Effects of Galleria mellonella cadavers infected with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema rarum, their macerates and dead infective juveniles on Meloidogyne javanica suppression

Nematodes of the Meloidogyne genus affect to most of crops of an economic importance in Argentina. Researches related to new control strategies are needed to reduce the damage produced by these organisms. The objective of this work was to compare the effects of Galleria mellonella cadavers infected with the Argentine isolates Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Rama Caída and Steinernema rarum NOE, cadaver macerates and dead infective juveniles (IJs) on M. javanica suppression. Experiments were performed using 24-well plates and pepper plants grown in a growth chamber. The entomopathogenic nematodes-infected G. mellonella cadavers, their cadaver macerates and dead IJs were effective in suppressing M. javanica second-stage juveniles under laboratory conditions. The use of H. bacteriophora-infected cadavers caused a significant decrease in the number of galls and egg masses on pepper plants parasitized by M. javanica, in a growth-chamber.

A metabolomic approach to study the rhizodeposition in the tritrophic interaction: tomato, Pochonia chlamydosporia and Meloidogyne javanica

A combined chemometrics-metabolomics approach [excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS)] was used to analyse the rhizodeposition of the tritrophic system: tomato, the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne javanica and the nematode-egg parasitic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Exudates from M. javanica roots were sampled at root penetration (early) and gall development (late). EMM indicated that late root exudates from M. javanica treatments contained more aromatic amino acid compounds than the rest (control, P. chlamydosporia or P. chlamydosporia and M. javanica). 1H NMR showed that organic acids (acetate, lactate, malate, succinate and formic acid) and one unassigned aromatic compound (peak no. 22) were the most relevant metabolites in root exudates. Robust principal component analysis (PCA) grouped early exudates for nematode (PC1) or fungus presence (PC3). PCA found (PC1, 73.31 %) increased acetate and reduced lactate and an unassigned peak no. 22 characteristic of M. javanica root exudates resulting from nematode invasion and feeding. An increase of peak no. 22 (PC3, 4.82 %) characteristic of P. chlamydosporia exudates could be a plant “primer” defence. In late ones in PC3 (8.73 %) the presence of the nematode grouped the samples. HPLC–MS determined rhizosphere fingerprints of 16 (early) and 25 (late exudates) m/z signals, respectively. Late signals were exclusive from M. javanica exudates confirming EEM and 1H NMR results. A 235 m/z signal reduced in M. javanica root exudates (early and late) could be a repressed plant defense. This metabolomic approach and other rhizosphere -omics studies could help to improve plant growth and reduce nematode damage sustainably.

Estudio de la interacción tritrófica: tomate, Meloidogyne javanica y Pochonia chlamydosporia

Los nematodos fitopatógenos y en particular los agalladores causan graves pérdidas al tomate, un cultivo de gran importancia económica en España, la Unión Europea y en todo el mundo. El manejo de enfermedades por nematicidas químicos y fumigantes está muy limitado por la prohibición en la Unión Europea y a escala mundial del uso de muchos nematicidas químicos y de fumigantes como el bromuro de metilo. Los suelos supresivos a nematodos son ejemplos de control biológico natural que incluyen antagonistas de nematodos con potencial para su uso en el manejo de dichos patógenos vegetales. Nuestro grupo posee una dilata experiencia en estudio de la biología y en particular en el análisis del modo de acción del hongo parásito de huevos de nematodos, Pochonia chlamydosporia. En este artículo incluimos un resumen de nuestros estudios sobre presencia de P. chlamydosporia en suelos agrícolas. A continuación abordamos el estudio de aspectos celulares y moleculares de la infección de huevos de nematodos por P. chlamydosporia. Nuestro grupo fue pionero al demostrar que los hongos nematófagos se comportan como endófitos colonizando las raíces de mono y dicotiledóneas. Recientemente hemos secuenciado el genoma de P. chlamydosporia. El estudio de sus relaciones filogenómicas y el análisis de sus familias génicas apoyan el comportamiento multitrófico del hongo. Finalmente aportamos nuestros resultados del análisis metabolómico de la interacción tomate-nematodo agallador-P. chlamydosporia. Nuestra actual hipótesis de trabajo es que el estudio de dicha interacción por técnicas de análisis molecular masivo abren nuevas vías al manejo sostenible de nematodos bloqueando su comunicación con la planta y activando o modulando las defensas de los cultivos por hongos antagonistas como P. chlamydosporia.

Chitosan enhances parasitism of Meloidogyne javanica eggs by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia

Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc), a nematophagous fungus and root endophyte, uses appressoria and extracellular enzymes, principally proteases, to infect the eggs of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN). Unlike other fungi, Pc is resistant to chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, used in agriculture as a biopesticide to control plant pathogens. In the present work, we show that chitosan increases Meloidogyne javanica egg parasitism by P. chlamydosporia. Using antibodies specific to the Pc enzymes VCP1 (a subtilisin), and SCP1 (a serine carboxypeptidase), we demonstrate chitosan elicitation of the fungal proteases during the parasitic process. Chitosan increases VCP1 immuno-labelling in the cell wall of Pc conidia, hyphal tips of germinating spores, and in appressoria on infected M. javanica eggs. These results support the role of proteases in egg parasitism by the fungus and their activation by chitosan. Phylogenetic analysis of the Pc genome reveals a large diversity of subtilisins (S8) and serine carboxypeptidases (S10). The VCP1 group in the S8 tree shows evidence of gene duplication indicating recent adaptations to nutrient sources. Our results demonstrate that chitosan enhances Pc infectivity of nematode eggs through increased proteolytic activities and appressoria formation and might be used to improve the efficacy of M. javanica biocontrol.

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Híbridos de Psidium: compatibilidade de cruzamentos e aspectos genéticos para controle de Meloidogyne enterolobii.

Desde o primeiro registro da presença destrutiva de Meloidogyne enterolobii, em 2001, em áreas de goiabeira no Vale do São Francisco (VSF), nos estados da Bahia e de Pernambuco, a ocorrência desse nematoide passou a ter dimensão nacional, sendo relatado em outros 17 estados brasileiros, constituindo-se no principal desafio para a cultura. Práticas de controle do patógeno, como uso de nematicidas, controle biológico, adubações nitrogenadas, plantas não hospedeiras e manejo integrado, têm efeito limitado ou ineficiente (Freitas, 2012). O impacto inicial direto do nematoide na cultura da goiabeira foi estimado em quase US$ 70 milhões em todo o Brasil (Pereira et al., 2009), com redução inicial de até 50% da área plantada no VSF.

Penetração, desenvolvimento e reprodução de Meloidogyne enterolobii em espécies de Psidium.

O trabalho avaliou a penetração, desenvolvimento e reprodução de M. enterolobii nas raízes de quatro espécies do gênero Psidium (P. guajava cv. Paluma, P. guineense, P. cattleyanum e P. friedrichstalianum) provenientes do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) da Embrapa Semiárido em Petrolina, PE.

Registro de Meloidogyne enterolobii em mudas de goiabeiras formadas em viveiros de Petrolina, PE.

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade das mudas de goiabeira no município de Petrolina, PE.

Registro de Meloidogyne enterolobii em mudas de aceroleiras formadas em viveiros de Petrolina, PE.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de Meloidogyne spp. em mudas de aceroleiras formadas em alguns viveiros localizados em Petrolina, PE.

Identificação de Meloidogyne spp. em áreas de aceroleira no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as espécies de Meloidogyne em áreas de aceroleiras no polo de irrigação Petrolina-Juazeiro.

Reação de genótipo de Psidium sp. A Meloidogyne enterolobii.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a reação de um acesso de Psidium sp. a M. enterolobii.

Ocorrência de Meloidogyne enterolobii em batata Yacon no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco.

A batata yacon vem despertando interesse, principalmente, por suas propriedades medicinais, sendo utilizada como auxiliar no tratamento contra diabetes e colesterol. Por isso, no decorrer nos anos, vem aumentando cada vez mais sua área de cultivo.

Evaluation of the reaction of watermelon parent and F1 plants to Meloidogyne enterolobii.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of progenies from Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (cultivated watermelons) when crossed with progenies from C. lanatus var. citroides (fodder watermelon with a historic of resistance to the nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii). The parents and their F1s were evaluated for resistance to this nematode. In the initial stages of eleven treatments, watermelon seedlings plantlets were transplanted to plastic bags of six kilograms once the first leaves developed. Ten inoculated plants with 5,200 eggs in the soil near the stem of the plant and four non-inoculated ones were used in each treatment, in a complete block design. Sixty-two days after sowing, the following characteristics were evaluated: the length of the aerial part of the plant (LAP, in m), fresh mass of the aerial part (FMAP, in g), root fresh mass (RFM, in g), egg number (EN) and reproduction factor (RF). A comparison between the averages of inoculated and non-inoculated plants was performed using Scott-Knott test at 5% and the diallelic analysis was performed using the GENES program. The morphological characteristics did not allow for the identification of the parent plants or the F1s with respect to nematode resistance, but the variables EN and RF were useful for such identification. The analyses of the general and specific combining abilities indicate highly significant effects with respect to this resistance, showing additive gene effects as well as dominance and epistatic gene effects, allowing for identification of parents and F1s that can be used in watermelon breeding programs to improve resistance to the M. enterolobii.