Genetic diversity in the modern horse illustrated from genome-wide SNP data.

Horses were domesticated from the Eurasian steppes 5,000-6,000 years ago. Since then, the use of horses for transportation, warfare, and agriculture, as well as selection for desired traits and fitness, has resulted in diverse populations distributed across the world, many of which have become or are in the process of becoming formally organized into closed, breeding populations (breeds). This report describes the use of a genome-wide set of autosomal SNPs and 814 horses from 36 breeds to provide the first detailed description of equine breed diversity. F(ST) calculations, parsimony, and distance analysis demonstrated relationships among the breeds that largely reflect geographic origins and known breed histories. Low levels of population divergence were observed between breeds that are relatively early on in the process of breed development, and between those with high levels of within-breed diversity, whether due to large population size, ongoing outcrossing, or large within-breed phenotypic diversity. Populations with low within-breed diversity included those which have experienced population bottlenecks, have been under intense selective pressure, or are closed populations with long breed histories. These results provide new insights into the relationships among and the diversity within breeds of horses. In addition these results will facilitate future genome-wide association studies and investigations into genomic targets of selection.

Genome-wide analysis reveals selection for important traits in domestic horse breeds.

Intense selective pressures applied over short evolutionary time have resulted in homogeneity within, but substantial variation among, horse breeds. Utilizing this population structure, 744 individuals from 33 breeds, and a 54,000 SNP genotyping array, breed-specific targets of selection were identified using an F(ST)-based statistic calculated in 500-kb windows across the genome. A 5.5-Mb region of ECA18, in which the myostatin (MSTN) gene was centered, contained the highest signature of selection in both the Paint and Quarter Horse. Gene sequencing and histological analysis of gluteal muscle biopsies showed a promoter variant and intronic SNP of MSTN were each significantly associated with higher Type 2B and lower Type 1 muscle fiber proportions in the Quarter Horse, demonstrating a functional consequence of selection at this locus. Signatures of selection on ECA23 in all gaited breeds in the sample led to the identification of a shared, 186-kb haplotype including two doublesex related mab transcription factor genes (DMRT2 and 3). The recent identification of a DMRT3 mutation within this haplotype, which appears necessary for the ability to perform alternative gaits, provides further evidence for selection at this locus. Finally, putative loci for the determination of size were identified in the draft breeds and the Miniature horse on ECA11, as well as when signatures of selection surrounding candidate genes at other loci were examined. This work provides further evidence of the importance of MSTN in racing breeds, provides strong evidence for selection upon gait and size, and illustrates the potential for population-based techniques to find genomic regions driving important phenotypes in the modern horse.

Die Synagogenfrage für deutsche Israeliten

dargest. von E. I. Blücher

Eine wunderbare gešichṭe fon dem raichen rabbi Benjamin Ḥasdai oder der hoifman fon Wenedig

Digitalisat der Ausg. Pest, 1859

O PRINCÍPIO DA GRATUIDADE ATIVA NO PROGRAMA DE ASSISTÊNCIA ESTUDANTIL DO INSTITUTO FEDERAL DE EDUCAÇÃO, CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA DE SÃO PAULO (IFSP) – CAMPUS CUBATÃO

Este trabalho realizado, inicialmente, com base na análise de alguns documentos referentes à legislação educacional brasileira vigente tem por objetivo desenvolver uma investigação acerca da aplicabilidade da Assistência Estudantil dentro do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo (IFSP). A partir da questão do Direito à Educação de todo cidadão, que está garantido em nossa Constituição Federal, o governo elaborou, no ano de 2010, o Programa Nacional de Assistência Estudantil (PNAES). Respaldados nesse Programa, o IFSP criou, em 2011, o Programa de Assistência Estudantil (PAE), dando validade e continuidade às ações desenvolvidas nos Campi para minimizar a evasão e o fracasso escolar, com vistas a garantir a permanência dos educandos no referido Instituto. Embora o PAE tenha sido implementado em todos os Campi do IFSP, no decorrer do presente trabalho analisamos e estudamos, exclusivamente, o Campus Cubatão, localizado na região da Baixada Santista devido a, dentre outros fatores, ter sido a primeira unidade descentralizada dos Institutos Federais do país. Assim, neste estudo, temos como objetivo analisar a estrutura de funcionamento do IFSP com o intuito específico de investigar o Campus de Cubatão, verificar as questões de Vulnerabilidade Social encontradas na destacada instituição, averiguar as ações do PAE que nascem do PNAES, observar a aplicabilidade desse programa com base no princípio da Gratuidade Ativa e do Direito à Educação de todo cidadão. Para tanto, utilizamos, fundamentalmente, além da legislação já mencionada, o princípio da Gratuidade Ativa de Melchior (2011) e o conceito de Vulnerabilidade Social proposto por Alves (1994) e por Abramovay (2002).

Macrophage killing is an essential virulence mechanism of Salmonella typhimurium.

Phagocytic cells are a critical line of defense against infection. The ability of a pathogen to survive and even replicate within phagocytic cells is a potent method of evading the defense mechanisms of the host. A number of pathogens survive within macrophages after phagocytosis and this contributes to their virulence. Salmonella is one of these pathogens. Here we report that 6-14 hr after Salmonella enters the macrophage and replicates, it resides in large vacuoles and causes the destruction of these cells. Furthermore, we identified four independently isolated MudJ-lacZ insertion mutants that no longer cause the formation of these vacuoles or kill the macrophages. All four insertions were located in the ompR/envZ regulon. These findings suggest that killing and escape from macrophages may be as important steps in Salmonella pathogenesis as are survival and replication in these host cells.

Ceramic applications in turbine engines.

Energy Department, Office of Vehicle and Engine Research and Development, Washington, D.C.

Psychology of personal and social adjustment.

Includes bibliography.

Sveriges vittra storhetstid, 1730-1850.

pt. 1 Frihetstiden.--pt. 2 Gustaf IIIs tid och Eftergustavianerne.