Estudo de adobes melhorados com cimento e adição de resíduos de concreto

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Caracterização do compósito obtido a partir de borracha natural com negro e resíduos de couro aplicado como pisos e revestimentos

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Avaliação da auto-suficiência energética de reatores anaeróbicos aplicados ao tratamento de resíduos de uma cervejaria em escala piloto

This project aimed to analyze the feasibility of the methane yield associated to the anaerobic digestion of brewery residues, checking whether the energetic balance of the system is favorable. The methane yield efficiency was calculated for the parameters of two papers that treated solids with a particle-size <1mm. Theses solids are not degraded in conventional treatment systems. Calculations were based in the reactions of anaerobic degradation of the macromolecules that compose brewery residues, considering the theoretical production and the effective production of methane. The results were 50.44% and 52.86%. Regarding to the energy balance of the anaerobic treatment, we noted the high influence of the selection and operating regime of electrical equipment over the potential energy. The best situation, in which the energetic self-sufficiency was reached, was observed when using the mixer under an intermittent regime (1min/h), without employing the heating recirculator, for the maximum organic loading of 4.0 gVS/L.day (days 248-258). In this case, the system would generate an amount of energy equal to 0.0356 kWh/day, able to overcome the energy required by the equipment in about 6.5 times. Moreover, we also noted the interference of the application of different solid loadings in the reactors, once the application of the higher organic load generated 5 times more energy than the application of the smaller one

Tetraethylortossilicate plasma thin film with hydrophilic and hydrophobic characteristics: Use on passive mixers

This work aims to obtain plasma thin film composites with hydrophobic/hydrophilic alternated regions, which are useful for the production of miniaturized mixers. These regions were acquired by two different strategies: either the codeposition of TEOS and HFE plasma thin films or the exposition of TEOS plasma films to ultraviolet radiation (UVA and UVC). These films were characterized by several chemical and physical techniques. The refractive indexes vary from 1.4 to 1.7; infrared and photoelectron spectroscopy detect Si-O-Si and CHn species. Silicone-like structures with high or low number of amorphous carbon microparticles and with fluorinated organic clusters were produced. Cluster dimensions were in the 1-5 mm range and they are made of graphite or COF (carbon/oxygen/fluorine) compounds. Scanning electron and optical microscopy showed rough surfaces. Water contact angles were 90º; however, for TEOS films that value changed after 6 hr of UVC exposure. Moreover, after UV exposure, organic polar compounds could be adsorbed in those films and water was not. The passive mixer performance was simulated using the FemLab 3.2® program and was tested with 20 nm thick films on a silicon wafer, showing the capacity of these films to be used in such devices.

Sugarcane bagasse ash: new filler to natural rubber composite

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Misturador para análise de propriedades reológicas

This study aimed to evaluate the use of a mixer to determine the rheological properties of fluids. The mixer is comprised of an agitation tank and an anchor type impeller. The tests were performed with honey and fruit juices (orange, guava and peach). The rheological characterization was performed using data from the torque and rotation speed required for the operation of fluid agitation. Tests were also made with a concentric cylinder rotational viscometer with the samples being subjected to various shear rates. The rheological parameters were obtained from the flow curves fitted to the power law model. Analyses of results showed that the mixer can be used, within its limitations, to determine rheological properties.

Materials prepared from biopolyethylene and curaua fibers: Composites from biomass

Composites of high-density biopolyethylene (HDBPE) obtained from ethylene derived from sugarcane ethanol and curaua fibers were formed by first mixing in an internal mixer followed by thermopressing. Additionally, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (LHPB), which is usually used as an impact modifier, was mainly used in this study as a compatibilizer agent. The fibers, HDBPE and LHPB were also compounded using an inter-meshing twin-screw extruder and, subsequently, injection molded. The presence of the curaua fibers enhanced some of the properties of the HDBPE, such as its flexural strength and storage modulus. SEM images showed that the addition of LHPB improved the adhesion of the fiber/matrix at the interface, which increased the impact strength of the composite. The higher shear experienced during processing probably led to a more homogeneous distribution of fibers, making the composite that was prepared through extruder/injection molding more resistant to impact than the composite processed by the internal mixer/thermopressing. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Near-infrared quantum cutting through a three-step energy transfer process in Nd3+-Yb3+ co-doped fluoroindogallate glasses

The Nd3+-Yb3+ couple was investigated in fluoroindogallate glasses using optical spectroscopy to elucidate the energy transfer mechanisms involved in the downconversion (DC) process. Upon excitation of a Nd3+ ion by an ultraviolet photon, DC through a three-step energy transfer process occurs, in which the energy of the ultraviolet photon absorbed by the Nd3+ ion is converted into three infrared photons emitted by Yb3+ ions, i.e. quantum cutting (QC). In addition, with excitation in the visible, our results confirm that the DC process occurs through a one-step energy transfer process, in which the energy of a visible photon absorbed by the Nd3+ ion is converted into only one infrared photon emitted by an Yb3+ ion. Time-resolved measurements enabled the estimation of the efficiencies of the cross-relaxation processes between Nd3+ and Yb3+ ions.

Compact and autonomous multiwavelength microanalyzer for in-line and in situ colorimetric determinations

Nowadays, the attainment of microsystems that integrate most of the stages involved in an analytical process has raised an enormous interest in several research fields. This approach provides experimental set-ups of increased robustness and reliability, which simplify their application to in-line and continuous biomedical and environmental monitoring. In this work, a novel, compact and autonomous microanalyzer aimed at multiwavelength colorimetric determinations is presented. It integrates the microfluidics (a three-dimensional mixer and a 25 mm length "Z-shape" optical flow-cell), a highly versatile multiwavelength optical detection system and the associated electronics for signal processing and drive, all in the same device. The flexibility provided by its design allows the microanalyzer to be operated either in single fixed mode to provide a dedicated photometer or in multiple wavelength mode to obtain discrete pseudospectra. To increase its reliability, automate its operation and allow it to work under unattended conditions, a multicommutation sub-system was developed and integrated with the experimental set-up. The device was initially evaluated in the absence of chemical reactions using four acidochromic dyes and later applied to determine some key environmental parameters such as phenol index, chromium(VI) and nitrite ions. Results were comparable with those obtained with commercial instrumentation and allowed to demonstrate the versatility of the proposed microanalyzer as an autonomous and portable device able to be applied to other analytical methodologies based on colorimetric determinations.

Enabling Blocks for Integrated CMOS UWB Transceivers

The last decades have seen an unrivaled growth and diffusion of mobile telecommunications. Several standards have been developed to this purposes, from GSM mobile phone communications to WLAN IEEE 802.11, providing different services for the the transmission of signals ranging from voice to high data rate digital communications and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). In this wide research and market field, this thesis focuses on Ultra Wideband (UWB) communications, an emerging technology for providing very high data rate transmissions over very short distances. In particular the presented research deals with the circuit design of enabling blocks for MB-OFDM UWB CMOS single-chip transceivers, namely the frequency synthesizer and the transmission mixer and power amplifier. First we discuss three different models for the simulation of chargepump phase-locked loops, namely the continuous time s-domain and discrete time z-domain approximations and the exact semi-analytical time-domain model. The limitations of the two approximated models are analyzed in terms of error in the computed settling time as a function of loop parameters, deriving practical conditions under which the different models are reliable for fast settling PLLs up to fourth order. Besides, a phase noise analysis method based upon the time-domain model is introduced and compared to the results obtained by means of the s-domain model. We compare the three models over the simulation of a fast switching PLL to be integrated in a frequency synthesizer for WiMedia MB-OFDM UWB systems. In the second part, the theoretical analysis is applied to the design of a 60mW 3.4 to 9.2GHz 12 Bands frequency synthesizer for MB-OFDM UWB based on two wide-band PLLs. The design is presented and discussed up to layout level. A test chip has been implemented in TSMC CMOS 90nm technology, measured data is provided. The functionality of the circuit is proved and specifications are met with state-of-the-art area occupation and power consumption. The last part of the thesis deals with the design of a transmission mixer and a power amplifier for MB-OFDM UWB band group 1. The design has been carried on up to layout level in ST Microlectronics 65nm CMOS technology. Main characteristics of the systems are the wideband behavior (1.6 GHz of bandwidth) and the constant behavior over process parameters, temperature and supply voltage thanks to the design of dedicated adaptive biasing circuits.

MikroSISAK für die Chemie der schwersten Elemente

ZusammenfassungrnDie vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt Experimente mit einer Apparatur namens Mikro-rnSISAK, die in der Lage ist, eine Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion im Mikroliter-Maßstab durchzuführen. Dabei werden zwei nicht mischbare Flüssigkeiten in einer Mikrostruktur emulgiert und anschließend über eine Teflonmembran wieder entmischt.rnIn ersten Experimenten wurden verschiedene Extraktionssysteme für Elemente derrnGruppen 4 und 7 des Periodensystems der Elemente untersucht und die Ergebnisse mit denen aus Schüttelversuchen verglichen. Da die zunächst erreichten Extraktionsausbeuten nicht ausreichend waren, wurden verschiedene Maßnahmen zu deren Verbesserung herangezogen.rnZunächst hat man mit Hilfe eines an die MikroSISAK-Apparatur angelegten Heizelements die dort für die Extraktion herrschende Temperatur erhöht. Dies führte wie erhofft zu einer höheren Extraktionsausbeute.rnDes Weiteren wurde MikroSISAK vom Institut für Mikrotechnik Mainz, welches derrnEntwickler und Konstrukteur der Apparatur ist, durch eine Erweiterung modifiziert, um den Kontakt der beiden Phasen zwischen Mischer und Separationseinheit zu verlängern. Auch dies verbesserte der Extraktionsausbeute.rnNun erschienen die erzielten Ergebnisse als ausreichend, um die Apparatur für online-Experimente an den TRIGA-Reaktor Mainz zu koppeln. Hierfür wurden durch Kernreaktion erzeugte Spaltprodukte des Technetiums MikroSISAK zugeführt, um sie dort abzutrennen und anschließend über ihren Zerfall an einem Detektor nachzuweisen. Neben erfolgreichen Ergebnissen lieferten diese Experimente auch die Belege für die Funktionsfähigkeit eines neuen Entgasers und für die Möglichkeit sowohl diesen als auch ein adäquates Detektorsystem an die MikroSISAK-Apparatur anzuschließen.rnDies schafft die Voraussetzung für die eigentliche Anwendungsidee, die hinter der Entwicklung von MikroSISAK steckt: Die Untersuchung der chemischen Eigenschaften von kurzlebigen superschweren Elementen (SHE) an einem Schwerionenbeschleuniger. Es liegt nahe, solche Experimente für das schwere Homologe des Technetiums, Element 107, Bohrium, ins Auge zu fassen.

Caratterizzazione della microflora spontanea di un alimento fermentato vegano

Tra i prodotti vegani più richiesti vi sono i “formaggi” vegani, alimenti fermentati a base di frutta secca o ottenuti attraverso trattamenti su latte di mandorla e latte di soia, e successivamente fermentati. Nella mia attività ho caratterizzato un alimento fermentato vegano e studiato la successione microbica durante la fermentazione di un “formaggio” ottenuto partendo da anacardi e preparato in maniera artigianale. Oltre agli aspetti microbiologici, ho analizzato anche alcune caratteristiche fisico chimiche. Durante il processo di produzione gli anacardi vengono messi in ammollo per 8 ore a temperatura ambiente e, successivamente, i semi vengono scolati e risciacquati sotto acqua corrente. Gli anacardi vengono poi addizionati di acqua e microrganismi probiotici e tritati in un mixer fino al raggiungimento di una crema omogenea. A questo punto il prodotto viene lasciato riposare a temperatura ambiente per 48 ore durante le quali ha luogo la fermentazione e poi addizionato di ingredienti. Le indagini chimico fisiche effettuate hanno evidenziato che il pH si mostra già basso prima dell’inizio della fermentazione vera e propria e scende a 4.5 dopo 48 ore di riposo a causa dell’accumulo di acidi organici, ed in particolare di acido lattico e acetico che indicando un’attività fermentativa condotta dai batteri lattici. Le analisi microbiologiche hanno confermato che l’effettivo agente di fermentazione era costituito da questi batteri che sono stati identificati a livello molecolare. Le specie identificate due eterofermentanti (Weissella e Leuconostoc), presenti soprattutto nelle prime fasi della fermentazione, ed una omofermentante (Pediococcus), prende il sopravvento mano a mano che la fermentazione procede. Il lavoro svolto ha permesso di ottenere alcune importanti informazioni per la produzione industriale di un “formaggio” vegano fermentato. Il processo studiato presenta numerosi punti di rischio che devono essere presi in considerazione prima di poter giungere alla messa a punto di un prodotto definitivo.

Rdnet network - protocollo di comunicazione tra controller e pc tramite cavo lan

Questo documento presenta la relazione di una tesi in azienda svolta presso la ditta RCF spa a Reggio Emilia. La tesi consiste nell’apportare migliorie ad un software preesistente, che opera nel campo di dispositivi audio di diverse tipologie (es casse e mixer), i quali normalmente vengono utilizzati nel sistema d’impianto audio in un concerto. In particolare la nuova funzionalità sviluppata consiste nell’implementazione del protocollo di comunicazione tra controllore e PC mediante l’utilizzo di una connessione Ethernet.

Scale Up of PLA Nanoparticle Synthesis by Solvent Displacement and Functionalization of the Particles with a Silica Shell for Targeted Drug Delivery Applications

Biodegradable polymer nanoparticles have the properties necessary to address many of the issues associated with current drug delivery techniques including targeted and controlled delivery. A novel drug delivery vehicle is proposed consisting of a poly(lactic acid) nanoparticle core, with a functionalized, mesoporous silica shell. In this study, the production of PLA nanoparticles is investigated using solvent displacement in both a batch and continuous manner, and the effects of various system parameters are examined. Using Pluronic F-127 as the stabilization agent throughout the study, PLA nanoparticles are produced through solvent displacement with diameters ranging from 200 to 250 nm using two different methods: dropwise addition and in an impinging jet mixer. The impinging jet mixer allows for easy scale-up of particle production. The concentration of surfactant and volume of quench solution is found to have minimal impact on particle diameter; however, the concentration of PLA is found to significantly impact the diameter mean and polydispersity. In addition, the stability of the PLA nanoparticles is observed to increase as residual THF is evaporated. Lastly, the isolated PLA nanoparticles are coated with a silica shell using the Stöber Process. It is found that functionalizing the silica with a phosphonic silane in the presence of excess Pluronic F-127 decreases coalescence of the particles during the coating process. Future work should be conducted to fine-tune the PLA nanoparticle synthesis process by understanding the effect of other system parameters and in synthesizing mesoporous silica shells.

The Acropolitan - v. 4, no. 1

In this issue...Executive Committee Elections, Dancing Club, Maiden Rock Surveying Field Trip, Mines Mixer, Badger Mine, geology, Butte, Montana