Winckelmann and the invention of antiquity: history and aesthetics in the age of Altertumswissenschaft

This volume provides a new perspective on the emergence of the modern study of antiquity, Altertumswissenschaft, in eighteenth-century Germany through an exploration of debates that arose over the work of the art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann between his death in 1768 and the end of the century. This period has long been recognised as particularly formative for the development of modern classical studies, and over the past few decades has received increased attention from historians of scholarship and of ideas. Winckelmann's eloquent articulation of the cultural and aesthetic value of studying the ancient Greeks, his adumbration of a new method for studying ancient artworks, and his provision of a model of cultural-historical development in terms of a succession of period styles, influenced both the public and intra-disciplinary self-image of classics long into the twentieth century. Yet this area of Winckelmann's Nachleben has received relatively little attention compared with the proliferation of studies concerning his importance for late eighteenth-century German art and literature, for historians of sexuality, and his traditional status as a 'founder figure' within the academic disciplines of classical archaeology and the history of art. Harloe restores the figure of Winckelmann to classicists' understanding of the history of their own discipline and uses debates between important figures, such as Christian Gottlob Heyne, Friedrich August Wolf, and Johann Gottfried Herder, to cast fresh light upon the emergence of the modern paradigm of classics as Altertumswissenschaft: the multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, and historicizing study of the ancient world.

Um Mecanismo de notificação e propagação de mudanças para um modelo de versões

Um dos requisitos naturais na modelagem de diversas aplicações na área de banco de dados é a utilização de um mecanismo para controle de versões. Esse mecanismo fornece suporte a um processo evolutivo. Tal suporte permite armazenar os diferentes estágios de uma entidade em tempos distintos, ou sob diferentes pontos de vista. Estudos recentes nessa área mostram a importância de incorporar ao modelo conceitual de banco de dados, um mecanismo para auxiliar no controle da evolução de versões. A evolução de versões apresenta problemas principalmente quando ocorre em uma hierarquia de composição. Por exemplo, se existem objetos compostos fazendo referência à objetos componentes que representam versões, então modificações nos componentes podem causar alterações nos objetos que os referenciam. Normalmente as ações relativas a essas modificações são a notificação ou a propagação de mudanças. Algumas propostas adicionam mecanismos de notificação e propagação ao modelo conceitual utilizado por aplicações não convencionais. Isso é importante porque mecanismos deste tipo auxiliam no controle da integridade de dados e na divulgação de informações sobre as mudanças realizadas no banco de dados. O objetivo do trabalho aqui descrito é apresentar um mecanismo de notificação e propagação, que trata da evolução de dados, para um modelo de versões. É definido um modelo de classes com propriedades e operações que permitem manter e manipular subscrições de eventos referentes à evolução de objetos e versões e reagir diante da ocorrência destes eventos. Para atender os requisitos das diferentes aplicações, esta proposta especifica três estratégias. Cada uma delas apresenta diferentes funcionalidades: notificação ativa (enviar mensagens sobre mudanças ocorridas); notificação passiva (armazenar informações sobre mudanças ocorridas) e propagação (alterar o conteúdo do banco de dados automaticamente). Para validar o mecanismo proposto, uma implementação é apresentada para o sistema Oracle 8.

Contingência e análise infinita : estudo sobre o lugar do princípio de continuidade na filosofia de Leibniz

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Ratos tratados com dieta cetogênica apresentam aumento de tecido adiposo mediado pela elevação da atividade da fosfoenolpiruvato carboxicinase

A Dieta Cetogênica é caracterizada pelo alto teor de gordura e baixo teor de carboidratos e proteínas, e tem sido proposta como benéfica em crianças com desordens epiléticas que não respondem ao tratamento convencional de drogas anti-epiléticas. O retardo de crescimento é um importante inconveniente desta dieta e as causas metabólicas ainda não estão bem caracterizadas. O objetivo desse estudo é examinar a variação de peso corporal e de tecido adiposo de ratos Wistar tratados com a dieta cetogênica durante 6 semanas, e a atividade da fração citosólica da enzima fosfoenolpiruvato carboxicinase (PEPCK) no tecido adiposo. Os ratos alimentados com a dieta cetogênica apresentaram uma diminuição do peso corporal, mas um significante aumento de tecido adiposo. A razão tecido adiposo/peso corporal apresentou diferenças entre os ratos cetogênicos e os controles já na primeira semana de tratamento, cerca de 2 vezes maior nos ratos cetogênicos. A lipogênese visceral foi mantida por um aumento na atividade da PEPCK, objetivando o fornecimento de glicerol-3- fosfato para a síntese de triacilglicerol e este acúmulo de gordura foi acompanhado por intolerância à glicose. Não foram observadas mudanças na glicemia e lipidemia basais. Estes dados contribuem para o entendimento dos efeitos metabólicos da dieta cetogênica e sugere alguns riscos potenciais desta dieta.

Are defaults a family affair?: the relationship between kinship and microloan performance

A partir de uma grande base de dados fornecida por uma instituição de microcrédito do nordeste brasileiro, a relação entre parentesco e inadimplência é analisada. O presente trabalho mostra evidências de que o parentesco entre membros de um grupo solidário afeta positivamente a adimplência. Grupos em que todos os membros possuíam algum laço de parentesco entre si apresentaram uma probabilidade 24% menor de inadimplência do que grupo sem esses laços. Além disso, quando considerado apenas o primeiro empréstimo, grupos com 100% de parentesco entre os membros apresentaram uma probabilidade 45% menor de inadimplência em comparação com membros sem relações de parentesco. Os resultados deste trabalho também mostram que há uma relação negativa entre parentesco e probabilidade de mudança na formação de um grupo solidário. Essas análises permitem fazer inferências acerca dos mecanismos pelos quais o parentesco afeta o desempenho do microcrédito. Os resultados sugerem que o parentesco possui um benefício maior no processo de autosseleção do grupo. Além disso, os resultados também sugerem que o impacto positivo do parentesco nas atividades de automonitoramento compensa o enfraquecimento das atividades de enforcement.

The effects of credit risk transfer on bank monitoring and firm financing

This paper examines the efects of the transfer of credit risk associated with bank loans. We are interested in (a) whether the transfer of credit risk has any impact on the intensity with which banks monitor their borrowers and (b) whether credit risk transfer infuences the amount of financing that is provided to firms in an economy. Our model first develops conditions under which bank finance is available to firrms, mainly in the spirit of Holmstrom/Tirole (1997). We then introduce projects with uncorrelated pay-offs and argue that one possible economic rationale for credit risk transfer is diversi¯cation. We analyze whether and how within this scenario the transfer of the credit risk of loans changes a bank's incentives to monitor its debtors. Finally we investigate whether and what kind of impact this may have on the amount of ¯nancing available to firms in an economy. Our results indicate that the monitoring incentives are being eroded indeed and that credit risk transfer can increase the overall amount of obtainable funds in an economy.

Cyclicality of SME Lending and Government Involvement in Banks

Recent regulatory efforts aim at lowering the cyclicality of bank lending because of its potential detrimental effects on financial stability and the real economy. We investigate the cyclicality of SME lending by local banks with vs. without a public mandate, controlling for location, size, loan maturity, funding structure, liquidity, profitability, and credit demand-side factors. The public mandate is set by local governments and stipulates a deviation from strict profit maximization and a sustainable provision of financial services to local customers. We find that banks with a public mandate are 25 percent less cyclical than other local banks. The result is credit supply-side driven and especially strong for savings banks with high liquidity and stable deposit funding. Our findings have implications for the banking structure, financial stability and the finance-growth nexus in a local context.

The importance of firms' strategic resources and capabilities in crisis situations

The general idea of this research is to analyze overall firm performance before and after the global financial crisis of 2008. The main question is: What kind of strategies did companies adopt that led to positive business performance after the crisis? Are there any particular competitive advantages that bring better performance in the case of an economic downturn? This research focuses on competitive advantage gained by resource-based view attributes of a product (quality, durability and prestige) and dynamic capabilities (strategic flexibility in product development and technological innovation ability). The economic crisis setting provides a proper background to analyze the competitive advantage strategies in a dynamic, low-probability environment to determine which are most worth adopting in the business world. I employ an OLS regression analysis in order to measure the business performance of 136 Brazilian firms across four years – 2002, 2005, 2008 and 2012. The findings indicate that even though all of the strategic resources and capabilities positively influence firm performance in expansionary periods, only the superior product characteristics are pertinent in surviving an economic downturn.

Cyclicality of SME lending and government involvement in banks

Recent regulatory efforts aim at lowering the cyclicality of bank lending because of its potential detrimental effects on financial stability and the real economy. We investigate the cyclicality of SME lending by local banks with vs. without a public mandate, controlling for location, size, loan maturity, funding structure, liquidity, profitability, and credit demand-side factors. The public mandate is set by local governments and stipulates a deviation from strict profit maximization and a sustainable provision of financial services to local customers. We find that banks with a public mandate are 25 percent less cyclical than other local banks. The result is credit supply-side driven and especially strong for savings banks with high liquidity and stable deposit funding. Our findings have implications for the banking structure, financial stability and the finance-growth nexus in a local context.

Caracterização comportamental e distribuição de neurônios inibitórios em um modelo animal de autismo induzido por ácido valpróico

Autism comprises a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders that affects the brain maturation and produces sensorial, motor, language and social interaction deficits in early childhood. Several studies have shown a major involvement of genetic factors leading to a predisposition to autism, which are possibly affected by environmental modulators during embryonic and post-natal life. Recent studies in animal models indicate that alterations in epigenetic control during development can generate neuronal maturation disturbances and produce a hyper-excitable circuit, resulting in typical symptoms of autism. In the animal model of autism induced by valproic acid (VPA) during rat pregnancy, behavioral, electrophysiological and cellular alterations have been reported which can also be observed in patients with autism. However, only a few studies have correlated behavioral alterations with the supposed neuronal hyper-excitability in this model. The aim of this project was to generate an animal model of autism by pre-natal exposure to VPA and evaluate the early post-natal development and pre-puberal (PND30) behavior in the offspring. Furthermore, we quantified the parvalbumin-positive neuronal distribution in the medial prefrontal cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of VPA animals. Our results show that VPA treatment induced developmental alterations, which were observed in behavioral changes as compared to vehicle-treated controls. VPA animals showed clear behavioral abnormalities such as hyperlocomotion, prolonged stereotipies and reduced social interaction with an unfamiliar mate. Cellular quantification revealed a decrease in the number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex and in the prelimbic cortex of the mPFC, suggesting an excitatory/inhibitory unbalance in this animal model of autism. Moreover, we also observed that the neuronal reduction occurred mainly in the cortical layers II/III and V/VI. We did not detect any change in the density of Purkinje neurons in the Crus I region of the cerebellar cortex. Together, our results strengthens the face validity of the VPA model in rats and shed light on specific changes in the inhibitory circuitry of the prefrontal cortex in this autism model. Further studies should address the challenges to clarify particular electrophysiological correlates of the cellular alterations in order to better understand the behavioral dysfunctions

Nucleon flavor asymmetry in a statistical quark model

A statistical model of linear-confined quarks is applied to obtain the flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea. The model parametrization is fixed by the experimental available data, where a temperature parameter is used to fit the Gottfried sum rule violation. Results are presented for the ratios of light quark and antiquark distributions, d/u and (d) over bar/(u) over bar.

Quark sea asymmetry of the nucleon

The light anti-quark and quark distribution in the proton, as well as the neutron to proton ratio of the structure functions, extracted from experimental data, are well fitted by a, statistical model of linear-confined quarks. The parameters of the model are given by a temperature, which is adjusted by the Gottfried sum-rule violation, and two chemical potentials given by the corresponding up (u) and down (d) quark normalizations in the nucleon. The quark energy levels are generated by a relativistic linear-confined scalar plus vector potential.

Quark sea structure functions of the nucleon in a statistical model

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)