971 resultados para Francia-Historia-1789-1815
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Alexandre Jose de Melo Moraes (1816-1882), foi medico Historiador e politico brasileiro. Revela-se como autor de um Compêndio de historia no ano de 1854, quando publica a obra Ensaio corografico do imperio do Brasil. O sucesso da obra levou-o a mudar radicalmente o rumo de seu interesse de assuntos tão diversos como a Medicina, Botanica e Agricultura para a Historia. Mello Moraes não tinha formação de historiador nem jamais se dedicara a pesquisa historica, porem legou seu nome a posteridade como um dos maiores amealhadores de documentos historicos relevantes. Sua obra e recheada de preocupações politicas assemelhou a tarefa de historiador a de um juiz que censura, mostra os defeitos, acusa os crimes ou louva as virtudes para a posteridade. Foi considerado um Grande colecionador e pesquisador.
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Earlier studies have shown that the speed of information transmission developed radically during the 19th century. The fast development was mainly due to the change from sailing ships and horse-driven coaches to steamers and railways, as well as the telegraph. Speed of information transmission has normally been measured by calculating the duration between writing and receiving a letter, or between an important event and the time when the news was published elsewhere. As overseas mail was generally carried by ships, the history of communications and maritime history are closely related. This study also brings a postal historical aspect to the academic discussion. Additionally, there is another new aspect included. In business enterprises, information flows generally consisted of multiple transactions. Although fast one-way information was often crucial, e.g. news of a changing market situation, at least equally important was that there was a possibility to react rapidly. To examine the development of business information transmission, the duration of mail transport has been measured by a systematic and commensurable method, using consecutive information circles per year as the principal tool for measurement. The study covers a period of six decades, several of the world's most important trade routes and different mail-carrying systems operated by merchant ships, sailing packets and several nations' steamship services. The main sources have been the sailing data of mail-carrying ships and correspondence of several merchant houses in England. As the world's main trade routes had their specific historical backgrounds with different businesses, interests and needs, the systems for information transmission did not develop similarly or simultaneously. It was a process lasting several decades, initiated by the idea of organizing sailings in a regular line system. The evolution proceeded generally as follows: originally there was a more or less irregular system, then a regular system and finally a more frequent regular system of mail services. The trend was from sail to steam, but both these means of communication improved following the same scheme. Faster sailings alone did not radically improve the number of consecutive information circles per year, if the communication was not frequent enough. Neither did improved frequency advance the information circulation if the trip was very long or if the sailings were overlapping instead of complementing each other. The speed of information transmission could be improved by speeding up the voyage itself (technological improvements, minimizing the waiting time at ports of call, etc.) but especially by organizing sailings so that the recipients had the possibility to reply to arriving mails without unnecessary delay. It took two to three decades before the mail-carrying shipping companies were able to organize their sailings in an optimal way. Strategic shortcuts over isthmuses (e.g. Panama, Suez) together with the cooperation between steamships and railways enabled the most effective improvements in global communications before the introduction of the telegraph.
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958 p.
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Antonio Duplá Ansuategui, Piedad Frías Nogales e Iban Zaldúa (editores)
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Inserida no contexto português da segunda metade do século XVIII, cenário de importantes mudanças culturais e marcado pela presença centralizadora do marquês de Pombal, a Academia Fluviense Médica, Cirúrgica, Botânica e Farmacêutica, estabelecida no Rio de Janeiro em 1772 sob a proteção do vice-rei, marquês do Lavradio, e direção da família Paiva, constituiu-se ao mesmo tempo como um espaço para a discussão e prática das ciências, produzindo conhecimento de caráter utilitário no âmbito da História Natural com vistas ao revigoramento e diversificação da agricultura colonial; como também um meio para o exercício da política das relações pessoais do Antigo Regime. Analisando as obras do presidente da Academia, José Henriques Ferreira e as de seu irmão, Manoel Joaquim Henriques de Paiva, foi possível compreender algumas implicações sócio-econômicas e, sobretudo, políticas, associadas à forma como se operavam concepções tais como natureza e ciência, que eram fundamentais no setecentos.
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