1ºC for all irradiation parameters. In conclusion, under the tested conditions, the use of Er,Cr:YSGG laser with parameters set for caries prevention lead to an acceptable temperature increase in the pulp chamber.

Acupuncture for the prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture in minimizing the severity of radiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer. A total of 24 consecutive patients receiving > 5000 cGy radiotherapy (RT) involving the major salivary glands bilaterally were assigned to either the preventive acupuncture group (PA, n = 12), treated with acupuncture before and during RT, or the control group (CT, n = 12), treated with RT and not receiving acupuncture. After RT completion, clinical response was assessed in all patients by syalometry, measuring the resting (RSFR) and stimulated (SSFR) salivary flow rates, and by the visual analogue scale (VAS) regarding dry mouth-related symptoms. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated-measures using a mixed-effect modeling procedure and analysis of variance. An alpha level of 0.05 was accepted for statistical significance. Although all patients exhibited some degree of impairment in salivary gland functioning after RT, significant differences were found between the groups. Patients in the PA group showed improved salivary flow rates (RSFR, SSFR; p < 0.001) and decreased xerostomia-related symptoms (VAS, p < 0.05) compared with patients in the CT group. Although PA treatment did not prevent the oral sequelae of RT completely, it significantly minimized the severity of radiation-induced xerostomia. The results suggest that acupuncture focused in a preventive approach can be a useful therapy in the management of patients with head and neck cancer undergoing RT.

Validity and reliability of methods for the detection of secondary caries around amalgam restorations in primary teeth

Secondary caries has been reported as the main reason for restoration replacement. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the performance of different methods - visual inspection, laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent), radiography and tactile examination - for secondary caries detection in primary molars restored with amalgam. Fifty-four primary molars were photographed and 73 suspect sites adjacent to amalgam restorations were selected. Two examiners evaluated independently these sites using all methods. Agreement between examiners was assessed by the Kappa test. To validate the methods, a caries-detector dye was used after restoration removal. The best cut-off points for the sample were found by a Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis, and the area under the ROC curve (Az), and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the methods were calculated for enamel (D2) and dentine (D3) thresholds. These parameters were found for each method and then compared by the McNemar test. The tactile examination and visual inspection presented the highest inter-examiner agreement for the D2 and D3 thresholds, respectively. The visual inspection also showed better performance than the other methods for both thresholds (Az = 0.861 and Az = 0.841, respectively). In conclusion, the visual inspection presented the best performance for detecting enamel and dentin secondary caries in primary teeth restored with amalgam.

Primary and secondary thickening in the stem of Cordyline fruticosa (Agavaceae)

The growth in thickness of monocotyledon stems can be either primary, or primary and secondary. Most of the authors consider this thickening as a result of the PTM (Primary Thickening Meristem) and the STM (Secondary Thickening Meristem) activity. There are differences in the interpretation of which meristem would be responsible for primary thickening. In Cordyline fruticosa the procambium forms two types of vascular bundles: collateral leaf traces (with proto and metaxylem and proto and metaphloem), and concentric cauline bundles (with metaxylem and metaphloem). The procambium also forms the pericycle, the outermost layer of the vascular cylinder consisting of smaller and less intensely colored cells that are divided irregularly to form new vascular bundles. The pericycle continues the procambial activity, but only produces concentric cauline bundles. It was possible to conclude that the pericycle is responsible for the primary thickening of this species. Further away from the apex, the pericyclic cells undergo periclinal divisions and produce a meristematic layer: the secondary thickening meristem. The analysis of serial sections shows that the pericycle and STM are continuous in this species, and it is clear that the STM originates in the pericycle.The endodermis is acknowledged only as the innermost layer of the cortex.

Overview of the taxonomy and of the major secondary metabolites and their biological activities related to human health of the Laurencia complex (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil

In Brazil, the Laurencia complex is represented by twenty taxa: Laurencia s.s. with twelve species, Palisada with four species (including Chondrophycus furcatus now that the proposal of its transference to Palisada is in process), and Osmundea and Yuzurua with two species each. The majority of the Brazilian species of the Laurencia complex have been phylogenetically analyzed by 54 rbcL sequences, including five other Rhodomelacean species as outgroups. The analysis showed that the Laurencia complex is monophyletic with high posterior probability value. The complex was separated into five clades, corresponding to the genera: Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Osmundea, Palisada, and Yuzurua. A bibliographical survey of the terpenoids produced by Brazilian species showed that only six species of Laurencia and five of Palisada (including C. furcatcus) have been submitted to chemical analysis with 48 terpenoids (47 sesquiterpenes and one triterpene) isolated. No diterpenes were found. Of the total, 23 sesquiterpenes belong to the bisabolane class and eighteen to the chamigrene type, whose biochemical precursor is bisabolane, two are derived from lauranes and four are triquinols. Despite the considerable number of known terpenes and their ecological and pharmacological importance, few experimental biological studies have been performed. In this review, only bioactivities related to human health were considered.

Allometric models for estimating the phytomass of a secondary Atlantic Forest area of southeastern Brazil

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate equations to estimate the aboveground phytomass of a 30 years old plot of Atlantic Forest. In two plots of 100 m², a total of 82 trees were cut down at ground level. For each tree, height and diameter were measured. Leaves and woody material were separated in order to determine their fresh weights in field conditions. Samples of each fraction were oven dried at 80 °C to constant weight to determine their dry weight. Tree data were divided into two random samples. One sample was used for the development of the regression equations, and the other for validation. The models were developed using single linear regression analysis, where the dependent variable was the dry mass, and the independent variables were height (h), diameter (d) and d²h. The validation was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient, paired t-Student test and standard error of estimation. The best equations to estimate aboveground phytomass were: lnDW = -3.068+2.522lnd (r² = 0.91; s y/x = 0.67) and lnDW = -3.676+0.951ln d²h (r² = 0.94; s y/x = 0.56).

A comparison of the leaf-litter ant fauna in a secondary atlantic forest with an adjacent pine plantation in southeastern Brazil

We investigated the influence of Pinus afforestation on the structure of leaf-litter ant communities in the southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest, studying an old secondary forest and a nearly 30 year-old never managed Pinus elliottii reforested area. A total of 12,826 individual ants distributed among 95 species and 32 genera were obtained from 50 1 m² samples/ habitat. Of these, 60 species were recorded in the pine plantation and 82 in the area of Atlantic forest; almost 50% of the species found in the secondary forest area were also present in the pine plantation. The number of species per sample was significantly higher in the secondary forest than in the pine plantation. Forest-adapted taxa are the most responsible for ant species richness differences between areas, and the pine plantation is richer in species classified as soil or litter omnivorous-dominants. The specialized ant predators registered in the pine plantation, as seven Dacetini, two Basiceros, two Attini and two Discothyrea, belong to widely distributed species. The NMDS (non-metric multidimensional scaling) ordination also suggested strong differences in similarity among samples of the two areas. Furthermore, this analysis indicated higher sample heterogeneity in the secondary forest, with two clusters of species, while in the pine plantation the species belong to a single cluster. We applied the ant mosaic hypothesis to explain the distribution of the leaf-litter fauna and spatial autocorrelation tests among samples. We argue that the results are likely related to differences in quality and distribution of the leaf-litter between the pine plantation and the secondary area.