Repeated sprinting on natural grass impairs vertical stiffness but does not alter plantar loading in soccer players.

This study aimed to determine changes in spring-mass model (SMM) characteristics, plantar pressures, and muscle activity induced by the repetition of sprints in soccer-specific conditions; i.e., on natural grass with soccer shoes. Thirteen soccer players performed 6 × 20 m sprints interspersed with 20 s of passive recovery. Plantar pressure distribution was recorded via an insole pressure recorder device divided into nine areas for analysis. Stride temporal parameters allowed to estimate SMM characteristics. Surface electromyographic activity was monitored for vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris muscles. Sprint time, contact time, and total stride duration lengthened from the first to the last repetition (+6.7, +12.9, and +9.3%; all P < 0.05), while flight time, swing time, and stride length remained constant. Stride frequency decrease across repetitions approached significance (-6.8%; P = 0.07). No main effect of the sprint number or any significant interaction between sprint number and foot region was found for maximal force, mean force, peak pressure and mean pressure (all P > 0.05). Center of mass vertical displacement increased (P < 0.01) with time, together with unchanged (both P > 0.05) peak vertical force and leg compression. Vertical stiffness decreased (-15.9%; P < 0.05) across trials, whereas leg stiffness changes were not significant (-5.9%; P > 0.05). Changes in root mean square activity of the three tested muscles over sprint repetitions were not significant. Although repeated sprinting on natural grass with players wearing soccer boots impairs their leg-spring behavior (vertical stiffness), there is no substantial concomitant alterations in muscle activation levels or plantar pressure patterns.

Psychophysiological responses to affective pictures in younger and older adults

Despite the central role that emotional reactivity plays in adaptation, few studies have examined age differences in this capacity under well-controlled laboratory conditions, on the basis of standardized emotion-evoking stimuli and assessing experiential, expressive, and physiological measures. 212 adults ranging in age from 20 to 81 years were exposed to 14 picture series, each lasting 60 s and of a different valence and arousal. We assessed valence and arousal ratings, cardiovascular, respiratory and electrodermalmeasures, facial muscle activity and gaze activity. Here, we present findings for 22 younger (mean age=24.0) and 22 older (mean age=72.1) adults for valence and arousal ratings, systolic bloodpressure (SBP) andheart rate (HR).Compared to younger adults, older adults rated unpleasant seriesmore negatively and showed a smaller range in arousal for pleasant series. SBP linearly increased with increasing appetitive activation. HR showed the expected deceleration from the pleasant to the unpleasant series.However, this effect was clearer for the younger adults than the older adults. For older adults, if something is pleasant, it is also judged to be generally lower in arousal, whereas, if something is unpleasant, it is also judged to be generally higher in arousal. The results for SBP indicate that the association between arousal and sympathetic outflow to the cardiovascular system might be similar in younger and older adults. The results for HR suggest that the parasympathetic activation might be attenuated in older adults as compared to younger adults.

Effects of prior short multiple-sprint exercises with different intersprint recoveries on the slow component of oxygen uptake during high-intensity exercise.

This study compares the effects of two short multiple-sprint exercise (MSE) (6 × 6 s) sessions with two different recovery durations (30 s or 180 s) on the slow component of oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O(2)) during subsequent high-intensity exercise. Ten male subjects performed a 6-min cycling test at 50% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and [Formula: see text]O(2peak) (Δ50). Then, the subjects performed two MSEs of 6 × 6 s separated by two intersprint recoveries of 30 s (MSE(30)) and 180 s (MSE(180)), followed 10 min later by the Δ50 (Δ50(30) and Δ50(180), respectively). Electromyography (EMG) activities of the vastus medialis and lateralis were measured throughout each exercise bout. During MSE(30), muscle activity (root mean square) increased significantly (p ≤ 0.04), with a significant leftward-shifted median frequency of the power density spectrum (MDF; p ≤ 0.01), whereas MDF was significantly rightward-shifted during MSE(180) (p = 0.02). The mean [Formula: see text]O(2) value was significantly higher in MSE(30) than in MSE(180) (p < 0.001). During Δ50(30), [Formula: see text]O(2) and the deoxygenated hemoglobin ([HHb]) slow components were significantly reduced (-27%, p = 0.02, and -34%, p = 0.003, respectively) compared with Δ50. There were no significant modifications of the [Formula: see text]O(2) slow component in Δ50(180) compared with Δ50 (p = 0.32). The neuromuscular and metabolic adaptations during MSE(30) (preferential activation of type I muscle fibers evidenced by decreased MDF and a greater aerobic metabolism contribution to the required energy demands), but not during MSE(180), may lead to reduced [Formula: see text]O(2) and [HHb] slow components, suggesting an alteration in motor units recruitment profile (i.e., change in the type of muscle fibers recruited) and (or) an improved muscle O(2) delivery during subsequent exercise.

Vatsalihasten aktiivisuus ja harjoittaminen keinutuolilla keinuttaessa

Summary: Electromyographic muscle activity and trainability of the rectus abdominis during rocking in a rocking chair

Towards a digital body: the virtual arm illusion

The integration of the human brain with computers is an interesting new area of applied neuroscience, where one application is replacement of a person"s real body by a virtual representation. Here we demonstrate that a virtual limb can be made to feel part of your body if appropriate multisensory correlations are provided. We report an illusion that is invoked through tactile stimulation on a person"s hidden real right hand with synchronous virtual visual stimulation on an aligned 3D stereo virtual arm projecting horizontally out of their shoulder. An experiment with 21 male participants showed displacement of ownership towards the virtual hand, as illustrated by questionnaire responses and proprioceptive drift. A control experiment with asynchronous tapping was carried out with a different set of 20 male participants who did not experience the illusion. After 5 min of stimulation the virtual arm rotated. Evidence suggests that the extent of the illusion was also correlated with the degree of muscle activity onset in the right arm as measured by EMG during this period that the arm was rotating, for the synchronous but not the asynchronous condition. A completely virtual object can therefore be experienced as part of one"s self, which opens up the possibility that an entire virtual body could be felt as one"s own in future virtual reality applications or online games, and be an invaluable tool for the understanding of the brain mechanisms underlying body ownership.

Activation of neural cholecystokinin-1 receptors induces relaxation of the isolated rat duodenum which is reduced by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Cholecystokinin (CCK) influences gastrointestinal motility, by acting on central and peripheral receptors. The aim of the present study was to determine whether CCK has any effect on isolated duodenum longitudinal muscle activity and to characterize the mechanisms involved. Isolated segments of the rat proximal duodenum were mounted for the recording of isometric contractions of longitudinal muscle in the presence of atropine and guanethidine. CCK-8S (EC50: 39; 95% CI: 4.1-152 nM) and cerulein (EC50: 58; 95% CI: 18-281 nM) induced a concentration-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxation. Nomeganitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) reduced CCK-8S- and cerulein-induced relaxation (IC50: 5.2; 95% CI: 2.5-18 µM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The magnitude of 300 nM CCK-8S-induced relaxation was reduced by 100 µM L-NOARG from 73 ± 5.1 to 19 ± 3.5% in an L-arginine but not D-arginine preventable manner. The CCK-1 receptor antagonists proglumide, lorglumide and devazepide, but not the CCK-2 receptor antagonist L-365,260, antagonized CCK-8S-induced relaxation in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that CCK-8S and cerulein activate intrinsic nitrergic nerves acting on CCK-1 receptors in order to cause relaxation of the rat duodenum longitudinal muscle.

Characterization of angiotensin-converting enzymes 1 and 2 in the soleus and plantaris muscles of rats

Angiotensin-converting enzymes 1 (ACE1) and 2 (ACE2) are key enzymes of the renin-angiotensin system, which act antagonistically to regulate the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). Considerable data show that ACE1 acts on normal skeletal muscle functions and architecture. However, little is known about ACE1 levels in muscles with different fiber compositions. Furthermore, ACE2 levels in skeletal muscle are not known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize protein expression and ACE1 and ACE2 activities in the soleus and plantaris muscles. Eight-week-old female Wistar rats (N = 8) were killed by decapitation and the muscle tissues harvested for biochemical and molecular analyses. ACE1 and ACE2 activities were investigated by a fluorometric method using Abz-FRK(Dnp)P-OH and Mca-YVADAPK(Dnp)-OH fluorogenic substrates, respectively. ACE1 and ACE2 protein expression was analyzed by Western blot. ACE2 was expressed in the skeletal muscle of rats. There was no difference between the soleus (type I) and plantaris (type II) muscles in terms of ACE2 activity (17.35 ± 1.7 vs 15.09 ± 0.8 uF·min-1·mg-1, respectively) and protein expression. ACE1 activity was higher in the plantaris muscle than in the soleus (71.5 ± 3.9 vs 57.9 ± 1.1 uF·min-1·mg-1, respectively). Moreover, a comparative dose-response curve of protein expression was established in the soleus and plantaris muscles, which indicated higher ACE1 levels in the plantaris muscle. The present findings showed similar ACE2 levels in the soleus and plantaris muscles that might result in a similar Ang II response; however, lower ACE1 levels could attenuate Ang II production and reduce bradykinin degradation in the soleus muscle compared to the plantaris. These effects should enhance the aerobic capacity necessary for oxidative muscle activity.

A microanalysis of EMG and EEG changes during the sleep onset period (SOP) : a theoretical investigation with practical applications /

The present study has both theoretical and practical aspects. The theoretical intent of the study was to closely examine the relationship between muscle activity (EMG) and EEG state during the process of falling asleep. Sleep stages during sleep onset (SO) have been generally defined with regards to brain wave activity (Recht schaff en & Kales (1968); and more precisely by Hori, Hayashi, & Morikawa (1994)). However, no previous study has attempted to quantify the changes in muscle activity during this same process. The practical aspect of the study examined the reliability ofa commercially developed wrist-worn alerting device (NovAlert™) that utilizes changes in muscle activity/tension in order to alert its user in the event that he/she experiences reduced wakefulness that may result in dangerous consequences. Twelve female participants (aged 18-42) sp-ent three consecutive nights in the sleep lab ("Adaptation", "EMG", and "NOVA" nights). Each night participants were given 5, twenty-minute nap opportunities. On the EMG night, participants were allowed to fall asleep freely. On the NOV A night, participants wore the Nov Alert™ wrist device that administered a Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) when it detected that muscle activity levels had dropped below baseline. Nap sessions were scored using Hori's 9-stage scoring system (Hori et aI, 1994). Power spectral analyses (FFT) were also performed. Effects ofthe PVT administration on EMG and EEG frequencies were also examined. Both chin and wrist EMG activity showed reliable and significant decline during the early stages ofHori staging (stages HO to H3 characterized by decreases in alpha activity). All frequency bands studied went through significant changes as the participants progressed through each ofHori's 9 SO stages. Delta, theta, and sigma activity increased later in the SO continuum while a clear alpha dominance shift was noted as alpha activity shifted from the posterior regions of the brain (during Hori stages HO to H3) to the anterior portions (during Hori stages H7 to H9). Administration of the PVT produced significant increases in EMG activity and was effective in reversing subjective drowsiness experienced during the later stages of sleep onset. Limitations of the alerting effects of the PVTs were evident following 60 to 75 minutes of use in that PVTs delivered afterwards were no longer able to significantly increase EMG levels. The present study provides a clearer picture of the changes in EMG and EEG during the sleep onset period while testing the efficacy of a commercially developed alerting device. EMG decreases were found to begin during Hori stage 0 when EEG was - dominated by alpha wave activity and were maximal as Hori stages 2 to 5 were traversed (coincident with alpha and beta activity). This signifies that EMG decrements and the loss of resting alpha activity are closely related. Since decreased alpha has long been associated with drowsiness and impending sleep, this investigation links drops in muscle tone with sleepiness more directly than in previous investigations. The EMG changes were reliably demonstrated across participants and the NovAlert™ detected the EMG decrements when Hori stage 3 was entered. The alerting vibrations produced by the NovAlert™ occurred early enough in the SO process to be of practical importance as a sleepiness monitoring and alerting device.

Active isolated stretching : an investigation of the mechanical mechanisms

The Active Isolated Stretching (AIS) technique proposes that by contracting a muscle (agonist) the opposite muscle (antagonist) will relax through reciprocal inhibition and lengthen without increasing muscle tension (Mattes, 2000). The clinical effectiveness of AIS has been reported but its mechanism of action has not been investigated at the tissue level. Proposed mechanisms for increased range of motion (ROM) include mechanical or neural changes, or an increased stretch tolerance. The purpose of the study was to investigate changes in mechanical properties, i.e. stiffness, of skeletal muscle in response to acute and long-term AIS stretching for the hamstring muscle group. Recreationally active university-aged students (female n=8, male n=2) classified as having tight hamstrings, by a knee extension test, volunteered for the study. All stretch procedures were performed on the right leg, with the left leg serving as a control. Each subject was assessed twice: at an initial session and after completing a 6-week AIS hamstring stretch training program. For both test sessions active knee extension (ROM) to a position of "light irritation", passive resisted torque and stiffness were determined before and after completion of the AIS technique (2x10 reps). Data were collected using a Biodex System 3 Pro (Biodex Medical Systems, NY, USA) isokinetic dynamometer. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to monitor vastus lateralis (VL) and hamstring muscle activity during the stretching movements. Between test sessions, 2x10 reps of the AIS bent knee hamstring stretch were performed daily for 6-weeks.

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation of the Wrist Flexors

The present study examined a wrist extension-to-flexion contraction pattern that was theorized to result in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. However, the “reversal of antagonists” contraction pattern may have, alternatively, interfered with motor learning-related increases in strength. Participants (N=24) were matched on predicted strength and randomly assigned to either the control or experimental group. Training occurred during three test sessions within a one-week period. Retention and transfer (crossed-condition) tests were administered during a fourth test session two- weeks later. Both groups exhibited comparable increases in strength (20.2%) and decreases in muscle coactivation (35.2%), which were retained and transferred. Decreases in error and variability of the torque traces were associated with parallel decreases in variability of muscle activity. The reversal of antagonists technique did not interfere with motor learning-related increases in strength and decreases in variability. However, the more complex contraction pattern failed to result in proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of strength.

Can Attention Focus Instructions Reduce the Effects of Fatigue on Balance Control?

Localized muscular fatigue has been identified to have detrimental effects on balance control, an important skill for everyday life. Manipulation of attention focus instructions has been shown to benefit performance of various motor skills including balance and has been found to facilitate endurance during fatiguing tasks. The purpose of this thesis was to determine if the use of attention focus instructions could attenuate the effects of muscular fatigue on balance control. Twenty-four participants performed a balance task (two-legged stance on an unstable platform) before and after a fatigue protocol. Trunk sway, platform excursions, and lower limb muscle activity was measured. Results suggest that use of either internal or external attention focus instructions can reduce the immediate effects of muscular fatigue of the lower limb on balance control as shown through reduced trunk sway and platform excursions. These results have relevance for individuals performing balance tasks in a fatigued state.

The influence of cognitive resources on compensatory arm responses

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of an ongoing cognitive task on an individual’s ability to generate a compensatory arm response. Twenty young and 16 older adults recovered their balance from a support surface translation while completing a cognitive (counting) task of varying difficulty. Surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the shoulders and kinematics of the right arm were collected to quantify the compensatory arm response. Results indicated that the counting task, regardless of its difficulty as well as the age of the individual, had minimal influence on the onset or magnitude of arm muscle activity that occurred following a loss of balance. In contrast to previous research, this study’s findings suggest that the cortical or cognitive resources utilized by the cognitive task are not relied upon for the generation of compensatory arm responses and that older adults are not disproportionately affected by dual-tasking than young adults.

Rôle du cortex pariétal postérieur dans le processus d'intégration visuomotrice - connexions anatomiques avec le cortex moteur et activité cellulaire lors de la locomotion chez le chat

La progression d’un individu au travers d’un environnement diversifié dépend des informations visuelles qui lui permettent d’évaluer la taille, la forme ou même la distance et le temps de contact avec les obstacles dans son chemin. Il peut ainsi planifier en avance les modifications nécessaires de son patron locomoteur afin d’éviter ou enjamber ces entraves. Ce concept est aussi applicable lorsque le sujet doit atteindre une cible, comme un prédateur tentant d’attraper sa proie en pleine course. Les structures neurales impliquées dans la genèse des modifications volontaires de mouvements locomoteurs ont été largement étudiées, mais relativement peu d’information est présentement disponible sur les processus intégrant l’information visuelle afin de planifier ces mouvements. De nombreux travaux chez le primate suggèrent que le cortex pariétal postérieur (CPP) semble jouer un rôle important dans la préparation et l’exécution de mouvements d’atteinte visuellement guidés. Dans cette thèse, nous avons investigué la proposition que le CPP participe similairement dans la planification et le contrôle de la locomotion sous guidage visuel chez le chat. Dans notre première étude, nous avons examiné l’étendue des connexions cortico-corticales entre le CPP et les aires motrices plus frontales, particulièrement le cortex moteur, à l’aide d’injections de traceurs fluorescents rétrogrades. Nous avons cartographié la surface du cortex moteur de chats anesthésiés afin d’identifier les représentations somatotopiques distales et proximales du membre antérieur dans la partie rostrale du cortex moteur, la représentation du membre antérieur située dans la partie caudale de l’aire motrice, et enfin la représentation du membre postérieur. L’injection de différents traceurs rétrogrades dans deux régions motrices sélectionnées par chat nous a permis de visualiser la densité des projections divergentes et convergentes pariétales, dirigées vers ces sites moteurs. Notre analyse a révélé une organisation topographique distincte de connexions du CPP avec toutes les régions motrices identifiées. En particulier, nous avons noté que la représentation caudale du membre antérieur reçoit majoritairement des projections du côté rostral du sillon pariétal, tandis que la partie caudale du CPP projette fortement vers la représentation rostrale du membre antérieur. Cette dernière observation est particulièrement intéressante, parce que le côté caudal du sillon pariétal reçoit de nombreux inputs visuels et sa cible principale, la région motrice rostrale, est bien connue pour être impliquée dans les fonctions motrices volontaires. Ainsi, cette étude anatomique suggère que le CPP, au travers de connexions étendues avec les différentes régions somatotopiques du cortex moteur, pourrait participer à l’élaboration d’un substrat neural idéal pour des processus tels que la coordination inter-membre, intra-membre et aussi la modulation de mouvements volontaires sous guidage visuel. Notre deuxième étude a testé l’hypothèse que le CPP participe dans la modulation et la planification de la locomotion visuellement guidée chez le chat. En nous référant à la cartographie corticale obtenue dans nos travaux anatomiques, nous avons enregistré l’activité de neurones pariétaux, situés dans les portions des aires 5a et 5b qui ont de fortes connexions avec les régions motrices impliquées dans les mouvements de la patte antérieure. Ces enregistrements ont été effectués pendant une tâche de locomotion qui requiert l’enjambement d’obstacles de différentes tailles. En dissociant la vitesse des obstacles de celle du tapis sur lequel le chat marche, notre protocole expérimental nous a aussi permit de mettre plus d’emphase sur l’importance de l’information visuelle et de la séparer de l’influx proprioceptif généré pendant la locomotion. Nos enregistrements ont révélé deux groupes de cellules pariétales activées en relation avec l’enjambement de l’obstacle: une population, principalement située dans l’aire 5a, qui décharge seulement pendant le passage du membre au dessus del’entrave (cellules spécifiques au mouvement) et une autre, surtout localisée dans l’aire 5b, qui est activée au moins un cycle de marche avant l’enjambement (cellules anticipatrices). De plus, nous avons observé que l’activité de ces groupes neuronaux, particulièrement les cellules anticipatrices, était amplifiée lorsque la vitesse des obstacles était dissociée de celle du tapis roulant, démontrant l’importance grandissante de la vision lorsque la tâche devient plus difficile. Enfin, un grand nombre des cellules activées spécifiquement pendant l’enjambement démontraient une corrélation soutenue de leur activité avec le membre controlatéral, même s’il ne menait pas dans le mouvement (cellules unilatérales). Inversement, nous avons noté que la majorité des cellules anticipatrices avaient plutôt tendance à maintenir leur décharge en phase avec l’activité musculaire du premier membre à enjamber l’obstacle, indépendamment de sa position par rapport au site d’enregistrement (cellules bilatérales). Nous suggérons que cette disparité additionnelle démontre une fonction diversifiée de l’activité du CPP. Par exemple, les cellules unilatérales pourraient moduler le mouvement du membre controlatéral au-dessus de l’obstacle, qu’il mène ou suive dans l’ordre d’enjambement, tandis que les neurones bilatéraux sembleraient plutôt spécifier le type de mouvement volontaire requis pour éviter l’entrave. Ensembles, nos observations indiquent que le CPP a le potentiel de moduler l’activité des centres moteurs au travers de réseaux corticaux étendus et contribue à différents aspects de la locomotion sous guidage visuel, notamment l’initiation et l’ajustement de mouvements volontaires des membres antérieurs, mais aussi la planification de ces actions afin d’adapter la progression de l’individu au travers d’un environnement complexe.

Proposition de combinaisons optimales de contractions volontaires maximales isométriques pour la normalisation de 12 muscles de l'épaule

Afin d’être représentatif d’un niveau d’effort musculaire, le signal électromyographique (EMG) est exprimé par rapport à une valeur d’activation maximale. Comme l’épaule est une structure articulaire et musculaire complexe, aucune contraction volontaire isométrique (CVMi) proposée dans la littérature ne permet d’activer maximalement un même muscle de l’épaule pour un groupe d’individus. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de développer une approche statistique permettant de déterminer les CVMi optimales afin de maximiser les niveaux d’activation d’un ensemble de muscles de l’épaule. L’amplitude du signal EMG de 12 muscles de l’épaule a été enregistrée chez 16 sujets alors qu’ils effectuaient 15 CVMi. Une première approche systématique a permis de déterminer les 4 CVMi parmi les 15 qui ensemble maximisent les niveaux d’activation pour les 12 muscles simultanément. Ces 4 contractions ont donné des niveaux d’activation supérieurs aux recommandations antérieures pour 4 muscles de l’épaule. Une seconde approche a permis de déterminer le nombre minimal de CVMi qui sont nécessaires afin de produire un niveau d’activation qui n’est pas significativement différent des valeurs d’activation maximales pour les 16 sujets. Pour 12 muscles de l’épaule, un total de 9 CVMi sont requises afin de produire des valeurs d’activation qui sont représentatives de l’effort maximal de tous les sujets. Ce mémoire a proposé deux approches originales, dont la première a maximisé les niveaux d’activation qui peuvent être produits à partir d’un nombre fixe de CVMi tandis que la deuxième a permis d’identifier le nombre minimal de CVMi nécessaire afin de produire des niveaux d’activation qui ne sont pas significativement différentes des valeurs d’activation maximales. Ces deux approches ont permis d’émettre des recommandations concernant les CVMi nécessaires à la normalisation de l’EMG afin de réduire les risques de sous-estimer l’effort maximal d’un ensemble d’individus.

Effets du port continu de coquilles correctrices Invisalign® sur l’articulation temporo-mandibulaire et les muscles du complexe facial.

INTRODUCTION : L’articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM) est un système articulaire excessivement complexe. L'étiologie des désordres temporo-mandibulaires (DTM) est encore incertaine et le lien de cause à effet des traitements orthodontiques en tant que facteur de risque est une question qui a longuement été discutée. Cette étude clinique prospective vise à évaluer les effets à long terme du port continu de coquilles correctrices Invisalign® sur l’ATM et les muscles du complexe facial. MATÉRIELS ET MÉTHODES : L'étude incluait 43 adolescents et adultes âgés entre 13 et 51 ans (25 femmes et 18 hommes). Deux d'entre eux ont été exclus en raison de mauvaise coopération causant l’arrêt du traitement orthodontique. Les effets dans le temps des coquilles sur l'ATM et les muscles du complexe facial ont été évalués en utilisant l’examen du Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). Le nombre de contractions musculaires durant le sommeil a été mesuré objectivement par enregistrements électromyographiques (EMG) et la fréquence de grincement et de serrement des dents à l’éveil a été rapportée subjectivement par les patients à l’aide de questionnaires. Des mesures répétées ont été effectuées aux temps suivants: avant le début du traitement pour les données contrôles (T1), deux semaines (T2), et six mois (T3) après le début du traitement. Les données numériques ont été analysées par l’analyse de variance (ANOVA) en mesures répétées et la méthode de Brunner-Langer, alors que les données nominales ont été évaluées par le test de Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel. Les résultats ont été considérés significatifs si p < 0.05. RÉSULTATS ET DISCUSSION : Le nombre de contractions musculaires par heure (index) durant le sommeil et leur durée moyenne n’ont pas été statistiquement différents entre les trois nuits d’enregistrement EMG (Brunner Langer, p > 0.005). Cependant, 67 % des participants ont rapporté avoir eu du grincement ou du serrement des dents la nuit au T2 et 64 % au T3 comparativement à 39 % au T1, ce qui était une augmentation significative (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, p = 0.0112). Quarante-quatre pour cent des patients ont signalé du grincement ou du serrement des dents pendant le jour au T1, tandis qu'un pourcentage nettement plus élevé de 66 % en a rapporté au T2 et 61 % au T3 (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, p = 0.0294). Au T1, 12 % des sujets ont indiqué qu'ils se sont réveillés avec une douleur musculaire, comparativement à 29 % au T2, ce qui était une augmentation significative (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel, p = 0.0347). Au T2, il y avait une réduction significative des mouvements maximaux de la mandibule dans toutes les directions (ANOVA en mesures répétées, p < 0,05). De plus, il y a eu une augmentation significative du nombre de sites douloureux et de l'intensité de la douleur à la palpation de l'ATM et des muscles faciaux avec l'évaluation du RDC/TMD au T2 en comparaison aux T1 et T3 (Brunner Langer, p < 0,05). CONCLUSION : La présente étude n’a révélé aucun effet des coquilles sur l’activité oro-faciale durant le sommeil au fil du temps mesurée objectivement à l’aide des enregistrements EMG, mais une augmentation significative de la fréquence du grincement et du serrement des dents rapportée subjectivement par les patients au moyen des questionnaires aux T2 et T3. Au T2, il y avait une augmentation significative des symptômes de l'ATM et des muscles du complexe oro-facial, mais ces symptômes sont retournés au niveau initial avec le temps.