银杉的遗传多样性及系统位置的研究一兼论松科的分子系统学

银杉属Cathaya是我国著名植物学家陈焕镛和匡可任建立的松科单型属，该属是否成立及该属在松科中的系统位置至今仍众说不一。银杉Cathazyaargyro phylla是银杉属的唯一幸存种，被誉为第三纪的活化石，并被列为我国一级保护的濒危植物，也是世界植物红皮书所列少数几种濒危裸子植物之一，保护区虽已设立数个，但该物种的濒危原因仍为未解之谜。本文针对上述问题开展了松科植物的分子系统学研究，探讨了银杉属的系统位置及松科的属间关系，并通过遗传多样性的研究探讨了银杉的濒危机制及保护策略。 1．松科的分子系统学研究 为选取合适的分子标记，本文先探讨了ITS-1在松科等裸子植物中的系统学价值。对1 6种裸子植物（其中含松科10属12种）的ITS-1的扩增结果如下：ITS-1在裸子植物属闻存在极大的长度变异(约600-2600bp)，因而不适用于属级以上的系统学研究;在同属种中，ITs-1的长度虽较一致，但与被子植物的ITS-1相比，裸子植物的ITS-1太长(如在松属中超过2600bp)，难以进行大规模研究。银杉属ITS-1的扩增产物中，一个片段的长度与松属ITS-1的长度相当，另一个片段的长度与云杉属ITS-l的长度相当，这三属间的关系值得进一步研究。此外，在松科植物ITS-1的研究中必须注意真菌“污染”这一问题。 由于ITS不适用于裸子植物属间关系的研究，因而本文运用rbcL-accD基因片段及trnK基因的PCR-RFLP分析探讨银杉属的系统位置及松科的属间关系。rbcL和trnK虽然都是叶绿体基因，但位于trnK内含子区的natK基因与rbcL基因在所受的选择压及进化速率上相差甚远，通过这两个基因研究结果的比较有助于评价系统树的可靠性。此外，考虑到松科的10个属中有9个属的rbcL基因序列已被测定，我们补测了银杉属的rbcL基因序列，进而对松科10个属的rbcL基因序列进行了全面分析。PCR -RFLP分析及rbcL基因的序列分析结果如下： A. PCR扩增的松科rbcL-accD基因片段均长约2550bp，属间没有明显的长度变异，1 8种限制性内切酶的单酶切及7种组合双酶切共获得86个酶切位点，其中54个为变异位点。PAUP和MEGA软件分析均表明：银杉属、松属、黄杉属和落叶松属构成一个单系群，且银杉属与松属的关系似乎近于它与另外二属的关系，但这一结果来得到bootstrap分析的较强支持;黄杉属近缘于落叶松属;冷杉属近缘于油杉属。 B．PCR扩增出的松科trnK基因均长约2557bp，在属间也没有明显的长度变异。16种限制性内切酶的单酶切及7种组合双酶切共获得92个酶切位点，其中68个为变异位点。变异位点中的35个具有系统发育信息，其中28个位于matK基因上。分布于整个trnK基因上的informative位点和仅分布于matK基因上的informative位点分别用于PAUP(version 3.1.1)分析，且PAUP分析中分别用Wagner简约法和Dollo筒约法构建系统树。总体看来，Wager简约树和Dono简约树的结构基本一致（Cedrus的位置除外）：Abies、Keteleeria、Tsuga和Pseudolarix分为一支，且这一支在所有的简约树中均得到分辨;Pseudotsuga近缘于Larix,而Abkes相对近缘于Keteleeria; Cathaya与Ables-Keteleeria-Pseudolarix-Tsuga这一支的关系较远，它与松科的其它属聚在一起，但b∞tstrap分析也不支持它与任何一个属有很近的关 系，说明Cathaya是比较孤立的一个属。Cedrus的位置较特殊，在Wagner简约树中它位于松属以外的其它8个属的基部（因松属为外类群），而在Dollo筒约树中它位于Al}ies-Kete~eer uz-Pseudo/zr/x- Tsuga达一支的基部，并且它与这一支的关系得到了bootstrap分析的较强支持。 C．银杉的rbeL基因长1425bp，其序列与松科其它9个属的rbcL基因序列均有较大差异，从遗传距离(Mega软件中的P-distance)上看，银杉属作为一个属是无可非议的。PAUp和Mega软件分析均表现：Abies、Keteleeria、Pseudolter和Tsuga分为一支，且Cathaya与这一支的关系较远;Pseuaiotsuga近缘于Larix,且这二属间的关系得到了bootstrap分析的强烈支持;Abies近缘于Keteleeria，Pseudolarix近缘于Tsuga，且这两支也得到了bootstrap分析的较强支持;Cathaya与Pinus聚为一支，但支持强度不高。Cetirus的位置与trnK基因的PCR-RFLP分析结果极为相似。 根据rbcL-accD基因片段及trnK基因的PCR-RFLP分析以及rbcL基因的序列分析可以得出如下结论：<1> Cathaya作为一个属不仅是成立的，而且是一个较为孤立的属，将它置于其它任何属内都是不正确的，该属与Abies-Keteleer ia-Pseudolarx-Tsuga这一支的关系较远，相对而言Cathaya与Pinus的关系可能稍近一些。<2>松科主要分为两大支：一支含Abies、KeteZeera、Pseudolarx和Tsuga，该支中Abies近缘于KetelaeriaPseudolarix近缘于Tsuga;另一支含Pseudotsuga、Larix、Cathaya、Pinus和Picete，该支中Pseudotsuga明显近缘于Larix;Cedrus可能更近于Abies-Keteleeria-Pseudolarix-Tsuga这一支。 2．银杉的遗传多样性研究 本研究运用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对银杉的1 1 3个个体（分别采自现存全部4个居群：金佛山、花坪、大瑶山和八西山)进行了遗传多样性检测。21个1O-mer的寡核苷酸引物共检测11个位点，其中42个位点是多态的，占37%，这一多态位点百分率仅为裸子植物多态位点百分率平均值的一半左右，说明银杉的遗传多样性水平很低。对多态位点的分析发现银杉屠群内发生了十分严重的遗传漂变，因而导致屠群间的强烈分化。AMOVA分析表明：银杉的遗传变异中，34.7%的变异存在于居群闻，这一数值是裸子植物GST平均值(6。8%)的5倍多;在金佛山屠群中，17%的遗传变异存在于亚居群间，这一数值也是裸子植物GsT平均值的两倍多。银杉的这一居群遗传结构与其它裸子植物的居群遗传结构截然不同。此外，我们提出了度量遗传多样性水平的分化指数概念及其计算方法，并发现遗传多样性水平的高低与生境的复杂程度有一定的相关性。 银杉的遗传多样性水平很低，其适应幅必然很窄，且由于严重的遗传漂变导致居群间的强烈分化，使基因流受阻，进而产生严重的近交，近交又使银杉的适应能力进一步下降，并使极为有限的遗传多样性进一步丧失，这种恶性循环会导致银杉濒危程度的加剧，甚至绝灭。 鉴于银杉独特的居群遗传结构，即有相当大一部分遗传变异存在于居群之间，取样保护时，不仅要在每个居群中取足够多的个体，而且要在尽可能多的居群中取样。就原地保护而言，由于每个居群和亚居群都有独特的基因型，因而都具有保护价值。另外，人工加强居群间的基因流（如人工授粉）对提高银杉各居群的适应能力肯定是有益的。

栽培牡丹起源研究

牡丹在中国被称作“花中之王”。我国不仅是全部野生牡丹的原产地，也是栽培牡丹最早的驯化地。野生牡丹共有8个种，分布于云南、四川、湖北、甘肃、陕西、山西、安徽、河南和西藏等9省区，因其具有很大的观赏和药用价值，而在中国和世界温带地区广泛栽培。本研究利用形态特征和4个核基因片段（三个Adh 基因和GPAT基因片断）的核苷酸序列变异对牡丹组的种间系统发育关系进行了分析，并对我国栽培牡丹四个品种群的101个代表品种的可能祖先进行了形态学鉴定和分子诊断标记研究。在此基础上，利用核编码叶绿体表达的GPAT基因的（大内含子）部分序列和叶绿体基因组的trnS – trnG 和 rpS16 – trnQ两个基因间隔区的DNA序列变异重建了栽培牡丹37个代表品种和26个野生居群间的谱系关系。结果表明：（1）GPAT基因树是迄今得到的分辨率最好，并具有很高自展值支持的牡丹组种间系统发育关系树;（2）GPAT基因树和形态学证据一致支持银屏牡丹（P. suffruticosa ssp. yinpingmudan）, 凤丹（P. ostii）, 紫斑牡丹（P. rockii）, 卵叶牡丹（P. qiui）, 和矮牡丹 （P. jishanensis） 参与了栽培牡丹的起源;（3）叶绿体DNA单倍型网络树（network）进一步证实上述5个祖先类群的4个（矮牡丹除外）可能参与了栽培牡丹的母系起源。37个品种的GPAT基因谱系和叶绿体DNA单倍型网络树一致表明银屏牡丹是栽培牡丹最主要的祖先，其次是紫斑牡丹、凤丹、和卵叶牡丹;（4）我们的分子证据不支持形态学证据关于矮牡丹是栽培牡丹最主要的野生祖先的推测;（5）形态学和分子诊断标记证据表明，101个品种中有65.35 % 的品种具有两个以上野生种的特征，18.81 % 品种同时具有 Eco R I (+) 和 InDel51(+)物种特异分子标记。对37个品种的GPAT基因谱系和叶绿体DNA谱系比较发现，其中35个可能是杂种起源。另外，对7个古代牡丹品种（据文献记载）的GPAT基因的不同克隆类型进行测序和谱系分析，结果表明其中4 个为杂种起源。上述证据充分表明杂交和（或）渗入杂交在牡栽培牡丹的起源和进化中发挥了重要作用。根据本研究的结果，结合现有的形态学数据、考古记录，以及有关牡丹栽培和驯化历史的记载，我们对栽培牡丹的起源和驯化历史总结如下。牡丹的栽培迄今有1,600 – 2,000年，栽培牡丹最迟起源于1，500年前。最初通过驯化和对突变的选择获得原始品种。由于牡丹品种可以通过无性和（或）有性方式进行繁殖，其后新的品种通过如下方式产生：（1）对突变的选择，（2）对栽培类型和野生种之间或栽培类型之间杂交和（或）渗入杂交产生的实生苗的选择。由于绝大部分（如果不是全部）早期的原始品种已绝灭，现有栽培牡丹是起源于各种人工和自然进化力共同作用的结果，其中包括多次驯化、人工选择、突变、杂交和渗入杂交等。据作者所知，栽培牡丹的这种 ‘compilospecies’ 起源和驯化模式是目前已研究过的主要栽培作物中未见报道的。 因此，本研究不仅为栽培牡丹的多系起源和驯化历史提供了可信的分子证据，同时也为利用单拷贝基因的内含子序列构建栽培作物及其近缘野生祖先间的种系发生关系提供了成功的例子。另外，本研究也为同时利用核和叶绿体基因组的非编码DNA序列研究杂交在栽培作物的起源和进化的中作用提供了成功的例子。

太行花某些生殖生物学特性的研究

本文通过原产地生境分析、有性生殖和无性生殖调查以及胚胎学研究等，研究了太行花的生殖生物学特性。 太行花分布在太行山东缘，其分布特点为：1、在海拔600-1500米之间，呈间断、零星、条带状分布。 2、主要生长在阴坡裸露崖壁的缝穴中。它的生境条件十分恶劣，气候季节性变化明显，夏季炎热多雨，冬季干燥寒冷;着生太行花的崖缝中只含极少土壤，保水性极差，有机质贫乏，含钙极高。太行花群落植物种类稀少，在调查的三个样地中仅有15个种，分属于9个科、11个属。 生殖途径调查表明：太行花具完整的两性花和单性雄花，两性花能发育成熟最终形成种子，萌发产生新植株，进行有性生殖;由于原产地恶劣的生境条件，有性生殖能力很弱。太行花还通过分蘖茎来进行无性生殖。分蘖茎产生于茎基部，当它出叶成苗并在顶芽基部上产生根后，与母株断开形成新植株。在原产地太行花种群的扩大和繁衍主要依靠无性生殖途径。 通过细胞学的研究，太行花具如下胚胎学特性：花药具有四个小孢子囊;孢原为单列细胞;花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成，药壁发育为基本型;减数分裂中胞质分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体是四面体;两细胞成熟花粉。胚珠倒生，单珠被，厚珠心;大孢子四分体线状排列;合点端单孢子发育形成8核蓼型胚囊;珠孔端受精;初生胚乳核先于合子分裂，核型胚乳，紫菀型胚;聚合瘦果，成熟时腹缝半裂。在这些特性中瘦果腹缝半裂是蓇葖果演变为瘦果的过渡类型特征。 太行花生殖生物学特性研究证明，虽然太行花正处于濒危状态中，但有性生殖和无性生殖的功能并未丧失，特别是大小孢子的发生和发育、受精和胚胎发生都具有正常的细胞学过程。因此，原产地太行花濒危的原因被认为是由于生殖过程所必需的条件不能满足的结果，也就是说特殊的生境阻碍了有性生殖和无性生殖的过程，从而导致个体数量减少和群体停止扩展。为了防止太行花灭绝，将它迁移到另一个适合于它繁殖的地方去，可能是合理的。

The development of aerodynamic performance measurements in a transient test facility

Transient test facilities offer the potential for the simultaneous study of turbine aerodynamic performance, unsteady flow phenomena and the heat transfer characteristics of a turbine stage. This paper describes the development of aerodynamic performance measurement techniques in the Oxford Rotor Facility (ORF). The solutions to the technological issues involved with transient testing presented in this paper are expected to achieve levels of precision uncertainty comparable with traditional steady flow test rigs. The theoretical background to the measurement of aerodynamic performance is presented together with a comprehensive pre-test uncertainty analysis. The instrumentation scheme for the measurement of stage mass flow rate is discussed in detail, the measurements of shaft power, total inlet enthalpy, and stage pressure ratio are also outlined. The current working section features a 62% scale, 1-1/2 stage, high-pressure shroudless transonic turbine. The required inlet flow conditions are provided by an Isentropic Light Piston Tunnel (ILPT) with a quasi-steady state run time of approximately 70ms. The testing is conducted at engine representative specific speed, pressure ratio, gas-to-wall temperature ratio, Mach number and Reynolds number.

Development of low cost feed using local ingredients for culture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii in ponds

Two experiments were conducted to formulate and evaluate test diets using locally available ingredients to find out suitable diets for mono and polyculture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in ponds. The first experiment was conducted from 1 July 2003 to 29 September 2003 in 12 experimental ponds each measuring 30 square meters behind the Fisheries Faculty Building, BAU campus, Mymensingh. Three experimental diets containing 30% protein were formulated using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oilcake, sesame meal and rice bran and assigned to treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. A special shrimp feed (Starter-II) from Saudi-Bangla Fish Feed Ltd. was assigned to treatment 4 (Control). Each treatment had three replications. Juveniles of M. rosenbergii (2.90±0.81g) were stocked at the rate of 4/square meter. Prawns were fed three times daily at the rate of 15% of their body weight at the beginning, which was gradually reduced to 10% and 5% for the last two months. There was no significant (P>0.05) difference between the weight gains of prawns fed diets 1 and 4 (control), but they were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of diets 2 and 3. The FCR values of diets ranged between 2.61 to 3.36 with diets 1 and 4 showing significantly (P<0.05) lower FCR values. The survival rate of prawns ranged between 68 to 78% with prawns fed diets 1 and 4 showing significantly higher survival rate. The production of prawn ranged from 921 to 1,428 kg/ha/90 days and diet 1 gave the highest production. Treatment 1 gave the highest net profit ofTk. 161,980/ha/90 days. The second experiment was conducted from December, 2003 to April, 2004 to see the growth of over wintered M. rosenbergii juveniles in polyculture with indigenous major carps (catla and rohu) in ponds using formulated diets. Three isoenergetic experimental diets formulated using fish meal, meat and bone meal, mustard oil cake, rice bran, wheat bran and molasses, and a shrimp feed 'Golda special feed' from Saudi-Bangla Fish Feed Ltd. were assigned to treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4 (control), respectively, each treatment had two replications. Eight experimental ponds each measuring 80 square meters in the Field Laboratory Complex of the Faculty of Fisheries, BAU campus, Mymensingh were used. The mean initial weights of M. rosenbergii, catla and rohu were 1.60±0.01, 30.0±0.09 and 25.0±0.08 g, respectively. A total of 160 fish and prawn (20,000/ha) were stocked in each pond at the ratio of 2:1:1 (prawn: catla: rohu). Fish were fed at the rate of 3-5% of their body weight. Prawns fed diet 1, 2 and 4 showed higher weight gains compared to diet 3. The weight gain of catla was significantly higher in T1 while in case of rohu was higher in T1 and T4, respectively. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the survival rate of fish as obtained from different treatments. The overall total fish production ranged from 2196 to 2679 kg/ha/5 months. The highest production and the highest profit (Tk. 56,531/ha/5 months) was obtained from T1 and the lowest (Tk. 24,932/ha/5 months) from T4.

On farm trial of Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) evolved two aquaculture technologies

Two BFRI evolved aquaculture technologies - integrated rice fish farming and carp polyculture with over-wintered fingerlings under different stocking densities were tested during 2003-04. The study was coordinated with two local NGOs namely NICHAITA and JNDP, Muktagacha, Mymensingh. Integrated rice fish farming technology was demonstrated in 9 plots each having an area between 60-100 dec. during boro season. Fifteen days after transplantation of rice seedlings, fingerlings of rajpunti (Barbodes gonionotus) of 7-10 g of individual weight were stocked in the rice fields at the density of 3,000 (T1), 3,750 (T2) and 4,500/ha (T3). The corresponding final weight of fish after three and half months in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 110±14.21, 101±16.55 and 86±22.28 g, respectively. The mean weight of fish in treatments 1 and 2 was significantly higher than treatment 3. Fish production obtained from treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 218.16±18.29, 239.70±25.11 and 236±24.66 kg/ha, respectively. On-farm demonstrations of carp polyculture using over-wintered fingerlings rohu (25-28 g), catla (24-26 g), mrigal (21-26 g) and grass carp (20-24 g) under different stocking densities were undertaken in nine earthen ponds (1,200-1,600 square meters) for a period of six months at three different stocking densities. The stocking densities of treatment 1 (T1), treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) were 2,000, 3,000 and 4,000/ha, respectively. Fish were fed with rice bran and mustard oil cake (3:1). Soft green grass and banana leaves were provided mainly for grass carp. At harvest, the production obtained in treatments 1, 2 and 3 were 2,325±74.75, 2,620±49.66 and 2,982± 171.52 kg/ha, respectively. The results demonstrated higher growth of fish in treatment 1 than those of treatments 2 and 3. However, treatment 3 contributed relatively higher production than those of treatments 1 and 2, whereas, highest net benefit was received from treatment 2.

Production of freshwater giant prawn using over-wintered juveniles for enhancement of farm income and reduction of rural poverty in Bangladesh

Freshwater giant prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii fry produced during late season can not withstand low temperature thus the prawn culture programme during winter is hampered. To overcome this problem, late season (August-September) prawn juveniles (0.9-6.8 g) were stocked at a density of 1.43 to 3.57/square meter in 350-476 square-meter ponds in Pabna and Mymensingh districts during October 2000 and cultured till May 2001. Monthly average water temperature during the winter months (December-February) varied from 16 to 22 °C and gradually increased to 32 °C in May. The prawn fry showed fast growth rate and attained an average weight of 60-70 g within eight months including three winter months. Growth compensation was observed during summer months. Survival rate was 60-79%. After extrapolation of the present growth rate more than 1,600 kg/ha production can be achieved in better-managed ponds. Extrapolated cost of production was Tk. 268,000 and 200,000 Tk./ha in two best ponds, sale value was Tk. 644,9146 [sic] and 528,466 and gross profit was Tk. 376,000-410,000, suggesting a higher economic feasibility of farming freshwater prawn with over-wintered juveniles.

Morphometric measurements as an index for estimating yield of meat in shell fishes, 2. Mussel (Perna viridis) and clam (villorita cyprinoides)

Observations (76 nos) on height-length and whole weight-meat weight relations of mussels (Perna viridis), both wild and cultured were made. From the length of mussel the height can be worked out by the equations (logarithmic scale), 1. y = 0.360+0.988 x for wild; 2. y = 0.334+1.011 x for cultured, where x is the length (cm) and y is the height (cms). So also to any height the corresponding meat weight can be obtained by the regression equation. log w=-0.8178+1.9769 log H for wild variety (1) log w=-1.3049+2.8385 log H for culture-variety (2) where w is the meat weight (g) and H is the height (cm) of the mussel. Fourteen observations on size weight measurements of dams were made. The yield varied from 8.9 to 13%. The length-height relationship worked out for clams (Villorita sp) is y=0.485+1.005 x for length x and height y.

云南滇池濒危特有种滇池金线鲃人工繁殖初报

滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)是滇池湖泊生态系统的指示物种和特有种.因水质污染和外来物种入侵等因素的影响,该鱼类自1986年起就从湖体中消失,仅有湖周围的少数龙潭中尚保存有少量滇池金线鲃.至2007年3月初,有两次繁殖试验取得了成功.先后试验了5尾雌鱼和6尾雄鱼,获得鱼卵约1 600粒,并实施干法受精.约有1 320粒受精,平均受精率为73%.孵化出鱼苗约480尾,平均孵化率为36%.经10天饲养,约有95%以上的鱼苗存活,体长达8-12 mm.滇池金线鲃人工繁殖成功的意义有三点:能有效保护该物种免于灭绝;繁殖的鱼苗放归湖泊合适水域,将有助于恢复滇池的土著生物多样性;有助于推动当地水产养殖业从非土著鱼类养殖向土著鱼类养殖的方向转变.

三峡水库初次蓄水后干流库区枝角类的空间分布与季节变化

为了阐明三峡水库初次蓄水后干流库区枝角类的时空分布规律,2004年4月至2005年1月,在600余公里干流库区设置10个样点,定性和定量采集枝角类标本。本次调查共采到9种枝角类,其中春季8种,夏季5种,秋季2种,冬季3种。枝角类种类组成的空间分布差异明显,河流状态的江段有4种,水库状态的江段有7种,水库状态的江段距大坝越近,枝角类种类越丰富。枝角类的密度和生物量的空间分布和季节变化规律一致,季节间差异极显著(P<0.01),春季最高,夏季次之,秋季和冬季较低;空间分布上表现为在干流库区的纵向分布上差异极显

液态铝硅合金的浸蚀研究

1 前言 铝硅合金作为高密度的固-液相变储能材料，在热能储存技术中已获得实际应用，其关键技术之一就是控制铝硅溶体对容器材料的浸蚀。如将温度控制在铝硅合金的熔点附近(约600℃，低于铁铝共晶温度655℃)，这时只能生成贫铁的铁铝硅三元合金体系，浸蚀层的扩散生长速度减小，从而使容器材料的抗浸能力大为提高。本工作研究了熔点附近，铝硅溶体对几种金属材料的浸蚀程度以及浸蚀层的成份分布情况并探讨表面氧化膜的影响。

我国低钛月海型模拟月壤初始物质选择的地球化学依据

以Apollo14 月壤样品和美国J SC21 模拟月壤的地球化学特征为基础,结合我国低钛玄武岩火山的分布,对我国不同地区新生代玄武岩的化学成分、年龄、储量等方面进行对比分析结果表明,滇西北金沙江地区和吉林辉南红旗林场2四海地区的玄武质火山喷发物的化学成分与Apollo14 月壤样品和美国J SC21 模拟月壤相似,比较适合用于我国低钛月海玄武岩模拟月壤研制的初始物质。野外地质调查发现,吉林省辉南县金川镇红旗林场—四海一带产出的玄武质火山渣为距今1 600 a 的该玄武质火山岩的喷发物,其储量大、质地纯、粒度均匀,而且比滇西北金沙江地区最近一期的玄武质火山渣新鲜,最适合作为我国低钛月海玄武岩模拟月壤研制的初始物质。

Levantamento de reconhecimento dos solos do Estado do Paraná.

O conhecimento pormenorizado das propriedades morfológicas, físicas, químicas e mineralógicas dos solos, constitui fonte de informação básica para a compreensão e solução dos problemas que afetam a pesquisa agropecuária.

Desempenho de genótipos de girassol no cerrado do leste Maranhense, ano agrícola 2013/2014.

RESUMO: No ano agrícola 2013/2014, foram conduzidos três ensaios de avaliação de genótipos de girassol, sendo dois no município de Mata Roma e um em Magalhães de Almeida, com o objetivo de identificar materiais promissores para produção de grãos e óleo. O espaçamento utilizado foi de 0,70 m entre linhas com plantas distanciadas de 0,30 m. A adubação de fundação constou de 200 kg ha-1 da fórmula 05-30-15 + micronutrientes e cobertura aos 30 dias após semeadura, usando-se 30 kg ha-1 de N e 30 kg ha-1 de K2O. Em Mata Roma, a produtividade de grãos no ensaio final 01 variou de 1.866 kg ha-1 a 2.567 kg ha-1, obtida nos genótipos Embrapa 122 e BRS G34, respectivamente, ficando a média geral do ensaio em 2.095 kg ha-1. No ensaio final 02 a produtividade de grãos variou de 1.705 kg ha-1 a 2.036 kg ha -1 para os genótipos Helio 250 e MG 360, REspectivamente, com média geral de 1.834 kg ha-1. Em Magalhães de Almeida a produtividade de grãos obtida no ensaio final constou de 1.600 kg ha-1 no genótipo Helio 251, 2.110 kg ha-1 no CF 101 e média Geral do ensaio de 1.908 kg ha -1. Os maiores teores de óleo obtidos nos três ensaios foram 40,1%, 40,6%, 40,9% e 41,4%, respectivamente, nos genótipos CF 101, Paraíso 20, BRS G41 e MG 360. ABSTRACT: In the agricultural year 2013/2014, three sunflowers genotypes tests were conducted in the state of Maranhão: two in the county of Mata Roma and one in Magalhães de Almeida, in order to identify promising materials for the production of grain and oil. The spacing used was 0.70 m between rows with plants spaced of 0.30 m. The foundation of fertilization consisted of 200 kg ha-1 formula 05-30-15 + micro-nutrient and coverage on 30 days after sowing, using 30 kg ha-1 of N and 30 kg ha-1 of K2O. In Mata Roma, grain yield in the final test 01 ranged from 1,866 kg ha-1 to 2,567 kg ha-1, obtained at Embrapa 122 and BRS G34 genotypes, respectively, getting the overall average of the test in 2,095 kg ha-1. In the final test 02, the grain yield ranged from 1,705 kg ha-1 to 2,036 kg ha-1 for Helio 250 and MG 360 genotypes, respectively, with overall average of 1,834 kg ha-1. In Magalhães de Almeida the grain yield obtained in the final test consisted of 1,600 kg ha-1 in the genotype Helio 251, 2,110 kg ha-1 in the CF 101 and overall average test of 1,908 kg ha-1. The highest oil content obtained in the three tests were 40.1%, 40.6%, 40.9% and 41.4%, respectively, in the 101 CF genotypes, Heaven 20, BRS G41 and MG 360.

Horas de frío disponibles para frutales criófilos en la región serrana de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina

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