885 resultados para PPG-5-CETETH-20


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在长期的吸血进化过程中,吸血节肢动物在唾液腺中形成了一系列有助于适应吸 血生存的活性物质,这些物质包括血管舒张分子、血小板聚集抑制分子、抗凝血分子 和其它相互作用的分子。此外,为了得到洁净的血液和防止在吸血过程中被病原微生 物感染,吸血节肢动物在其唾液腺中形成了许多防御物质以保护自身和宿主,这些物 质包括抗菌肽和蛋白酶抑制剂等。因此,研究吸血节肢动物的唾液腺重要活性物质和 转录体组学有助于弄清其吸血机制。 姚虻(Tabancus yao Macquart)是我国特有的牛虻,其雌性在产卵前需要吸食大 型哺乳动物的血液以促使卵的发育。我们希望通过对姚虻唾液腺重要活性物质和转录 体组学的研究揭示姚虻成功从宿主获得血餐的分子机制,找到具有药用前景的活性物 质和为控制该虫及其传播的疾病的提供理论基础。 首先,我们对其唾液腺匀浆物活性进行了系统分析,发现姚虻唾液腺匀浆物具有 如下活性:有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性,并且对大肠杆菌、白色念球菌和枯草杆菌都有 效;能够抑制ADP 诱导的洗涤和富血浆血小板的聚集;能够凝集兔红细胞、能够抑制 丝氨酸蛋白酶对小肽底物的水解、具有对纤维蛋白原的水解活性(金属蛋白酶)、具 有过敏原活性、能够促进肥大细胞脱粒和组氨释放;反复检测而没有发现的活性如下: 磷脂酶A2(PLA2)活性、溶血活性、血浆凝固活性、体外抗补体、血管生长促进与抑制 活性、对小鼠脾细胞因子分泌的促进和抑制活性、抗肿瘤细胞HepG2 的生长活性。 以来源姚虻唾液腺的mRNA为材料,我们成功构建了丰度为1x106的姚虻唾液腺 cDNA文库。通过对400个随机克隆的测序,我们得到了编码23种保守蛋白,44种分泌 蛋白和5种功能未知的蛋白。44种分泌蛋白中比较重要的分别是:20种抗原5相关蛋白、 2种α淀粉酶、2种麦芽糖酶、2种attactins抗菌蛋白以及血管舒张肽、过氧化物酶、 抗菌肽、透明质酸酶、mucin样蛋白和脯氨酸丰富蛋白。另外,一些不知道功能的分 泌肽也被发现,这其中包括四个与Hybomitra bimaculata的分泌肽相似性达47-82%的 多肽,这些信息有助于我们发现牛虻唾液腺活性物质和加快从知道部分氨基酸序列的 蛋白的鉴定速度,加快对姚虻从宿主获得血餐的分子机制的诠释速度。 通过分子筛、高压液相色谱等程序,我们从姚虻唾液腺中得到了一个由55 个氨 基酸组成,分子量为6 kDa,含有3 对二硫键的Kunitz 型丝氨基酸蛋白酶抑制剂TYTI。 该抑制剂与Anemonia sulcata 的蛋白酶抑制剂AsKC3 和SA5II 的成熟肽部分的同源 性达66%;并且该抑制剂,对热相对稳定;对凝乳酶、弹性蛋白酶、凝血酶、胰酶等 都有抑制作用,对胰酶的抑制常数为2.586x10-4M 。 通过分子筛、高压液相色谱等程序,我们从姚虻唾液腺中得到了一分子量为7 kDa,由65 个氨基酸组成且含有3 对二硫键的防御素Taymin,它与长角血蜱的防御素的相 似性达43%,但它的第二个半胱氨酸比长角血蜱的半胱氨酸靠前一个氨基酸。该抗菌 肽对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和白色念球菌的最小抑菌浓度分别是: 160、80、140 和120μg/mL。 通过与分离丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂相同的生化分离手段,从姚虻唾液腺中得到一种 红细胞凝集素样活性物质TYML1,其能凝集原始和经胰酶、链霉蛋白酶和弹性蛋白酶 处理的A、B、O 和AB 血型的人、兔、绵羊、大鼠、小鼠、鹌鹑的红细胞, 对链霉蛋 白酶处理的鹌鹑红细胞的凝集效价比正常下降了8 倍;对热、酸、碱处理和蛋白酶降 解稳定;具有Ca2+依赖性,活性能为半乳糖胺和胎球蛋白所完全抑制。 通过分子筛、阴离子交换、高压液相色谱等程序,我们从姚虻唾液腺中分离得到 了一分子量为26 kDa,由234 个氨基酸组成,含有10 个半胱氨酸的血小板聚集抑制剂 Macquaritin-2,它与报道的所有血小板聚集抑制剂均不具有同源性,但是与双翅目昆 虫唾液腺过敏原却有一定的同源性(25%-33%),对其血小板聚集抑制活性研究发现:其 能抑制胰酶、花生四烯酸、Stejnulxin、TMVA、ADP、U46619 等激动剂诱导的血小板 聚集;血小板膜结合试验表明:其能与血小板细胞膜结合,故该血小板聚集抑制剂可能 通过作用血小板上的受体来阻止激动剂诱导血小板聚集。 通过分子筛、阳离子交换、高压液相色谱等程序,我们从姚虻唾液腺中分离得到 分子量为24-30 kDa 的两个血小板聚集抑制剂Macquaritin-3 和Macquaritin-1,它 们的N 端16 个氨基酸分别是V N Y C R L P C R G C D Y H V 和 V A V D Y L G L P G R G Y H V。通过PCR, Macquaritin-3 的核苷酸序列被得到,其推导蛋白的成熟区 和信号肽分别含有232 和23 个氨基酸。利用根据Macquaritin-1 的N 端氨基酸设计 的简并引物扩到含有V A V D Y L G L P 序列的两组核苷酸序列。它们与报道的所有 血小板聚集抑制剂均不具有同源性,但是其与双翅目昆虫的唾液腺抗原5 相关蛋白却 有一定的同源性。将所有血小板抑制剂及其相关序列和通过cDNA 文库筛选得到的抗 原5 相关序列进行分析,发现它们有很高的相似性,这种相似性介于33.3%-93.0%间, 且大部分高于50%。另外,两个血小板聚集抑制剂和一个可能的血小板抑制剂分别处 于这些抗原5 相关蛋白进化树的三个簇中。因此,我们推测这些过抗原5 相关蛋白可 能都具有血小板抑制剂活性。

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介绍了一种用于直升机等低空目标探测的光纤空气声传感器.该传感器基于光纤Michelson干涉仪的原理,结合弹性盘片的应力应变理论分析和光纤粘接的工艺设计,采用相位载波解调技术进行信号解调.对比实验测试验证了这种声音探测技术可行性.传感器理论灵敏度为2.38 rad/Pa,实测灵敏度为1.5 rad/Pa,采用PGC相位解调理论最小可探测的最小声信号为6.7 μPa,即9.5 dB.传感器在20~300 Hz范围内响应基本平坦.结合声音传播规律分析并肯定其在实用中的可行性.

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辽东山区森林是辽宁省重要的水源涵养基地与用材林资源,在维系区域内生态环境和林产品的可持续供应方面占据十分重要的战略位置。该区的天然林已基本绝迹,因此该区的森林生态恢复具有重要意义。 已有研究表明,影响辽东山区森林更新演替最主要的环境因素是光环境。核桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、黄菠萝(Phellodendron amurense)和红松(Pinus koraiensis)是阔叶红松林的优势树种;这些树种幼苗对光环境的适应性差异,在群落演替和森林生态恢复中发挥重要作用。 本论文采用人为控制遮光试验测定了核桃楸、水曲柳和黄菠萝幼苗对光环境的响应,同时,采用自然光环境试验和人为控制遮光试验相结合的手段测定了红松幼苗对光环境的适应性。人为控制遮光试验设置的光环境类似于自然中的典型林窗、林缘和林下的光环境;在人为控制遮光试验中,研究材料于2007年4月末栽植于4个不同光环境(全光、全光的60%、30%和15%,分别记为FI、II、LI和WI处理)下,在2007年7~9月测定了树种幼苗的光合生理、叶片特征、生长和冠层形态特征等方面的变化,结果表明: 1)不同光环境处理区内的光合有效辐射(PAR)具有显著差异,形成一定的光强梯度,而气温,相对湿度和土壤含水量差异并不显著。全光处理区内的日平均PAR为842.4μmol∙m-2∙s-1,最大PAR为1884.1μmol∙m-2∙s-1,显著高于其它处理区。 2)生长在高光强下4个树种幼苗的叶片有较高的光合能力(Amax),随生长光强的下降,Amax显著下降;光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)也表现出随着生长光强的下降而降低的趋势。核桃楸和水曲柳净光合速率Pn的日变化最大值约为16μmol∙m-2∙s-1,黄菠萝的约为13μmol∙m-2∙s-1,这与温带阔叶树种叶片的最大净光合速率Pn在10~15μmol∙m-2∙s-1范围内的结论相符;3个苗龄红松针叶的Pn日变化均呈单峰型,没有光合“午休”现象,峰值出现在11:00~13:00期间。 3)4个树种幼苗的比叶重(LMA)和单位叶面积鲜重(LFA)均随着光环境的降低而下降;三个阔叶树种幼苗的叶长L、叶宽W、叶周长C和单叶面积A均具有随着光强的降低而呈增大的趋势,表明叶片通过调节叶片的形态来适应多变的光环境。 4)不同光环境对阔叶树种幼苗的植株冠形和生长有显著影响,而红松幼苗植株冠形和生长的变化无明显的规律性。 综上,本研究得出以下结论:○1.通过可塑性分析和模糊隶属函数分析,核桃楸和黄菠萝较水曲柳能适应更宽的光强幅度;同时,核桃楸和黄菠萝较水曲柳的需光性更强,核桃楸和黄菠萝的需光性差异不大。○2.与3年、5年生红松相比,7年生红松对光强的适应幅度最小;同时,7年生红松的需光性强于3年和5年生红松。○3.本研究结果支持前人的观点:红松在幼年阶段能耐一定程度的遮光,在全光的20%~60%光条件下生长较好,随着年龄的增大,红松的需光性增加。

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从土壤中分离纯化霉菌,用气相色谱法定性分析其油脂中脂肪酸成份,筛选出四株花生四烯酸产生菌,对其中的110菌株的脂肪酸进行了气相色谱-质谱联用分析,进一步证明了该菌产花生四烯酸的能力。在以8%葡萄糖为碳源的培养基中,28 ℃条件下往复摇床振荡培养8天后,花生四烯酸的产量可达5.6毫克/毫升培养(20%干菌体重),花生四烯酸约占可提取脂肪酸总量的50%,这在所见文献中,是摇瓶条件产生花生四烯酸能力最高的一株菌,有着良好的应用价值。

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本论文对四川蜡瓣花 (Corylopsis willmottiae Rehd. et Wils.)、密花樫木[Dysoxylum densiflorum (Blume) Miq.]、四川溲疏 (Deutzia setchuenensis Franch)及云南豆腐柴 (Premna yunnanensis W. W. Smith)的化学成分进行了研究。通过色谱分离得到44个化合物。主要基于波谱数据鉴定了它们的结构,其中1个为新化合物。 1.从四川蜡瓣花全株的95%乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定了13个化合物,它们是:1-O-(3-O-甲基没食子酸)-岩白菜素(1)、11-O-没食子酰基岩白菜素(2)、 11-O-紫丁香基岩白菜素(3) 、岩白菜素(4)、4-O-没食子酰基岩白菜素(5) 、4,11-O-二没食子酰基岩白菜素 (6)[14]、β-谷甾醇 (7)、acetyl aleuritolic acid (8)、(-)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(9)、对羟基苯甲酮 (10)、 11-香豆酸酰岩白菜素 (11)[19]、丁香酸 (12)和没食子酸 (13)。其中1为新化合物。 2.从密花樫木根的95%乙醇提取物中共分离纯化了13个化合物,它们是:β-白檀酮(14)、richenone (15)、β-谷甾醇 (7)、cabraleadiol (16)、β-香树脂醇 (17)、龙脑香醇酮 (18)、cabraleadiol monoacetate (19)、cabraleone (20)、3β-hydroxy-5 -pregnen-20-one (21)、3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (22)、cabraleahydroxylactone (23)、川楝子甾醇B (24)、表儿茶素 (25)。 3.从四川溲疏全株95%乙醇提取物中共分离11个化合物,鉴定了其中的9个化合物。它们是:β-谷甾醇 (7)、白桦酯醇(26)、齐墩果酸(27)、hydrangetin (28)、肉桂酸 (29),齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(30)、β-胡萝卜苷 (31)、齐墩果酸-3-O-(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-6-正丁酯)(32)、齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷 (33)。 4.从云南豆腐柴95%乙醇提取物中分离得到12个化合物,分别为白桦脂醇 (25)、7-羟基黄烷酮 (34)、松属素 (35)、2’,4’-羟基查儿酮 (36)、高良姜素-3-甲醚 (37) 、高良姜素-3,7-二甲醚 (38)、异甘草素-4-甲醚 (39)、豆蔻明 (40)、乔松酮 (41)、异甘草素 (42)、arjunolic acid (43)、槲皮素3-O-β-D-木糖苷(44)。 5.综述了1976年以来樫木属植物化学成分和活性研究的概况。 Phytochemical investigation on Corylopsis willmottiae, Dysoxylum densiflorum, Deutzia setchuenensis, and Premna yunnanensis, led to the isolation of 44 compounds, 1 of which was new one. 1. One new compound was isolated from 95% ehanolic extrat of the whole plants of C. willmottiae, identified as 11-O-(3-O-methylgalloyl)-bergenin (1). The twelve known compounds isolated were 11-O-galloylbergenin (2), 11-O-syringylbergenin (3), bergenin (4), 4-O-galloylbergenin (5), 4,11-di-O-galloylbergenin (6), β-sitosterol (7), acetyl aleuritolic acid (8), (-)-epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (9), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanone (10), 11-O-coumaroylbergenin (11), syringic acid (12), gallic acid (13). 2. Thirteen compounds were isolated from 95% ethanol extract from the roots of D. densiflorum and identified as β-amyrenone (14), richenone (15), β-sitosterol (7), cabraleadiol (16), β-amyrin (17), hydroxydammarenone-Ⅱ (18), cabraleadiol monoacetate (19), cabraleone (20), 3β-hydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (21), 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (22), cabraleahydroxylactone (23), toosendansterol B (24) and (-)-epicatechin (25). 3. Eleven compounds were isolated from ethanol extract of D. Setchuenensis. Nine were identified as β-sitosterol (7), betulin (26), oleanolic acid (27), hydrangetin (28), cinnamic acid (29), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (30), β-daucosterol (31), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside-6-O-butyl ester)(32), oleanolic acid 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-28-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (33). 4. Twelve compounds were isolated from ethanol extract of P. yunnanensis and identified as betulin (26), 7-hydroxyflavanone (34), pinocembrin (35), 2’,4’-dihydroxychalcone (36), galangin 3-methyl ether (37), galangin 3,7-dimethyl ether (38), isoliquiritigenin 4-methyl ether (39), cardamonin (40), pinostrobin (41), isoliquiritigenin (42), arjunolic acid (43), quercetin 3-O-β-D-lyxosopyranoside (44). 5. Chemical constituents and biological activities of the genus Dysoxylum (Meliaceae) were reviewed during 1976-2009.

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对白水河自然保护区进行了生物多样性和植物区系调查,根据获得的生物多样性数据和标本的鉴定结果分析,得到结果和推论如下:1.白水河自然保护区生物多样性的垂直分布格局1.1 植物群落α 多样性随海拔梯度的变化乔木种的丰富度及多样性随海拔上升表现出明显的线性下降趋势。而灌木和草本物种丰富度及多样性随海拔上升表现出抛物线式的下降趋势。乔木种从海拔1400m 的15 种至林线时下降为2 种;灌木和草本植物分别从35 和38 种至山顶时下降为5 种和20 种。乔木物种随海拔升高出现明显的物种替代现象,表明海拔梯度包含了多种环境因子的梯度效应,影响着植物群落的分布与结构及物种多样性。1.2 植物群落β 多样性随海拔梯度的变化海拔2200 m 左右是一个明显的生境转折点。海拔2200 米以下相邻群落的相似性( CJ ) 明显大于海拔2200 m 以上的群落,说明海拔2200 m 以下的群落间共有种多,生境差异较小;而海拔2200 以上的群落则相反,相似性较低。低海拔区由于人为干扰较大,所以群落具有较高的物种丰富度,相邻群落之间的物种替换总量(Cody 指数) 较大。海拔2800 米到海拔3200 米之间因杜鹃群落的影响,物种替换总量(Cody 指数) 略有升高。研究β 多样性沿海拔梯度的变化必须考虑到物种丰富度和群落类型的影响,用不同指数从不同角度能更好地理解β 多样性沿环境梯度的变化。2.白水河自然保护区植物区系性质及起源白水河自然保护区自产种子植物计138 科421 属990 种。本文在科、属的水平上对该保护区植物区系特性进行了较深入的统计和分析。统计表明,温带和热带分布型均占有相当比重,但温带分布型稍占优势;热带、亚热带和温带的科、属多,中国特有属也有相当比例,它们是保护区具有特征意义的类群,其中许多属为古老和残遗成分。结论认为白水河保护区植物区系起源古老,较完好的保存了北极-第三纪古植物群。We have collected the specimens and gotten the biodiversity datas of BaiShuihe Nature Reserve in Peng Zhou,analysed the datas,the results as follows:1. Diversity of the plant community along altitudinal gradient1.1 α diversity of the plant communities along altitudinal gradientFrom 1400m to 3900m at Baishuihe Nature Reserve, 52 plots were investigatedwith an interval 100m in altitude; α diversity and β diversity of plant communitiesand their variety along altitudinal gradient were studied. The results showed that indifferent successional layers of trees, richness and diversity decreased linearly withthe increase of altitude. But shrub and herb layers don’t decrease linearly with theincrease of altitude. Tree species decreased from 15 species at 1400m so only 2species at timberline. Shrub and herb species decreased from 35 and 38 species at2000m to 5 and 20 species at 3800m respectively. Tree species are replacedobviously with the increase of altitude; It shows that altitude includes manyenvironmental facts, which infect the distribution, structure and diversity of plant population.1.2 The variety of βdiversity along altitudinal gradient.The entironment changed obviously near 2200m according to our research. Forsimilarity(CJ) between neighboring plots above 2200m is larger than wich below it.It shows that below 2200m,the neighboring plots has more same species,and thehabitats of neighboring plots has more similarity. Above 2200 is the other way round.The plant communites have higher species richness and species turnoverlargestly between neighboring plots because of the disturbance from humanity at lowaltitude. Between 2800m and 3200m species turnover not so obviously because ofmore Rhododendron live there.We should think over species and the types of plant communities effect thevariety of β diversity along altitude gradient. Use more biodiversity indexs and fromseveral aspects to understand the variety of β diversity along altitudinal gradient.2.Origin and characteristic features of Bai Shuihe Nature Reserve990 species of wild seed plants (belonging to 421 generas in 138 families) inthe floristic region of Bai Shuihe Nature Reserve were reported here. The statisticsand comparatively intensive analysis at generic and familiar levelss. Based on thestatistics,the results show that both temperate and tropical distribution types areacounted for considerable proportion of the total,but formal is a little moreimportant than the later. The North Temperate and E.Asia-N.America disjunctedpatterns are more concentrated in this area. These may be considered as thecharacteristic features of Bai Shuihe Nature Reserve flora, while many of them arearchaic and relic elements. According to above data,the floristic region of BaiShuihe Nature Reserve may be considered as a typical region in Chinese flora. Also,the flora of Bai Shuihe Nature Reserve are originated since ancient time as a wellconserved Arctic-Tertiar flora.

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植物群落及其环境在干扰后的演替格局和过程的研究,是群落和生态系统动态研究的一个热点。选取青藏高原东缘山原区川西云杉林皆伐后,从草地过渡到灌丛的关键阶段的4 个皆伐迹地(恢复时间为8 a、10 a、16 a 和21 a),研究皆伐及自然恢复过程对林下典型灌木银露梅(Potentilla glabra)和唐古特忍冬(Lonicera tangutica)的生长与繁殖能力的影响以及灌木植物在迹地上的更新情况,分析灌木在不同生境中的适应对策和适应能力的差异,为揭示青藏高原东缘山原区迹地植被从草甸到灌丛演替的过程和特点及促进迹地演替与植被恢复进程提供理论依据和技术支撑。研究主要结论如下:1)皆伐后银露梅生长和繁殖能力显著提高,但对唐古特忍冬的影响不明显。皆伐后银露梅丛基径、高度和各部分生物量都显著增加(P < 0.05),但唐古特忍冬只有叶生物量和地下生物量增加,总生物量和其余构件生物量无显著变化。皆伐后,银露梅的结实数量、结实株数、不结实株数和结实株/不结实株比例显著增加(P < 0.05)。自然恢复过程中,银露梅和唐古特忍冬生长能力以及银露梅的结实量都表现出降低的趋势。随着迹地自然恢复时间的增加,银露梅和唐古特忍冬的基径、高度、丛叶片数和各部分生物量有减少的趋势。银露梅的结实株数增加, 但结实数量减少。2)皆伐对银露梅和唐古特忍冬生物量分配模式影响不一致。原始林和迹地中(除CT85)银露梅的生物量大小关系皆为:地下>茎>侧枝>叶。唐古特忍冬在原始林中的生物量大小关系为:茎>地下部分>侧枝>叶,而皆伐后生物量的分配情况改变,生物量大小关系变为:地下部分>茎>侧枝>叶。随着自然恢复时间的增加,银露梅减少了地下生物量的分配,而唐古特忍冬增加了地下生物量的分配。3)皆伐和恢复时间的增加改变了迹地物种组成,促使阳性乔、灌木在迹地上定居。4 个迹地上共出现了灌木15 种,乔木3 种,没有出现天然云杉和冷杉幼苗。随着恢复时间的增加,迹地上的灌木物种由原始林下的耐阴物种逐步发展为以针刺悬钩子(Rubus pungens)为主的阳性灌木。4)影响灌木幼苗密度和幼树密度的因子不一致。灌木幼苗密度与灌木层盖度显著负相关,与苔藓层盖度显著正相关。幼树密度与草本层盖度正相关,与苔藓层盖度、灌木层盖度和高度负相关。5)研究发现在青藏高原东缘山原区皆伐15~20 a 后,迹地仍以草本植物为主,推测皆伐后至少20 a 以上迹地才可能向灌丛阶段过渡,比高山峡谷地区的演替进程至少推迟了20 a。银露梅和唐古特忍冬在皆伐后自然恢复过程中表现出不同的生长与繁殖策略是由两个物种的生物学特性的差异引起的。银露梅比唐古特忍冬更适应迹地退化环境。促进青藏高原东缘山原林区迹地森林恢复一方面是尽量减少人为活动的破坏,另一方面,可以通过在迹地中播种适当的乡土乔、灌木种子(如白桦、银露梅)等人工措施,以加快演替进程。The succession pattern and process of plant community and their environments is a hot spotin community and ecosystem dynamic study. Four clearcuts were chosen in Rangtang(recovery time of 8 a、10 a、16 a and 21 a), which represented the key stage of thecommunity evolved from grass stage to shrub stage in the eastern margin of theQinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The growth and reproduction of the Potentilla glabra andLonicera tangutica and the natural regeneration of shrub plants in the primary Piceabalfouriana forest and 4 clearcuts were studied to explore how clear cutting andnatural recovery process affected the understory shrub species during the 21 years inthe eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The main results were below.1) The growth and reproduction of P. glabra significantly increased after forestclear cutting.. But it was not so significant as to the L. tangutica. The organismbiomass and total biomass of P. glabra were increased obviously after clear cutting(P< 0.05). But only leaves and underground biomass of L. tangutica increasedsignificantly after clear cutting(P < 0.05). The number of fruit and growth of P. glabraincreased significantly after clear cutting too(P < 0.05). The ramet height, basaldiameter , organism biomass and friut number of P. glabra and L. tangutica reducedas the increase of recovery time.2) The biomass allocation patterns varied between P. glabra and L. tangutica inthe primary forest and clearcuts. The biomass allocation of P. glabra both in primary forest and clearcuts was followed as: underground part > stem > branch > leaves.However, the biomass allocation of L. tangutica had changed after the clear cutting.The biomass allocation of L. tangutica in the primary forest was followed as: stem >underground part > branch > leaves and it was underground part > stem > branch >leave in clearcuts. The biomass allocation of P. glabra and L. tangutica varied amongclearcuts. Aboveground biomass was increased while underground biomass decreasedfor P. glabra with the increase of recovery period. However, the L. tangutica showedthe reverse changing pattern.3) Clear cutting and recovery time had changed the species composition of theclearcuts. There were 15.shruby species and 3 tree species in the four clearcuts. Nospruce and fir seedlings were found. In the early stage after clear cutting, there wereonly understory shrub species from the primary Picea balfouriana forest. The sunnyspecies, especieally Rubus pungens invaded intensly as the increase of recovery time.4) There was a significant negative relationship between density of seedlingswith shrub layer coverage and positive correlation with moss coverage. The saplingshad significantly positive correlation with herb layer coverage and negativecorrelation with moss coverage, shrub layer coverage and height.5)Comparing to studies in Miyalou, a nearby high mountain and canyon area,the secondary sucession in this subalpine plateau areas lagged at least 20 years.P. glabra and L. tangutica showed different growth and reproduction strategies toclear cutting and natural recovery , which may associated with the difference of theirbiological characters. P. glabra was more adaptive to the clear cutting than the L.tangutica. Two suggestions were probably recommended to promote the recoveryprogress in the subalpine plateau areas based on the results of this study. Limitanthropogenic disturbance, and meanwhile sow native tree and shrub seeds inclearcuts.

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单宁是一种典型的有毒难降解污染物,在制革、造纸、制药、印染等行业废水中广泛存在,对水环境造成污染并且影响废水生物处理效果。本研究针对含单宁废水生物处理效率低、较高浓度时微生物受抑制且污泥容易膨胀等问题,采用超声和磁粉来强化含单宁废水生物处理,研究超声和磁粉对微生物活性、污染物去除及污泥沉降性能的影响,并对其作用机理进行了分析和探讨。 研究结果表明,活性污泥系统中单宁酸容积负荷可以达到1.8kgCOD/(m3·d),单宁酸和COD去除率分别达到85.2%和79.6%,但如果负荷进一步增大则微生物活性迅速降低。系统在pH 5~8、温度20~35℃、DO>1 mg/L的条件下具有较好的单宁酸降解效果和处理稳定性。单宁降解动力学参数为:μmax =0.208h-1;Ks=226mg/L;Ki=522mg/L;kd=0.0092h-1;Y =0.594。 磁粉对系统处理效果和污泥沉降性能有一定的促进作用,且效果要优于外磁场。适宜的磁粉粒径和投加量分别为0.05~0.15mm和1.0g/L,COD去除率比对照系统提高6.4%,SVI降低28.6%,污泥絮体结构紧密。磁粉强化主要是通过其对污泥菌胶团的凝聚、吸附作用以及对微生物活性的强化作用实现。 在适当强度(0.4W/cm2)和辐照时间(20min)的超声作用下污泥絮体和细胞膜通透性增大,酶分泌也增多,系统的COD去除率比对照提高了8.8%,单宁酶酶活提高了11%。但超声也使污泥絮体结构松散,沉降性能下降,SVI比对照系统升高9.3%。 由于污泥流失加剧导致污泥浓度相对较低,声磁联合强化系统相对于磁粉强化系统其处理效果并没有提高。但相对于单纯活性污泥系统,声磁联合作用下系统处理效果、污泥沉降性能以及系统运行稳定性都得到明显改善。本研究为难降解废水的生物处理提供了一个新的思路。 Tannins are typical refractory and toxic pollutants that commonly exist in wastewater from dye, medicine, paper and leather industries and cause many problems associated with environmental pollution and biological treatment of wastewater. Biological treatment efficiency of tannin-containing wastewater is usually low owing to its biological toxicity and low biodegradability, microbes are usually inhibited under high tannin concentration and sludge bulking frequently occurs. In this study, ultrasound and magnetic powder were used to improve the biological treatment performance of simulated tannic acid-containing wastewater. The effects of ultrasonic irradiation and magnetic powder on microbial activity, tannic acid degradation rate and sludge sedimentation were investigated. The augmentation mechanisms were analyzed and discussed. The experimental results showed that the microbes were prominently inhibited under high tannic acid concentration, but moderate degradation efficiency can be maintained under a tannic acid load of up to 1.8kgCOD/(m3·d), with the tannic acid degradation and COD removal percentage of 85.2% and 79.6% respectively. The highest degradation rates and treatment stability were achieved at pH range of 5~8, temperature range of 20~35℃ and DO concentration of above 1mg/L. The kinetic parameters were estimated, including: μmax =0.208h-1;Ks=226mg/L;Ki=522mg/L;kd=0.0092h-1;Y =0.594. The microbial activity, tannic acid degradation rate and sludge sedimentation were improved by adding Fe3O4 magnetic powder, and the augmentation performance was better than external magnetic field. The appropriate particle size and dosage of magnetic powder were found to be 0.05~0.15mm and 1.0g/L, respectively, under which the COD removal percentage was improved by 6.4% and SVI value decreased by 28.6%, and compact floc structure was observed. This was mainly caused by the flocculation and adsorption effects of magnetic powder against sludge floc and the stimulation of microbial activity under appropriate magnetic field. Under appropriate ultrasonic irradiation (ultrasonic intensity 0.4W/cm2, ultrasonic irradiation time 20min), the permeability of floc and cell membrane are improved, transfer of substrate and oxygen were reinforced; meanwhile, more enzyme were produced by microbes under the slight damage caused by ultrasound. However, the floc structure became loose under ultrasonic irradiation, leading to relatively poor sedimentation, with the SVI value 9.3% higher than the control system. Although the magnetic powder-ultrasonic irradiation combined augmentation system showed no improvement in treatment performance compared with sole magnetic augmentation system owing to its relatively low sludge concentration, it guaranteed the stable operation of system, meanwhile the tannic acid degradation and sludge sedimentation were significantly improved compared with sole activated sludge system. This study gives a new idea for biological treatment of refractory wastewater.

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中能重离子碰撞的反应机制及其形成的高激发核的性质研究是当前中能重离子核物理研究的重要领域。本文通过对35 MeV/u~(40)Ar+~(159)Tb/~(197)Au反应中出射的轻粒子、中等质量碎片(IMF)和复合核裂变碎片的符合测量,研究了中等质量碎片的发射机制、类靶核的形成机制及其裂变时标、复合核的温度与激发能以及两者之间的关系等。利用前角探测器组的测量对前角区出射的IMF的单举和关联数据进行了分析。由弹核碎裂理论中的Gozdhaber关系式拟合了类弹碎片的能谱,由此提取的弹核的动量分布约化宽度为σ_0 ≈ 100MevV/c。通过Gemini模拟与IMF-IMF关联数据的对比揭示出激发的类弹碎片的裂变是关联IMF的一个重要来源。由IMF与裂变碎片以及IMF与后角轻粒子的关联数据显示出,在前角区域,当IMF的能量低于10 MeV/u时,复合核的蒸发对较轻IMF有较大的贡献;当IMF能量在10-24 MeV/u的区域时,IMF能量与复合核平均速度以及激发能之间存在着很强的依赖关系,说明这些IMF主要来源与弹靶之间的耗散反应;当IMF的能量超过24 MeV/u后,IMF能量与复合核平均速度以及激发能之间没有关联或关联很弱,说明在弹核碎裂的同时,靶核也发生了碎裂,它们共同贡献出部分核子形成了"中速源"或"颈部"。通过对复合核裂变时出射的关联裂片以及后角轻带电粒子的测量,提取了复合核的激发能以及在不同激发能能下所对应的核温度。对于中心碰撞,Au靶形成了E~* = 4MeV/u、T_(init) = 7.1 MeV的热核,Tb靶形成了E~* = 4.7MeV/u、T_(init) = 7.7MeV的热核。对其量热曲线的研究显示出,在当前入射能下没有观测到原子核液气相变的特征。由类弹碎片(PLF)与类靶核两个裂片的关联数据,提取了类靶核裂变轴在反应平面内的转动角度,并由此计算出类靶核的、裂变时标。在对称裂变时,类靶核的寿命约5 * 10~(-20) s,在非对称裂变(η =0.6)时降为约1.7 * 10~(-21) S。同时我们认为类靶核的裂变存在两种机制,即动力学裂变和统计裂变,分别对应于裂变轴在反应平面内的非各相同性分别和各相同性分布。

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研究了利用黑曲霉产酸淋滤去除污染土壤中重金属的生物修复过程.在不同土壤和培养基比(w/v)5%,10%,20%情况下,添加黑曲霉的蔗糖和矿物盐培养基以产生有机酸,淋滤去除污染土壤中重金属.结果表明,一步生物淋滤修复过程中,当固液比为5%、修复时间为7d时,冶炼厂土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn去除率分别为25.2%,98.3%,30.2%,15.7%;张士灌区污染土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn去除率分别为27.1%,36.8%,0%,7.6%.二步生物淋滤修复过程中,当固液比为10%、修复时间为9d时,冶炼厂土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率分别为67.4%,86%,23.3%和7.6%;张士灌区污染土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn的去除率分别为55.2%,85.7%,7.8%和18.1%.

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<正> 由中国生态学会等10个单位联合主办,由北京大学城市与环境学系承办的景观生态学与生物多样性保护学术讨论会于1996年5月18日至20日在北京召开。本次会议是继1989年在沈阳召开的第一届全国景观生态学大会后的又一次盛会,参加会议的代表有来自大专院校、科研院所、生产单位及国家机关等80余人,会议收到论文80余篇。本次会议的主题是:景观生态学与生物多样性保护;景观生态学的基本理论与方法;可持续发展与景观生态研究;景观生态学在农业和其它领域的应用及其它宏观生态问题。

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通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了皂素溶液浓度、pH值、淋洗时间对重金属去除效果的影响。并通过一个一级反应动力学模型对试验数据进行了拟合,得到了两个重要的参数Ce(反应达到平衡时重金属在液相中的浓度)和K(质量转移系数)。结果表明:皂素溶液在质量浓度为3%、pH值为5.0-5.5、淋洗时间12 h的条件下能达到对污染土壤重金属的最大去除率。去除率分别为Cd 93.5%,Pb 20.5%,Cu 8.64%,Zn 48.4%。模型拟合的结果表明:镉的质量转移系数最大,其次是锌,然后是铅,最后是铜。这一结果同时也说明了在土壤淋洗过程中,镉和锌最先达到质量转移的平衡状态,然后是铅和铜。

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分析球形水窖空间结构的应力分布情况并进行几何尺寸优化,避免建设者根据经验来确定球形水窖的厚度、构造及混凝土标号,以节省建窖材料,同时防止应力不足而发生破坏。【方法】利用基于ANSYS平台新开发的窖体有限元分析软件,对实际中窖壁厚度为4和11 cm的混凝土薄壳球形水窖进行空间结构应力分析,同时以水窖耗材量最小为目标函数,以许用应力和变形量为约束条件,对其进行几何尺寸优化。【结果】计算得出窖壁厚度为4和11 cm的水窖最大拉应力分别为1 380.00和447.31 kPa,最大压应力分别为5 153.20和1 896.70 kPa;优化出空窖不利工况下容积为20,30和40 m3的球形水窖窖壁最佳厚度,即栗钙土地区分别为0.051,0.061和0.065m,黄土地区分别为0.050,0.059和0.062 m。【结论】经软件优化计算后的球形水窖结构,既能满足强度和刚度的要求,同时也最大限度地节约了材料用量;利用新开发的窖体结构优化分析软件,能够对球形水窖进行空间应力分析与结构优化,可以作为球形水窖设计软件。