Reducing effective dose to a paediatric phantom by using different combinations of kVp, mAs and additional filtration whilst maintaining image quality

Purpose: To determine whether using different combinations of kVp and mAs with additional filtration can reduce the effective dose to a paediatric phantom whilst maintaining diagnostic image quality. Methods: 27 images of a paediatric AP pelvis phantom were acquired with different kVp, mAs and additional copper filtration. Images were displayed on quality controlled monitors with dimmed lighting. Ten diagnostic radiographers (5 students and 5 experienced radiographers) had eye tests to assess visual acuity before rating the images. Each image was rated for visual image quality against a reference image using 2 alternative forced choice software using a 5-point Likert scale. Physical measures (SNR and CNR) were also taken to assess image quality. Results: Of the 27 images rated, 13 of them were of acceptable image quality and had a dose lower than the image with standard acquisition parameters. Two were produced without filtration, 6 with 0.1mm and 5 with 0.2mm copper filtration. Statistical analysis found that the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was high. Discussion: It is possible to obtain an image of acceptable image quality with a dose that is lower than published guidelines. There are some areas of the study that could be improved. These include using a wider range of kVp and mAs to give an exact set of parameters to use. Conclusion: Additional filtration has been identified as amajor tool for reducing effective dose whilst maintaining acceptable image quality in a 5 year old phantom.

Global localization with non-quantized local image features

In the field of appearance-based robot localization, the mainstream approach uses a quantized representation of local image features. An alternative strategy is the exploitation of raw feature descriptors, thus avoiding approximations due to quantization. In this work, the quantized and non-quantized representations are compared with respect to their discriminativity, in the context of the robot global localization problem. Having demonstrated the advantages of the non-quantized representation, the paper proposes mechanisms to reduce the computational burden this approach would carry, when applied in its simplest form. This reduction is achieved through a hierarchical strategy which gradually discards candidate locations and by exploring two simplifying assumptions about the training data. The potential of the non-quantized representation is exploited by resorting to the entropy-discriminativity relation. The idea behind this approach is that the non-quantized representation facilitates the assessment of the distinctiveness of features, through the entropy measure. Building on this finding, the robustness of the localization system is enhanced by modulating the importance of features according to the entropy measure. Experimental results support the effectiveness of this approach, as well as the validity of the proposed computation reduction methods.

Substituted P-Phenylene Ethynylene trimers as fluorescent sensors for nitroaromatic explosives

New sensory materials based on p-phenylene ethynylene trimers integrating calix[4]arene receptors (CALIX-PET) and tert-butylphenol (TBP-PET) moieties have been synthesized and their sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) such as nitrobenzene (NB), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and picric acid (PA) investigated in fluid phase and solid-state. It was found that both fluorophores displayed high sensitivities toward NACs detection in solution as evaluated by the Stern-Volmer formalism. For all the tested explosives, the ratio of fluorescence intensities (F-0/F) is a linear function of the quencher concentration only after appropriate correction of fluorescence quenching data for inner-filter effects. The quenching efficiencies for CALIX-PET and TBP-PET follow the order PA >> TNT > DNT > NB, which correlate well with the quenchers electron affinities as evaluated from their LUMOs energies thereby suggesting a photoinduced electron transfer as the dominant mechanism of fluorescence quenching. The selectivity of these sensors was checked against exemplar interferents possessing differentiated electronic properties (benzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenol and benzoquinone) and reduced quenching activity was detected. The quenching efficiencies and response times of the two fluorophores in the solid-state toward NB, 2,4-DNT and TNT vapors were evaluated through steady-state fluorescence quenching experiments with the materials dispersed in polymeric matrices or as neat films. The most significant fluorescence quenching responses were achieved for drop-casted films of TBP-PET upon exposure to nitroaromatics.

Influence of attenuation correction in the MPI image reconstructed by the ‘Evolution for Cardiac’™

The acquisition of a Myocardial Perfusion image (MPI) is of great importance for the diagnosis of the coronary artery disease, since it allows to evaluate which areas of the heart aren’t being properly perfused, in rest and stress situations. This exam is greatly influenced by photon attenuation which creates image artifacts and affects quantification. The acquisition of a Computerized Tomography (CT) image makes it possible to get an atomic images which can be used to perform high-quality attenuation corrections of the radiopharmaceutical distribution, in the MPI image. Studies show that by using hybrid imaging to perform diagnosis of the coronary artery disease, there is an increase on the specificity when evaluating the perfusion of the right coronary artery (RCA). Using an iterative algorithm with a resolution recovery software for the reconstruction, which balances the image quality, the administered activity and the scanning time, we aim to evaluate the influence of attenuation correction on the MPI image and the outcome in perfusion quantification and imaging quality.

Sensors on mobile devices for AAL

Com o envelhecimento da população, as preocupações com a garantia do seu bem-estar aumentam criando a necessidade de desenvolver ferramentas que permitam monitorizar em permanência este sector da população. A utilização de smartphones pelos mais velhos pode ser crucial no seu bem-estar e na sua autonomia contribuindo para a recolha de informação importante já que estes estão muitas vezes equipados com sensores que podem dar indicações preciosas ao cuidador sobre o estado atual do paciente. Os sensores podem fornecer dados sobre a atividade física do paciente, bem como detetar quedas ou calcular a sua posição, com a ajuda do acelerómetro, do giroscópio e do sensor de campo magnético. No entanto, funcionalidades como essas requerem, obrigatoriamente, uma frequência de amostragem mínima por parte dos sensores que permita a implementação de algoritmos, que determinarão esses parâmetros da forma mais exata possível. Dado que nem sempre os pacientes se fazem acompanhar do seu smartphone quando estão na sua residência, a criação de ambientes de AAL (Ambient Assisted Living) com recurso a dispositivos externos que podem ser “vestidos” pelos pacientes pode também ser uma solução adequada. Estes contêm normalmente os mesmos sensores que os smartphones e comunicam com estes através de tecnologias sem fios, como é o caso do Bluetooth Low Energy. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a possibilidade de alteração da frequência dos sensores em diferentes sistemas operativos, tendo sido efectuadas modificações nas instalações por defeito de alguns sistemas operativos abertos. Com o objectivo de permitir a criação de uma solução de AAL com recurso a um dispositivo externo implementaram-se serviços e perfis num dispositivo externo, o SensorTag.

Development and validation of a psychometric scale for assessing PA chest image quality

Purpose - To develop and validate a psychometric scale for assessing image quality for chest radiographs.

Low-cost vibration sensors: tendencies and applications in condition monitoring of machines and structures

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

10 kVp rule - An anthropomorphic pelvis phantom imaging study using a CR system: impact on image quality and effective dose using AEC and manual mode

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the influence of tube potential (kVp) variation in relation to perceptual image quality and effective dose for pelvis using automatic exposure control (AEC) and non-AEC in a computed radiography (CR) system. Methods and Materials: To determine the effects of using AEC and non-AEC by applying the 10 kVp rule in two experiments using an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom. Images were acquired using 10 kVp increments (60-120 kVp) for both experiments. The first experiment, based on seven AEC combinations, produced 49 images. The mean mAs from each kVp increment were used as a baseline for the second experiment producing 35 images. A total of 84 images were produced and a panel of 5 experienced observers participated for the image scoring using the 2 AFC visual grading software. PCXMC software was used to estimate the effective dose. Results: A decrease in perceptual image quality as the kVp increases was observed both in non-AEC and AEC experiments, however no significant statistical differences (p> 0.05) were found. Image quality scores from all observers at 10 kVp increments for all mAs values using non-AEC mode demonstrates a better score up to 90 kVp. Effective dose results show a statistical significant decrease (p=0.000) on the 75th quartile from 0.3 mSv at 60 kVp to 0.1 mSv at 120 kVp when applying the 10 kVp rule in non-AEC mode. Conclusion: No significant reduction in perceptual image quality is observed when increasing kVp whilst a marked and significant effective dose reduction is observed.

The role of cultural mega events in the enhancement of city’s image attributes: differences between engaged and attendee participants

In a time of fierce competition between regions, an image serve as a basis to develop a strong sense of community, which fosters trust and cooperation that can be mobilized for regional growth. A positive image and reputation could be used in the promotional activities of the region benefiting all the stakeholders as a whole. Mega cultural events are frequently used to attract tourists and investments to a region, but also to enhance the city’s image. This study adopts a marketing/communication perspective of city’s image, and intends to explain how the image of the city is perceived by their residents. Specifically, we intend to compare the perceptions of residents that effectively participated in the Guimarães European Capital of Culture (ECOC) 2012 (engaged residents), and the residents that only assisted to the event (attendees). Several significant findings are reported and their implications for event managers and public policy administrators presented, along with the limitations of the study

RFID-based wireless passive sensors utilizing cork materials

This paper presents the design of low-cost, conformal UHF antennas and RFID tags on two types of cork substrates: 1) natural cork and 2) agglomerate cork. Such RFID tags find an application in wine bottle and barrel identification, and in addition, they are suitable for numerous antenna-based sensing applications. This paper includes the high-frequency characterization of the selected cork substrates considering the anisotropic behavior of such materials. In addition, the variation of their permittivity values as a function of the humidity is also verified. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, three conformal RFID tags have been implemented on cork, and their performance has been evaluated using both a commercial Alien ALR8800 reader and an in-house measurement setup. The reading of all tags has been checked, and a satisfactory performance has been verified, with reading ranges spanning from 0.3 to 6 m. In addition, this paper discusses how inkjet printing can be applied to cork surfaces, and an RFID tag printed on cork is used as a humidity sensor. Its performance is tested under different humidity conditions, and a good range in excess of 3 m has been achieved, allied to a good sensitivity obtained with a shift of >5 dB in threshold power of the tag for different humid conditions.

Building a person home behavior model based on data from smart house sensors 2015

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica Ramo de Energia

Humidity passive sensors based on UHF RFID using cork dielectric slabs

In this paper we show the design of passive UHF RFID tag antenna on cork substrate. Due to the cork sensitivity to humidity changes, we can use the developed sensor to sense changes in the relative humidity of the environment, without the need for batteries. The antenna is built using inkjet printing technology, which allows a good accuracy of the design manufacturing. The sensor proved usable for humidity changes detection with a variation of threshold power from 11 to 15 dB between 60 and near 100% humidity levels. Presenting, therefore, reading ranges between 3 to 5 meters. © 2015 EurAAP.

Unsupervised hyperspectral signal subspace identification

Hyperspectral imaging sensors provide image data containing both spectral and spatial information from the Earth surface. The huge data volumes produced by these sensors put stringent requirements on communications, storage, and processing. This paper presents a method, termed hyperspectral signal subspace identification by minimum error (HySime), that infer the signal subspace and determines its dimensionality without any prior knowledge. The identification of this subspace enables a correct dimensionality reduction yielding gains in algorithm performance and complexity and in data storage. HySime method is unsupervised and fully-automatic, i.e., it does not depend on any tuning parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated using simulated data based on U.S.G.S. laboratory spectra and real hyperspectral data collected by the AVIRIS sensor over Cuprite, Nevada.

Advanced image processing techniques for detection and quantification of drusen

Dissertation presented to obtain the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering, speciality on Perceptional Systems, by the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences and Technology

A toolbox for hyperspectral image analysis

This paper introduces a new toolbox for hyperspectral imagery, developed under the MATLAB environment. This toolbox provides easy access to different supervised and unsupervised classification methods. This new application is also versatile and fully dynamic since the user can embody their own methods, that can be reused and shared. This toolbox, while extends the potentiality of MATLAB environment, it also provides a user-friendly platform to assess the results of different methodologies. In this paper it is also presented, under the new application, a study of several different supervised and unsupervised classification methods on real hyperspectral data.