Étude de faisabilité du modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique

"Le présent rapport a pour objet de fournir un commentaire détaillé sur la faisabilité globale d'un portail unique de dépôt électronique hébergé par le secteur privé (modèle transactionnel central de dépôt électronique) fondé sur la norme LegalXML. Le résultat attendu principal est une opinion concernant la faisabilité du modèle à guichet unique (portail électronique). D'autres résultats attendus comprennent : une connaissance accrue chez les intéressés du modèle de fournisseur de services et une évaluation préliminaire de l'appui que le modèle reçoit. Nous avons utilisé deux véhicules d'analyse principaux pour réaliser les objectifs de l'étude susmentionnés : des analyses documentaires et des entretiens auprès d'intéressés. Les analyses visent explicitement à : examiner des approches différentes au dépôt électronique, notamment un système de dépôt électronique comme extension de chaque instance, et l'hébergement par le secteur privé par opposition au secteur public d'un guichet unique; recenser les questions et les facteurs de risque critiques se rapportant à la mise en place de services de dépôt électronique dans les cours, notamment la protection des renseignements personnels, la propriété intellectuelle et la sécurité, et en discuter; opposer chacun de ces points au modèle de FSA; faire des recommandations sur la stratégie permettant de régler les questions et les facteurs de risque critiques. L'étude a révélé que : de nombreux intéressés appuient le dépôt électronique; de nombreux intéressés (p. ex. les avocats) ne font aucune distinction entre les formes différentes de dépôt électronique, tandis que d'autres s'en soucient beaucoup (p. ex. administrateurs de certaines cours); un modèle de fournisseur de services de dépôt électronique (FSDE) à guichet unique offre quelques avantages importants par rapport à une approche de dépôt électronique individuelle, surtout pour ce qui concerne les coûts et la plate-forme de l'avenir; un modèle de FSDE du secteur privé offre des avantages considérables par rapport à un modèle de FSDE du secteur privé, surtout en matière de succès et de coût de la mise en œuvre."

Rapport au travail, mobilité professionnelle et parcours de vie : le cas de jeunes infirmières et infirmières auxiliaires d'un centre de santé et de services sociaux

Cette thèse de doctorat, qui s’inscrit dans un programme de doctorat en sciences humaines appliquées, s’est d’abord construite en réponse à un problème concret, celui du roulement des infirmières et des infirmières auxiliaires dans le réseau de la santé et des services sociaux. En cours de route, il est toutefois apparu nécessaire d’élargir le questionnement à la question du rapport au travail des jeunes infirmières pour être en mesure de saisir les dynamiques sociales plus larges qui conditionnent certains choix professionnels, dont la décision de quitter son emploi. Cette thèse poursuit donc deux grands objectifs. D’une part, elle s’attarde à cerner l’ensemble des processus qui conduisent les jeunes infirmières à faire le choix de quitter leur emploi. D’autre part, elle vise à mieux comprendre comment a évolué leur rapport au travail dans le temps. La perspective théorique retenue s’appuie sur deux approches complémentaires, soit celles de la perspective des parcours de vie et de divers courants en sociologie de l’individu qui ont comme point commun d’accorder une place importante au contexte social, aux contraintes structurelles, de même qu’à l’autonomie des acteurs et à leur capacité d’agir sur leur parcours de vie. Ces approches s’avèrent particulièrement pertinentes dans le cadre de notre étude puisqu’elles permettent de rendre compte des liens complexes entre le contexte social plus global, les différents contextes de vie d’un individu et ses comportements en emploi. Elles invitent à conceptualiser le rapport au travail comme un processus qui évolue dans le temps à travers lequel plusieurs éléments de la vie d’un individu et de ses proches se combinent pour donner une orientation particulière aux trajectoires professionnelles. Vu sous cet angle, la décision de quitter se présente également comme un processus qui se construit dans un laps de temps plus ou moins long où entrent en jeu plusieurs dimensions de la vie d’un individu. La perspective adoptée dans le cadre de cette thèse permet de combler des lacunes dans ce champ de recherche où peu d’études se sont attardées à comprendre les différents processus qui façonnent le rapport au travail dans le temps et qui conduisent les infirmières à la décision de quitter leur emploi. Pour répondre aux objectifs de recherche, une étude qualitative a été menée. Des entrevues individuelles de type récit de vie ont été effectuées pour comprendre, du point de vue des participantes, comment a évolué leur rapport au travail et les processus qui les ont amenées à quitter leur emploi. Une étude de cas a été effectuée dans un centre de santé et de services sociaux de la province de Québec qui affichait un taux de roulement particulièrement élevé. L’étude visait les infirmières et les infirmières auxiliaires, groupe professionnel fortement touché par le roulement de la main-d’œuvre. Des entretiens en profondeur, d’une durée de 2h30 à 3 heures, ont été réalisées auprès de 42 infirmières et infirmières auxiliaires. Les résultats de la recherche sont présentés à travers la production de trois articles scientifiques. Le premier article, Pour une compréhension dynamique du rapport au travail: la valeur heuristique de la perspective des parcours de vie, a pour objectif de faire ressortir l’intérêt que présentent les principes analytiques associés à cette perspective dans l’étude du rapport au travail. Dans cet article, nous démontrons que le rapport au travail est le résultat d’un processus complexe où les aspirations des individus, leurs conditions concrètes d’emploi et les événements qui surviennent dans leur vie personnelle et familiale entretiennent des liens dynamiques et interdépendants qui façonnent le rapport au travail tout au long de la vie. Cet article apporte des éléments de réflexion à la question posée par plusieurs chercheurs : par quel moyen saisir ce qu’il en est du rapport au travail des jeunes? Le deuxième article, Rencontre entre l’idéaltype de travailleur et l’idéal de travail : le cas de jeunes infirmières en début de vie professionnelle, vise à rendre compte de la manière dont s’est faite la rencontre entre les attentes que les infirmières nourrissent à l’égard du travail et leur réalité concrète de travail à une période précise de leur trajectoire professionnelle, soit celle de leur insertion en emploi et des premières années de pratique. L’article démontre que trois dimensions du rapport au travail sont affectées par les nouvelles normes managériales qui prévalent dans le réseau de la santé et des services sociaux : 1) la place souhaitée du travail dans la vie, 2) la réalisation de soi par le travail et 3) le sens au travail. Cet article apporte une contribution dans la compréhension du rapport au travail de jeunes professionnelles qui exercent un métier de relation d’aide dans le contexte spécifique du réseau québécois de la santé et des services sociaux. Le troisième article, Comprendre le roulement comme un processus lié au cycle de la vie : le cas des infirmières, traite plus spécifiquement de la question du roulement de la main d’œuvre infirmière. Quatre parcours de départs sont présentés qui possèdent des caractéristiques distinctes relatives à la rencontre entre les attentes et la réalité concrète de travail, l’interaction entre le travail et la vie hors travail et la manière dont s’est construite dans le temps la décision de quitter son emploi. Les résultats démontrent que la décision de quitter se présente comme un processus qui se construit dans un laps de temps plus ou moins long, qui implique différentes dimensions de la vie d’un individu et qui est intimement lié à la quête de réalisation de soi au travail et dans les autres domaines de la vie. Cet article propose une façon d’appréhender le phénomène du roulement qui se distingue des modèles dominants qui abordent cette question à partir d’une lecture essentiellement individualisante et psychologisante des départs. La contribution de cette thèse à l’avancement des connaissances réside principalement dans le fait qu’elle appréhende autrement la question du rapport au travail et celle du roulement de la main-d’œuvre en recourant à la perspective des parcours de vie et à la sociologie de l’individu. L’approche que nous avons préconisée permet de saisir les processus sociaux et la multiplicité des éléments à prendre en considération dans l’étude du rapport au travail des jeunes infirmières et de la décision de quitter son emploi. Elle met en exergue l’importance de considérer le contexte social plus global dans lequel s’inscrit tout individu qui, dans les sociétés contemporaines, doit s’engager dans un travail de construction identitaire tout au long de la vie.

Professional Services

This is a study on “Professional Services: Civil Liability for Deficiency”. This study is made with special reference to medical profession. The importance of qualitative professional services does not require any emphasis. It is a matter of great concern for the people as they are consumers.This study is divided into 12 chapters. The introductory chapter deals with characteristics of profession, basis of professional liability and international efforts to check abuse of position by professional men. Consumers as laymen can not perceive the intricacies of professional services. As a result professional men could misuse their superior position to expose consumers to hardship through deficient services. This is obvious from the fact that deficiency in professional services has assumed a menacing proportion. It is indicative of failure of internal control through self-regulation to check the abuse of position by the professional men. The professional bodies entrusted with the task of enforcing disciplinary measures show a very callous and indifferent attitude towards the repressive conduct of their members. These bodies are more concerned to protect the interest of their members. They are not free from institutional bias. They have put the interest of consumers into oblivion. In effect remedies through professional bodies has become a myth. All these factors make the external control of professional services mandatory to protect the consumers from the clutches of unscrupulous professional men, who abuse their superior position. The professional men who abuse their position are exposed to liability. Their liability arises under contract, tort and statutory law. The present study substantially concentrates on professional liability of medical men. The obvious reason is that of all professional services medical services are the frequently availed services by the consumers. Medical negligence cases account for bulk of the professional negligence cases. ln India also large number of cases are coming before consumer forae. The legal principles evolved in this sphere of professional service confers an insight into legal control of other professional services as well. The same principles are applied to other professions also, as by and large all the professions share common characteristics. Such principles are modified wherever necessary to make room for differential aspects of particular profession

Proyección del CEDISIMAR.

El CEDISIMAR es el Centro de Documentación e Información del Instituto Pedagógico de Miranda José Manuel Siso Martínez, el cual tiene como misión brindar información especializada para la realización de las actividades de investigación de pregrado y postgrado, extensión y docencia del IPMJMSM y de otras Universidades, por lo que se realizó un Proyecto Especial, el cual tuvo como objetivo general: Rediseñar el Centro de Información y Documentación del Instituto Pedagógico de Miranda José Manuel Siso Martínez, ubicado en la Urbina Estado Miranda en el segundo piso del edificio Mirage, tomando en consideración la misión que tiene este centro de gran relevancia para la institución. Este proyecto tuvo seis fases: I fase diagnóstico; II fase detección de las necesidades; III fase la propuesta con soporte de la factibilidad; IV fase de ejecución; V fase resultados y producto y VI fase estudio de impacto sobre los usuarios. Los resultados evidenciaron a través de los cambios que se generan en los centros de este tipo, en cuanto a la remodelación, la infraestructura y los distintos servicios que ofrece, lo cual favoreció un mejor servicio y atención al usuario.

Estado del arte acerca de las discusiones teóricas sobre soberanía del estado y la unión monetaria europea entre 2002 - 2010. Caso: El Reino Unido

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo el Estado del arte acerca de la discusión teórica de la repercusión de la unión monetaria en el principio de soberanía nacional, específicamente el caso de Gran Bretaña, ya que éste es el único país que expresa abiertamente su incertidumbre referente a algún tipo de amenaza a su soberanía. Se pretende precisar si existen criterios concluyentes, o por el contrario determinar si no hay claridad con respecto al futuro de Gran Bretaña como miembro de la unión monetaria.A partir de lo anterior, se plantean como sus propósitos particulares construir un marco conceptual acerca de la soberanía. Este estado del arte se inicia con citas de los principales autores de finales de siglo XVII y XVIII y finaliza con las posiciones conceptuales aportadas por los teóricos modernos motivados por el nacimiento de la Unión Europea como un nuevo orden político. Entre las que se citan: modelo centrico o intergubernamentalista, modelo de gobernabilidad multi-nivel, modelo neo-funcionalista y modelo federalista. Igualmente, el trabajo, busca desarrollar un marco conceptual sobre Unión Monetaria y su evolución hasta el logro de una unión fiscal europea en el periodo de 1950-2010, establecer las relaciones teóricas entre Soberanía del Estado y Unión Monetaria y por último realizar un análisis histórico hermenéutico de la Unión Europea y el caso del Reino Unido de acuerdo a las relaciones evidenciadas en los apartados teóricos entre soberanía del Estado y Unión Monetaria.

How can strategic philanthropy contribute to innovation for companies

This investigation proposes to explore the existing link between a strategic conception of philanthropy and innovation. Indeed, the nature of the research question relies on an unexplored field in the CSR and Innovation management academic literature. It starts with the interest to know which the benefits are for a firm encouraged to invest strategically in philanthropy. In this regard, the analysis contributes in fitting this gap by following different objectives in an exploratory perspective. Throughout the research it will be analyzed the concept and the current and past contributions on the different branches of innovation (product innovation, managerial innovation, technological innovation), to accentuate the relation between an accurate strategic approach to philanthropy and the impact on the organizational value. Indeed, analyzing philanthropic innovation may provide insights about business opportunities and notions related to social investments and profit. That aspect includes the link between those strategic decisions that a firm can use to maximize those investments as it was part of their core business. It also proves the existing link between CSR and innovation, and the possibilities that the enterprises have towards this subject.

Los grupos paramilitares en Colombia: el incierto tránsito de la guerra a la paz

Esta investigación aborda las condiciones bajo las que se llevó a cabo en Colombia, en el primer gobierno del presidente Álvaro Uribe Vélez (2002-2006), la negociación entre el Estado y los grupos paramilitares. Se establecen las características de ese proceso de paz, su correspondencia con modelos tradicionales de negociación y sus alcances sobre el proceso de Desmovilización, Desarme y Reinserción (DDR) de las organizaciones paramilitares.

Building wood debris piles benefits avian seed dispersers in burned and logged Mediterranean pine forests

Salvage logging is a common practice carried out in burned forests worldwide, and intended to mitigate the economic losses caused by wildfires. Logging implies an additional disturbance occurring shortly after fire, although its ecological effects can be somewhat mitigated by leaving wood debris on site. The composition of the bird community and its capacity to provide ecosystem services such as seed dispersal of fleshy-fruited plants have been shown to be affected by postfire logging. We assessed the effects of the habitat structure resulting from different postfire management practices on the bird community, in three burned pine forests in Catalonia (western Mediterranean). For this purpose, we focused on the group of species that is responsible for seed dispersal, a process which takes place primarily during the winter in the Mediterranean basin. In addition, we assessed microhabitat selection by seed disperser birds in such environments in relation to management practices. Our results showed a significant, positive relationship between the density of wood debris piles and the abundance of seed disperser birds. Furthermore, such piles were the preferred microhabitat of these species. This reveals an important effect of forest management on seed disperser birds, which is likely to affect the dynamics of bird-dependent seed dispersal. Thus, building wood debris piles can be a useful practice for the conservation of both the species and their ecosystem services, while also being compatible with timber harvesting

Researching and designing GREAT; the extremely condensed hybrid urban block

The fact that the hybrid building is an extremely condensed urban block which increases the city’s density and contributes to the public realm of the city – horizontally as well vertically - forms one of the key interests of this documentation, research and master studio work. The “ground scraper” is not only public because of the character of its plinth facing surrounding streets, but also in regard to its interior space that is partly accessible to public. As such the European hybrid building potentially extends the city’s public domain horizontally and vertically into the building’s interior and links the public domain inside and outside. Notwithstanding, the hybrid building due to its specific and unconventional character represents a truly urban architecture that was unfortunately often rejected in the name of ‘purity’ of form and function during the twentieth century. Or with other words, its rejection demonstrates the domination of the building’s plan opposed to the section. Today, new frameworks for the city, like the “compact city,” ask for innovative interpretations and designs of building types, worthy to be investigated and proposed. The architectural type of the hybrid building, (re)defines and expresses the relation between architecture and the city in a specific manner. To begin with, the city of Rotterdam forms the first test-case of the Hybrid’s project to document and discuss statements, such as “the hybrid building has a long- standing tradition within this ‘modern city”, “it is a machine for urbanity,” “it enlarges the city,” “it innovates because of its ambitiousness but also because of necessity,” “it combines to activate,” “it asks for extraordinary design intelligence and craftsmanship.” A special way of drawing is developed to document, analyse and compare historical and contemporary representatives of the species. The method includes panoply of scales ranging from the morphological arrangement on the scale of the city, the typologies of stacking diverse programs to the architectural features that establish the mutual relationship between the public space of the city and the interior of the building. Basically the features analysed within the series of drawings are also constitutional for (the success of) every future hybrid building.

Educação inclusiva : estratégias utilizadas pelos professores do ensino regular nas turmas de educação inclusiva

A construção de uma escola inclusiva se apresenta como o grande desafio do século vigente. Este trabalho dissertativo teve como objetivos da investigação realizada compreender como as estratégias utilizadas pelos professores em suas práticas educativas, junto aos estudantes com deficiências específicas estão facilitando o processo educativo inclusivo nos anos/séries iniciais do ensino regular fundamental, como objetivo geral e levantar informações sobre os tipos de estratégias que estão sendo indicadas para subsidiar as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas por professores do ensino regular, identificar quais as estratégias pedagógicas utilizadas pelos professores do ensino regular que estão favorecendo a aprendizagem dos estudantes com deficiência inclusos no cotidiano de sala de aula, verificar quais as implicações ou obstáculos que estão concorrendo para as situações-problema existentes, na perspectiva do trabalho desenvolvido pelos respectivos docentes e comparar dentre as estratégias pedagógicas que estão sendo trabalhadas pelos professores do ensino regular quais as que apresentam melhores resultados na construção da aprendizagem de estudantes inclusos, como objetivos específicos. O processo investigativo caracterizou-se numa pesquisa de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, em nível descritivo e explicativo, com base metodológica e científica na entrevista guiada pelo método de Bardin (2010) , na técnica de observação direta em sala de aula, adotando os itens segundo o modelo de Likert para o melhor compilar os dados e preenchimento da ficha de observação e no emprego de questionário, segundo as orientações de Richardson (2009). O cenário escolhido para realização da pesquisa foi uma escola da rede municipal de Jaboatão dos Guararapes, no Estado de Pernambuco, pertencente à Região Nordeste do Brasil, por apresentar um quantitativo significativo de estudantes inclusos, perfazendo um total de 19 estudantes com deficiências diversas, e composta por 12 sujeitos participantes que lecionam em salas de aula inclusivas. Procuramos fundamentar este trabalho com base nos constructos teóricos de autores renomados na seara da educação inclusiva, tais como: Stainback e Stainback (2008), Fonseca (1995), Goffman (2004), Tardif (2008), Beyer (2010), Carvalho (2006 e 2008), Gaio e Meneguetti (2004), Machado (2009), Mantoan (2001, 2006), Pires (2008), Saviani (2005), Angher (2008) entre outros defensores da inclusão. Pode-se observar através dos resultados obtidos as experiências que comprovaram avanços nas aprendizagens dos estudantes inclusos, quando da interação com os demais estudantes, promovendo uma melhor convivência social e educativa respaldada nos princípios e valores de respeito às diferenças e igualdade de condições, de direito e deveres, de participação ativa no processo de construção e de formação da cidadania de todos. Com o suporte de estratégias educacionais, como a contratação de estagiários de apoio, a disponibilização de recursos diversos, e a adoção de concepções de caráter da educação inclusiva apresentadas pelos participantes da pesquisa como elementos facilitadores da aprendizagem. Entretanto, como entraves foram percebidos a falta de formação acadêmica específica dos sujeitos participantes, a inadequação física do prédio escolar, a adoção de uma proposta pedagógica que não contempla os preceitos da educação inclusiva e o não oferecimento do atendimento educacional especializado aos estudantes no recinto escolar nem extraescolar, com profissionais de áreas afins para complemento e suplemento à aprendizagem. Assim verificou-se que o processo de implantação da educação inclusiva que vem sendo desenvolvido pela escola já apresentou respostas favoráveis, porém muito ainda precisa ser feito para minimizar os obstáculos defrontados.

What is the new medicines use review ‘patient survey’ attempting to capture in the context of existing patient satisfaction with pharmacy questionnaires and a new conceptual framework?

The community pharmacy service medicines use review (MUR) was introduced in 2005 ‘to improve patient knowledge, concordance and use of medicines’ through a private patient–pharmacist consultation. The MUR presents a fundamental change in community pharmacy service provision. While traditionally pharmacists are dispensers of medicines and providers of medicines advice, and patients as recipients, the MUR considers pharmacists providing consultation-type activities and patients as active participants. The MUR facilitates a two-way discussion about medicines use. Traditional patient–pharmacist behaviours transform into a new set of behaviours involving the booking of appointments, consultation processes and form completion, and the physical environment of the patient–pharmacist interaction moves from the traditional setting of the dispensary and medicines counter to a private consultation room. Thus, the new service challenges traditional identities and behaviours of the patient and the pharmacist as well as the environment in which the interaction takes place. In 2008, the UK government concluded there is at present too much emphasis on the quantity of MURs rather than on their quality.[1] A number of plans to remedy the perceived imbalance included a suggestion to reward ‘health outcomes’ achieved, with calls for a more focussed and scientific approach to the evaluation of pharmacy services using outcomes research. Specifically, the UK government set out the main principal research areas for the evaluation of pharmacy services to include ‘patient and public perceptions and satisfaction’as well as ‘impact on care and outcomes’. A limited number of ‘patient satisfaction with pharmacy services’ type questionnaires are available, of varying quality, measuring dimensions relating to pharmacists’ technical competence, behavioural impressions and general satisfaction. For example, an often cited paper by Larson[2] uses two factors to measure satisfaction, namely ‘friendly explanation’ and ‘managing therapy’; the factors are highly interrelated and the questions somewhat awkwardly phrased, but more importantly, we believe the questionnaire excludes some specific domains unique to the MUR. By conducting patient interviews with recent MUR recipients, we have been working to identify relevant concepts and develop a conceptual framework to inform item development for a Patient Reported Outcome Measure questionnaire bespoke to the MUR. We note with interest the recent launch of a multidisciplinary audit template by the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB) in an attempt to review the effectiveness of MURs and improve their quality.[3] This template includes an MUR ‘patient survey’. We will discuss this ‘patient survey’ in light of our work and existing patient satisfaction with pharmacy questionnaires, outlining a new conceptual framework as a basis for measuring patient satisfaction with the MUR. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the NHS Surrey Research Ethics Committee on 2 June 2008. References 1. Department of Health (2008). Pharmacy in England: Building on Strengths – Delivering the Future. London: HMSO. www. official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm73/7341/7341.pdf (accessed 29 September 2009). 2. Larson LN et al. Patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care: update of a validated instrument. JAmPharmAssoc 2002; 42: 44–50. 3. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (2009). Pharmacy Medicines Use Review – Patient Audit. London: RPSGB. http:// qi4pd.org.uk/index.php/Medicines-Use-Review-Patient-Audit. html (accessed 29 September 2009).

Building cluster and shading in urban canyon for hot dry climate - Part 1: Air and surface temperature measurements

Under low latitude conditions, minimization of solar radiation within the urban environment may often be a desirable criterion in urban design. The dominance of the direct component of the global solar irradiance under clear high sun conditions requires that the street solar access must be small. It is well known that the size and proportion of open spaces has a great influence on the urban microclimate This paper is directed towards finding the interaction between urban canyon geometry and incident solar radiation. The effect of building height and street width on the shading of the street surfaces and ground for different orientations have been examined and evaluated. It is aimed to explore the extent to which these parameters affect the temperature in the street. This work is based on air and surface temperature measurements taken in different urban street canyons in EL-Oued City (hot and and climate), Algeria. In general, the results show that there are less air temperature variations compared to the surface temperature which really depends on the street geometry and sky view factor. In other words, there is a big correlation between the street geometry, sky view factor and surface temperatures.

The contribution of building research to the independence and quality of life of older people

Many nations are experiencing rapid rises in the life expectancy of their citizens. The implications of this major demographic shift are considerable offering opportunities as well as challenges to reconsider how people should spend their later years. A key task is enhancing the quality of life of older people through enabling them to continue to live independently even though illness, accident or frailty may have severely reduced their physical and sensory abilities and, possibly, mental health. Yet the needs of older people and disabled people have been largely ignored in the design of everyday consumer products, the home, transport systems and the built environment in general. Whilst the need for designers, engineers and technologists to provide products, environments and systems which are inclusive of all members of society is widely accepted, there is little understanding of how this can be achieved. In 1998 the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council established its EQUAL Initiative. This has encouraged design, engineering and technology researchers in universities to join with their colleagues from the social, medical and health sciences to investigate a wide range of issues experienced by older and disabled people and to propose solutions. Their research, which directly involves older and disabled people and, for example, social housing providers, social services departments, charities, engineering and architectural consultants, and transport firms, has been extremely successful. In a very short time it has influenced government policy on housing, long-term care, and building standards, and findings have been taken up by architects, designers, health-care professionals and bodies which represent older and disabled people.