Mothers' feelings about breastfeeding their premature babies in a rooming-in facility

This study aimed at learning about the feelings experienced by mothers while breastfeeding their premature babies in a rooming-in facility, by means of individual interviews with 33 mothers during the period of February to April 2006, at a maternity hospital in Natal/RN/Brazil. The main feelings referred by the mothers regarding their inability to breastfeed their premature babies immediately after delivery were: sorrow, guilt, disappointment, frustration, insecurity, and fear of touching, holding or harming the delicate babies while breastfeeding. However, the mother-child bond that was formed when the baby was discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and taken to the rooming-in facility was reflected by feelings of fulfillment, pride, and satisfaction at experiencing the first breastfeeding.

Biokinetics and dosimetry of 111 In-DOTA-NOC-ATE compared with 111In-DTPA-Octreotide

Aim: Biokinetics and dosimetry of 111In-DOTA-NOC-ATE (NOCATE) and 111In-DTPA-octreotide (Octreoscan?, OCTREO) were comparatively studied in the same patients. Patients and Methods: Seventeen patients (10 males, 7 females), mean age 60 years referred for an Octreoscan? because of carcinoid (N=9), unspecified neurodendocrine tumors (N=6), thymoma (N=1) or medullary thyroid carcinoma (N=1) accepted a second study with NOCATE. Four patients had no detectable tumor at the time of scanning. Whole-body (WB) anterior-posterior scans were recorded 0.5 (100% reference scan), 4, 24 and 48 hrs (N=17) and 120 hrs (N=6) after injection. OCTREO (178±15 MBq) preceded NOCATE (108±14 MBq) imaging with 16±5 days in 16 patients while 1 patient had first NOCATE followed 14 days later by OCTREO. Blood samples were taken 5, 15, 30, 60, 240 and 1440 min after injection. Background corrected geometric mean counts of WB, lung, kidney, liver, spleen and blood counts expressed in % of the initial composite WB and blood counts, respectively were fitted to bi- or single exponential curves and dosimetry was performed for male and female patients using MIRDOSE3.1 and OLINDA/EXM. Results: Initially, WB, lung and kidney activity was similar but retention was significantly higher for NOCATE compared with OCTREO. Liver and spleen uptake of NOCATE was higher from beginning (p<0.001) and remained so over time. Activity in rest of body showed similar α and β half-lives, but the β half-life fraction of NOCATE was much higher than OCTREO (49% vs. 19%, respectively). Blood T1/2β was longer for NOCATE compared with OCTREO (19 vs. 6h). Residence times were similar in male and female patients while they were in both genders higher for NOCATE than OCTREO. Consequently, effective dose (ED) for NOCATE (ED 114 and 134 μSv/MBq for man and women, respectively) exceeded that of OCTREO (ED = 61 and 71 μSv/MBq), the latter results being close to the ICRP-published radiation dose of OCTREO (ED = 54 and 71 µSv/MBq, respectively). Differential activity measurement in blood cells and plasma showed that only a minor fraction of NOCATE and OCTREO (<5 % in the mean) was bound to globular blood components. Conclusions: NOCATE showed higher retention in normal organs and delivered roughly twice the radiation dose of OCTREO. The ED of OCTREO in these patients was similar to ICRP80 report when adopting a bladder voiding interval of 2 hours.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment for use in Brazil with informal caregivers of the elderly

This study aimed to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment CRA for use in Brazil with informal caregivers of dependent elderly METHOD A methodological study, of five steps: initial translation, synthesis of translations, retro-translation, evaluation by a judge committee and a pre-test, with 30 informal caregivers of older persons in Fortaleza, Brazil. Content validity was assessed by five experts in gerontology and geriatrics. The cross-cultural adaptation was rigorously conducted, allowing for inferring credibility. RESULTS The Brazilian version of the CRA had a simple and fast application (ten minutes), easily understood by the target audience. It is semantically, idiomatically, experimentally and conceptually equivalent to the original version, with valid content to assess the burden of informal caregivers for the elderly (Content Validity Index = 0.883). CONCLUSION It is necessary that other psychometric properties of validity and reliability are tested before using in care practice and research.

Heterogeneous 40Ar* distributions in naturally deformed muscovite: in situ UV-laser ablation evidence for micro structurally controlled intragrain diffusion

Micas are commonly used in Ar-40/Ar-39 thermochronological studies of variably deformed rocks yet the physical basis by which deformation may affect radiogenic argon retention in mica is poorly constrained. This study examines the relationship between deformation and deformation-induced microstructures on radiogenic argon retention in muscovite, A combination of furnace step-heating and high-spatial resolution in situ UV-laser ablation Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses are reported for deformed muscovites sampled from a granitic pegmatite vein within the Siviez-Mischabel Nappe, western Swiss Alps (Penninic domain, Brianconnais unit). The pegmatite forms part of the Variscan (similar to 350 Ma) Alpine basement and exhibits a prominent Alpine S-C fabric including numerous mica `fish' that developed under greenschist facies metamorphic conditions, during the dominant Tertiary Alpine tectonic phase of nappe emplacement. Furnace step-heating of milligram quantities of separated muscovite grains yields an Ar-40/Ar-39 age spectrum with two distinct staircase segments but without any statistical plateau, consistent with a previous study from the same area. A single (3 X 5 mm) muscovite porphyroclast (fish) was investigated by in situ UV-laser ablation. A histogram plot of 170 individual Ar-40/Ar-39 UV-laser ablation ages exhibit a range from 115 to 387 Ma with modes at approximately 340 and 260 Ma. A variogram statistical treatment of the (40)Ad/Ar-39 results reveals ages correlated with two directions; a highly correlated direction at 310 degrees and a lesser correlation at 0 degrees relative to the sense of shearing. Using the highly correlated direction a statistically generated (Kriging method) age contour map of the Ar-40/Ar-39 data reveals a series of elongated contours subparallel to the C-surfaces which where formed during Tertiary nappe emplacement. Similar data distributions and slightly younger apparent ages are recognized in a smaller mica fish. The observed intragrain age variations are interpreted to reflect the partial loss of radiogenic argon during Alpine (similar to 35 Ma) greenschist facies metamorphism. One-dirnensional diffusion modelling results are consistent with the idea that the zones of youngest apparent age represent incipient shear band development within the mica porphyroclasts, thus providing a network of fast diffusion pathways. During Alpine greenschist facies metamorphism the incipient shear bands enhanced the intragrain loss of radiogenic argon. The structurally controlled intragrain age variations observed in this investigation imply that deformation has a direct control on the effective length scale for argon diffusion, which is consistent with the heterogeneous nature of deformation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Convergences and divergences of diabetic patients' and healthcare professionals' opinions of care : a qualitative study

OBJECTIVES: To investigate opinions' convergences and divergences of diabetic patients and health-care professionals on diabetes care and the development of a regional diabetes programme. BACKGROUND: Development and implementation of a regional diabetes programme. RESEARCH DESIGN: Qualitative study using focus groups to elicit diabetic patients' and health-care professionals' opinions, followed by content analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Eight focus groups: four focus groups with diabetic patients (n = 39) and four focus groups with various health-care professionals (n = 34) residing or practicing in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, respectively. RESULTS: Perceived quality of diabetes care varied between individuals and types of participants. To improve quality, patients favoured a comprehensive follow-up while professionals suggested considering existing structures and trained professionals. All participants mentioned communication difficulties between professionals and were favouring teamwork. In addition, they described the role that patients should have in care and self-management. Financial difficulties were also mentioned by both groups of participants. Finally, they were in favour of the development of a regional diabetes programme adapted to actors' needs. For patients indeed, such a programme would represent an opportunity to improve information and to have access to comprehensive care. For professionals, it would help the development of local networks and the reinforcement of existing tools and structures. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Acknowledging convergences and divergences of opinions of both diabetic patients and health-care professionals should help the further development of a programme adapted to users' needs, taking all stakeholders interests and priorities into consideration.

The efficiency of a carbamazepine-mianserin combination scheme in opiate detoxification.

A recent comparative randomized double-blind study has suggested the utility of a carbamazepine/mianserin combination as a treatment for opiate withdrawal. The aim of the present study was to explore the feasibility and efficiency of this combination under naturalistic conditions. Five hundred and fifty mostly polysubstance abusing patients treated with a standardized scheme combining carbamazepine and mianserin were assessed with regard to deviations to the protocol, used co-medications and retention in treatment.Three hundred and sixty three patients (66.0%) received the carbamazepine/mianserin combination as specified by the standardized protocol. In 350 patients (63.7%) the whole 10 days was completed. The most frequently used p.r.n. medications were for anxiety (47.5%) and insomnia (54.5%).The treatment of opiate withdrawal with a carbamazepine/mianserin combination scheme in an inpatient setting seems to be feasible and applicable with few adaptations to most patients, and may represent an interesting treatment option for multidrug users.

Literature review on advance care planning of nursing home residents

Aim: Conduct a search and analytic review of literature regarding attributes of Advance Care Planning (ACP) and Advance Directive in order to identify the experiences and the best care strategies for older adults resident in nursing homes or long term institutions. Methodology: An extensive electronic search was undertaken in the following databases: Pubmed (via Ovid search), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL, via EBHOST), psychINFO and Cochrane. After analyzing and eliminating duplicates and professional's point of view (19), 144 titles were considered relevant: 28 opinion papers, 94 descriptive/qualitative studies or predictive studies, 17 experimental and five systematic reviews. Most of them were produced in North America and only 10 were in French. Results: With regard to European experiences, studies are scarce and further research could benefit from North American evidence. Contrary to Europe, nurses in North America play a major role in the process of care planning. The major findings were related to the poor efficacy of the completion of Advance Directives, even in presence of a substantial variety of implementation strategies. The evidence supports interventions that conceptualize ACP as a process, with an emphasis on the ascertainment of patients' values and beliefs and the necessity to include the family or loved ones from the beginning of the process in order to favor the expression and sharing of one's life perspectives and priorities in care. The most relevant findings were associated with the conceptualization of the ACP as a change in health behaviors which needs an involvement in different stages to overcome a variety of barriers. Conclusion: Rigorous research in ACP for the older adults in Swiss nursing homes that promote respect and dignity in this frail population is needed. How to best achieve patients and families goals should be the focus of nursing intervention and research in this domain.

Vision suisse romande de la pratique infirmière avancée [Advanced nursing practice: vision in Switzerland].

To meet the challenges related to the development of health problems taking into account the development of knowledge, several innovations in care are being implemented. Among these, advanced nursing roles and increased interprofessional collaboration are considered as important features in Switzerland. Although the international literature provides benchmarks for advanced roles, it was considered essential to contextualize these in order to promote their application value in Switzerland. Thus, from 79 statements drawn from the literature, 172 participants involved in a two-sequential phases study only kept 29 statements because they considered they were relevant, important and applicable in daily practice. However, it is important to point out that statements which have not been selected at this stage to describe advanced practice cannot be considered irrelevant permanently. Indeed, given the emergence of advanced practice in western Switzerland, it is possible that a statement judged not so relevant at this moment of the development of advanced practice, will be considered as such later on. The master's program in nursing embedded at the University of Lausanne and the University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland was also examined in the light of these statements. It was concluded that all the objectives of the program are aligned with the competencies statements that were kept.

Carbon stock and its compartments in a subtropical oxisol under long-term tillage and crop rotation systems

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays a crucial role in soil quality and can act as an atmospheric C-CO2 sink under conservationist management systems. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effects (19 years) of tillage (CT-conventional tillage and NT-no tillage) and crop rotations (R0-monoculture system, R1-winter crop rotation, and R2- intensive crop rotation) on total, particulate and mineral-associated organic carbon (C) stocks of an originally degraded Red Oxisol in Cruz Alta, RS, Southern Brazil. The climate is humid subtropical Cfa 2a (Köppen classification), the mean annual precipitation 1,774 mm and mean annual temperature 19.2 ºC. The plots were divided into four segments, of which each was sampled in the layers 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m. Sampling was performed manually by opening small trenches. The SOM pools were determined by physical fractionation. Soil C stocks had a linear relationship with annual crop C inputs, regardless of the tillage systems. Thus, soil disturbance had a minor effect on SOM turnover. In the 0-0.30 m layer, soil C sequestration ranged from 0 to 0.51 Mg ha-1 yr-1, using the CT R0 treatment as base-line; crop rotation systems had more influence on soil stock C than tillage systems. The mean C sequestration rate of the cropping systems was 0.13 Mg ha-1 yr-1 higher in NT than CT. This result was associated to the higher C input by crops due to the improvement in soil quality under long-term no-tillage. The particulate C fraction was a sensitive indicator of soil management quality, while mineral-associated organic C was the main pool of atmospheric C fixed in this clayey Oxisol. The C retention in this stable SOM fraction accounts for 81 and 89 % of total C sequestration in the treatments NT R1 and NT R2, respectively, in relation to the same cropping systems under CT. The highest C management index was observed in NT R2, confirming the capacity of this soil management practice to improve the soil C stock qualitatively in relation to CT R0. The results highlighted the diversification of crop rotation with cover crops as a crucial strategy for atmospheric C-CO2 sequestration and SOM quality improvement in highly weathered subtropical Oxisols.

Distribution and vertical stratification of carbon and nitrogen in soil under different managements in the pampean region of Argentina

One of the expected benefits of no-tillage systems is a higher rate of soil C sequestration. However, higher C retention in soil is not always apparent when no-tillage is applied, due e.g., to substantial differences in soil type and initial C content. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of no-tillage management to increase the stock of total organic C in soils of the Pampas region in Argentina. Forty crop fields under no-tillage and conventional tillage systems and seven undisturbed soils were sampled. Total organic C, total N, their fractions and stratification ratios and the C storage capacity of the soils under different managements were assessed in samples to a depth of 30 cm, in three layers (0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm). The differences between the C pools of the undisturbed and cultivated soils were significant (p < 0.05) and most pronounced in the top (0-5 cm) soil layer, with more active C near the soil surface (undisturbed > no-tillage > conventional tillage). Based on the stratification ratio of the labile C pool (0-5/5-15 cm), the untilled were separated from conventionally tilled areas. Much of the variation in potentially mineralizable C was explained by this active C fraction (R² = 0.61) and by total organic C (R² = 0.67). No-till soils did not accumulate more organic C than conventionally tilled soils in the 0-30 cm layer, but there was substantial stratification of total and active C pools at no till sites. If the C stratification ratio is really an indicator of soil quality, then the C storage potential of no-tillage would be greater than in conventional tillage, at least in the surface layers. Particulate organic C and potentially mineralizable C may be useful to evaluate variations in topsoil organic matter.

Spurious hyperphosphatemia in a patient with alteplase-locked central venous catheter.

Alteplase has been shown to be effective in preventing central venous access clotting in patients on hemodialysis. Because of a high phosphorus content in its excipient, it can inadvertently contaminate blood samples, leading the physician in care of the patient to erroneously increase dialysis time or change diet in order to control the pseudo-hyperphosphatemia.

Soil functioning in a toposequence under rainforest in São Paulo, Brazil

Studies of soil-water dynamics using toposequences are essential to improve the understanding of soil-water-vegetation relationships. This study assessed the hydro-physical and morphological characteristics of soils of Atlantic Rainforest in the Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The study area of 10.24 ha (320 x 320 m) was covered by dense tropical rainforest (Atlantic Rainforest). Based on soil maps and topographic maps of the area, a representative transect of the soil in this plot was chosen and five soil trenches were opened to determine morphological properties. To evaluate the soil hydro-physical functioning, soil particle size distribution, bulk density (r), particle density (r s), soil water retention curves (SWRC), field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), macroporosity (macro), and microporosity (micro) and total porosity (TP) were determined. Undisturbed samples were collected for micromorphometric image analysis, to determine pore size, shape, and connectivity. The soils in the study area were predominantly Inceptisols, and secondly Entisols and Epiaquic Haplustult. In the soil hydro-physical characterization of the selected transect, a change was observed in Ks between the surface and subsurface layers, from high/intermediate to intermediate/low permeability. This variation in soil-water dynamics was also observed in the SWRC, with higher water retention in the subsurface horizons. The soil hydro-physical behavior was influenced by the morphogenetic characteristics of the soils.

Methadone treatments in a Swiss Region, 2001-2008: a registry-based analysis.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: To determine, in a region of Switzerland, the duration of retention in opioid substitution treatments with methadone (OSTM), duration of treatment interruptions, probability of re-entry to treatment after a treatment interruption, and associated factors. METHODS: A secondary analysis of registry-based data was performed with patients (n = 2880) registered in the methadone treatment register database of the Public Health Service of the canton of Vaud between January 1, 2001 and June 30, 2008. Survival analysis and multivariate analysis was conducted. RESULTS: The probability of remaining on treatment was 69% at 1 year and 45% at 3 years (n =1666). One-third of patients remained on treatment beyond 5 years. The estimated hazard of leaving treatment was increased by a ratio of 1.31 in the case of a first treatment (P = 0.001), 1.83 for those without a fixed home (P < 0.001), and 1.29 for those younger than 30 years old (P < 0.001). The probability of having begun a new treatment after a first interruption was 21% at one year, 38% at 3 years, and 43% at 5 years (n = 1581). Factors at the interruption of treatment associated with a higher probability of re-entering were: interruption not due to methadone withdrawal, bad physical health, and higher methadone dose. CONCLUSIONS: OSTM are long-term (maintenance) treatments in Switzerland. Younger age, bad living conditions at entry, and first treatment are predictors of lower retention. Approximately one-half of patients who interrupt treatment will re-enter treatment within 5 years.

Hypertoniebehandlung bei Nierenarterienstenose [Hypertension therapy in patients with renal artery stenosis].

Renovascular hypertension is due to reduced renal parenchymal perfusion. The correct diagnosis can be difficult. It is important to note that the demonstration of renal artery stenosis in a patient with hypertension does not necessarily constitute renovascular hypertension. Often, clinically nonsignificant and asymptomatic renal artery stenosis are found in patients with essential hypertension, or renal failure of other origin. Renovascular disease is a complex disorder with various clinical presentations. In patients with significant renovascular hypertension plasma renin is increased. For this reason the therapy aims to block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Bilateral renal artery stenosis causes renal sodium retention. In this situation a diuretic drug has to be added to the therapy. Endovascular or surgical therapy has to be considered in patients with flash pulmonary edema or fibromuscular dysplasia. The control of cardiovascular risk factors is important.

The role of PLK-1 in asynchronous cell division of two-cell stage "C. elegans" embryos

Summary Acquisition of lineage-specific cell cycle duration is an important feature of metazoan development. In Caenorhabditis a/egans, differences in cell cycle duration are already apparent in two-cell stage embryos, when the larger anterior blastomere AB divides before the smaller posterior blastomere P1. This time difference is under the control of anterior-posterior (A-P) polarity cues set by the PAR proteins. The mechanism by which these cues regulate the cell cycle machinery differentially in AB and P1 are incompletely understood. Previous work established that retardation of P1 cell division is due in part to preferential activation of an ATL1/CHK-1 dependent checkpoint in P1 but how the remaining time difference is controlled was not known at the onset of my work. The principal line of work in this thesis established that differential timing relies also on a mechanism that promotes mitosis onset preferentially in AB. The polo-like kinase PLK-1, a positive regulator of mitotic entry, is distributed in an asymmetric manner in two-cell stage embryos, with more protein present in AB than in P1. We find that PLK-1 asymmetry is regulated by anterior-posterior (A-P) polarity cues through preferential protein retention in the embryo anterior. Importantly, mild inactivation of plk-1 by RNAi delays entry into mitosis in P1 but not in AB, in a manner that is independent of ATL-1/CHK-1. Together, these findings favor a model in which differential timing of mitotic entry in C. elegans embryos relies on two complementary mechanisms: ATL-1/CHK-1 dependent preferential retardation in P1 and PLK-1 dependent preferential promotion in AB, which together couple polarity cues and cell cycle progression during early development. Besides analyzing PLK-1 asymmetry and its role in differential timing of two-cells stage embryos, we also characterized t2190, a mutant that exhibits reduced differential timing between AB and P1. We found this mutant to be a new allele of par-1. Additionally, we analyzed the role of NMY-2 in regulating the asynchrony of two-cell stage embryos, which may be uncoupled from its role in A-P polarity establishment and carried out a preliminary analysis of the mechanism underlying CDC-25 asymmetry between AB and P,. Overall, our works bring new insights into the mechanism controlling cell cycle progression in early C. elegans embryos. As most of the players important in C. elegans are conserved in other organisms, analogous mechanisms may be utilized in polarized cells of other species. Résumé Au cours du développement, les processus de division cellulaire sont régulés dans l'espace et le temps afin d'aboutir à la formation d'un organisme fonctionnel. Chez les Métazoaires, l'un des mécanismes de contrôle s'effectue au niveau de la durée du cycle cellulaire, celle-ci étant specifiée selon la lignée cellulaire. L'embryon du nématode Caenorhabditis elegans apparaît comme un excellent modèle d'étude de la régulation temporelle du cycle cellulaire. En effet, suite à la première division du zygote, l'embryon est alors composé de deux cellules de taille et d'identité différentes, appelées blastomères AB et P1. Ces deux cellules vont ensuite se diviser de manière asynchrone, le grand blastomère antérieur AB se divisant plus rapidement que le petit blastomère postérieur P1. Cette asynchronie de division est sous le contrôle des protéines PAR qui sont impliquées dans l'établissement de l'axe antéro-postérieur de l'embryon. A ce jour, les mécanismes moléculaires gouvernant ce processus d'asynchronie ne sont que partiellement compris. Des études menées précédemment ont établit que le retard de division observé dans le petit blastomère postérieur P1 était dû, en partie, à l'activation préférentielle dans cette cellule de ATL-1/CHK-1, protéines contrôlant la réponse à des erreurs dans le processus de réplication de l'ADN. L'analyse des autres mécanismes responsables de la différence temporelle d'entrée en mitose des deux cellules a été entreprise au cours de cette thèse. Nous avons considéré la possibilité que l'asynchronie de division était du à l'entrée préférentielle en mitose du grand blastomère AB. Nous avons établi que la protéine kinase PLK-1 (polo-like kinase 1), impliquée dans la régulation positive de la mitose, était distribuée de manière asymétrique dans l'embryon deux cellules. PLK-1 est en effet enrichi dans le blastomère AB. Cette localisation asymétrique de PLK-1 est sous le contrôle des protéines PAR et semble établie via une rétention de PLK-1 dans la cellule AB. Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré que l'inactivation partielle de plk-7 par interférence à ARN (RNAi) conduit à un délai de l'entrée en mitose de la cellule P1 spécifiquement, indépendamment des protéines régulatrices ATL-1/CHK-1. En conclusion, nous proposons un modèle de régulation temporelle de l'entrée en mitose dans l'embryon deux cellules de C. elegans basé sur deux mécanismes complémentaires. Le premier implique l'activation préférentielle des protéines ATL-1/CHK-1, et conduit à un retard d'entrée en mitose spécifiquement dans la cellule P1. Le second est basé sur la localisation asymétrique de la protéine kinase PLK-1 dans la cellule AB et induit une entrée précoce en mitose de cette cellule. Par ailleurs, nous avons étudié un mutant appelé t2190 qui réduit la différence temporelle d'entrée en mitose entre les cellules AB et P1. Nous avons démontré que ce mutant correspondait à un nouvel allèle du Bene par-1. De plus, nous avons analysé le rôle de NMY-2, une protéine myosine qui agit comme moteur moléculaire sur les filaments d'active; dans la régulation de l'asynchronie de division des blastomères AB et P1, indépendamment de sa fonction dans l'établissement de l'axe antéro-postérieur. Par ailleurs, nous avons commencé l'étude du mécanisme moléculaire régulant la localisation asymétrique entre les cellules AB et P1 de la protéine phosphatase CDC25, qui est également un important régulateur de l'entrée en mitose. En conclusion, ce travail de thèse a permis une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes gouvernant la progression du cycle cellulaire dans l'embryon précoce de C. elegans. Etant donné que la plupart des protéines impliquées dans ces processus sont conservées chez d'autres organismes multicellulaires, il apparaît probable que les mécanismes moléculaires révélés dans cette étude soit aussi utilisés chez ceux-ci.