A emergência da criança no Brasil

Pretende-se desenvolver aqui uma reflexão sobre como, a partir do século XIX, no nosso país, a criança passou a ser alvo de forças que dela se apropriaram para forjar o indivíduo obediente e, sobretudo, útil. A submissão ao poder patriarcal foi substituída pela submi~ são a um poder distribuído e organi zado dentro da sociedade que atravessa os corpos e exerce sobre eles um controle tão forte quanto discreto, produzindo no final uma multidão de individua lidades, de "di6e~ença~" ... iguais. Dentro da família a mulher passou a ocupar um lugar de destaque pois, como mãe, papel enaltecido a partir de então, veio a ser a responsável pela formação e educação dos filhos, futuros cidadãos. Sua função viria a ser reforçada pela esco la e por outros dispositivos do poder discipl inar, como o enten de Foucault. Hoje, o conhecimento do mundo infantil, o atendimento das necessidaaes da criança, a compreensão dos seus desejos sa-o, n a ver d a de, p r o d u ç õ e s das p r á t i c a s d e c o n t r o 1 e e v i g i 1 ã n c i a da s crianças. Pensar sobre essas questões e o começo de uma mudança que se quer, aqui, estimular. Por contágio.

O processo de escolarização e a questão da identidade da criança da classe popular

o homem é simultaneamente um ser animal e um ser social. E não somente uma. síntese bio-pSico+rocial. mas tam bém ideológico-afetiva. .1 A formação da personalidade nO.rmal ?I~ patológica nao esti fundamentalmsnte centrada no indivídtioiiológico, mas sim em suas relaç5es com o mundo, isto é} no relaciona- mento de seu potencial bio-psíquico com o social. i ~ Entre to~o~ os animais é o homem aquele que possui relativamente ao período total de vida, a mais longa : infân cia e portanto o que atravessa o maior período de aprendiz~ ~. gem social. Nele, a educabilidade vem sobrepondo-se aos ins tintos. Na realidade, o homem inicia, ao nascer, um proce~ so de tomada de consciência mediatizado por sua relação com os objetos e as pessoas que o cercam, reconstruindo o mun do e elaborando gradativamente sua identidad~. I" I Nesse processo de conscientização ~~antitativa e qualitativa da realidade 6bjetiva e de si próprio, a escola ocupi um importante papel, não só como um lugar de transmis I são d~, conhecimento mas uma agência de socialização de gra~ de significado. Examinar teoricamente a importância desse processo de escolarização veiculado pela relação do professor com seu aluno, par:l a elaboração da idcntid:Hlc da criança da clas- se po~ular ê objetivo desse trabalho. A escola como processo de difusão de cultura influ '! encia na v1são de mundo que o aluno tem de si e dos outros, interferindo em certa medida nas suas próprias atitudes fren te a vida. A escola assume um significado mui to importante f~ cionando como ponte entre a identificação da família e o gru po social mais amplo. A discriminação econômica que sofre a criança da classe popular' ~ revivida na relação direta com seu profes- sor que valoriza a cultura da classe dominante, menospreza a, cultura popular. criando na criança pobre um sentimento de ihcapacidade que s6 serve para justificar a dominação. Na relação professor-aluno a criança revive seus cc:>nflitos sociais revestidos de seus conflitos familiares. Nesse sentido o exame da questão ideol6gica para o estudo da influência do processo de escolarização na forma- çao da identidade da criança da classe popular passa também por uma compreensão dos aspectos afetivos que estruturam a relação professor-aluno e que lhe servem de suporte.

O que a criança nos diz quando parece nada falar? : o desbloqueio do discurso falado através do não-verbal

Esta dissertação tem como base o estudo de caso de uma criança com dificuldade na fala, diagnosticada por neurologista, fonoaudiólogo e psicólogo como apresentando um distúrbio no desenvolvimento global com suspeita de deficiência mental. A metodologia está amparada na forma e na estrutura que FREUD se utiliza na descrição do caso do pequeno Hans (1909), onde a criança é falada por seus pais. Utilizamos como referencial teórico a Psicomotricidade Relacional, a Psicanálise e a Educação Inclusiva, fazendo parte de uma idéia de estrutura interligada e inter-relacionada. Seus fundamentos foram caminhos ao tema desta dissertação ou seja: o que a criança nos diz quando parece nada falar? o desbloqueio do discurso falado através do não-verbal. Este desbloqueio do discurso falado, que no início das sessões propostas pelo pesquisador com base na comunicação não-verbal, apresentava-se, pela criança (estudo de caso), apenas com monossílabas e a repetição de uma palavra “amnei”, foi aos poucos e progressivamente, evoluindo a outras palavras, chegando a frases pequenas, juntamente com sua mudança de comportamento e relacionamento na família e na escola. Nossa abordagem visa fazer emergir da criança seus desejos, seus interesses, suas faltas e falas, através do jogo livre e espontâneo, do brincar, na busca de seu reconhecimento de sujeito diferente, portanto único, ator, atuante. O foco psicoafetivo do sujeito é o cerne de nossa atuação, onde o facilitador, orientador das sessões, deve estar disponível e disposto a interagir mas observando o desejo da criança, favorecendo a realização simbólica de seus desejos e frustrações inconscientes. Desta forma pretendemos apresentar, quem sabe, novas formas e maneiras de abordagens possíveis a serem realizadas com crianças com dificuldades na aprendizagem, procurando restabelecer a dinâmica do desejo do ser, em busca de sua autonomia, utilizando suas possibilidades na resolução dos problemas.

Escola e família: da inevitabilidade da comunicação à construção de uma realidade relacional (estudo exploratório no 1º ciclo do Ensino Básico)

Com esta investigação procurou-se aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o processo comunicacional que se estabelece entre a escola e a família ao nível do 1º ciclo do ensino básico, e mais especificamente descrever as práticas e apreender e compreender o significado que os professores conferem a essas práticas. Numa primeira fase foram inquiridos 132 professores do 1º ciclo do ensino básico do Funchal através de um questionário traduzido e adaptado (Montandon, 1989), através do qual se procuraram identificar as práticas de contacto individual e colectivo e as suas circunstâncias. Numa segunda fase promoveu-se a discussão em dois focus groups distintos de modo a compreender o significado que os agentes no terreno e os peritos em educação, quer na área governativa quer na área formativa, conferiam às práticas comunicacionais. Os resultados indicaram que os professores preferem os contactos individuais e informais com os pais, de quem têm em geral uma representação negativa, e cuja principal finalidade é o conhecimento da criança. O factor essencialmente diferenciador das práticas dos professores foi o tempo de serviço nas suas dimensões pessoais, profissionais e sociais. Neste contexto, a formação de professores, inicial ou contínua, é sublinhada como uma forma de promover a comunicação entre pais e professores.

Humanização do atendimento à criança na atenção básica: visão dos profissionais

Objetivou-se compreender a humanização do atendimento à criança na Atenção Básica na visão dos profissionais. Estudo qualitativo, realizado em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de Natal-RN, Brasil. Dezesseis profissionais responderam a um formulário contendo questões referentes ao atendimento à criança, à humanização e às práticas realizadas para humanizar o atendimento. Os dados foram categorizados por temas e analisados a partir dos princípios da Política Nacional de Humanização. Para os profissionais, humanizar o atendimento envolve acolher, escutar, aconselhar sobre o que está sendo realizado com a criança, valorizar a família, e tornar o sujeito ativo no atendimento, mesmo que de forma incipiente. A maioria dos profissionais descreveu atendimento que valorizava parte dos princípios da política de humanização, mesmo com dificuldades para implementá-los na rotina. Requer, portanto, estímulos e atualização dos profissionais para uma postura autocrítica sobre o atendimento

Tecendo vivências e sentidos do câncer infantil : família, doença e redes de apoio social em Natal-RN

This paper discusses the experiences related to the treatment of children´s cancer which had children, their mothers and families as their main characters. They were mainly originated from areas in the countryside and urban poor areas in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The non-governmental organization Grupo de Apoio à Criança com Câncer (GACC) was the privileged ethnographic location. In this setting, the mother, which was called acompanhante (companion), and the children, defined as pacientes (patients), were often sheltered in reason of therapeutic practices and the treatment undertaken by children in a nearby hospital. This study aims to focus on the therapeutic itinerary, beyond the children´s suffering, dealing with the family as a whole, since the moral values from these popular families imply the complete involvement of the family in relation to the illness and its treatment. Therefore, it is experienced as a family problem. We also intend to understand the construction of meanings to the illness, dealing with the ideological continuity in the relationships between the families and the GACC. These meanings were built in the intersection of these two spheres, which refer particularly to medical, religious and emotional explanations. Ethnographic methods were applied in this research at the entity and another social contexts, such as the family households. I also tried to retrieve the process of treatment outside the GACC, visiting the family context, when doing dense interviews or just having conversations with informants. It was found that the GACC, as a non-governmental organization, generates a negotiation of identities, which develops, then, through the family as a whole, but also through the child and especially the mother, affecting, in some way, their internal organization. Furthermore, the meanings of the experience of illness appeared to be shaped by the family sphere as well as by the logic of public health structures

O teatro do oprimido e sua contribuição na formação da criança com transtorno do déficit de atenção com hiperatividade

This research investigates and reports the contributions of the Theatre of the Oppressed and its techniques as a therapeutic resource in the education of children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity. In the first chapter organize one studying theoretical seeking to conceptualize and understand the Learning, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, seeking to better understand the behavior and the behavior of children with ADHD. Researching on the symptoms, causes and effects of this syndrome. Trace a relationship between familyschool- specialists in an attempt to prove the importance of family support in the teachinglearning process and treatment of these children. In the second chapter start conceptualizing theater, the relationship between work-Theatre-Education Therapy, explain the difference between the theatrical stage and the therapeutic stage. Account the importance of theater games in the classroom and its contribution to social and educational training of the child. Justify the choice of the Theatre of the Oppressed recognizing him as the primary method for this research, because it is a set of exercises, games and techniques that help the child regain equilibrium relations, developing autonomy, encourages creativity and spontaneity, freeing them from their oppression. Besides being an efficient transformation behavior, improving behavior, allowing the inclusion of children in society. It is verified the effectiveness of the method and techniques in their work with children Municipal School Professor. Antonio Severiano in Natal / RN, allowing these children develop body awareness, working senses, thought, memory, inhibition, teaching to expose your point of view, understand and deal with their emotions, respecting its limits and develop their motor and cognitive skills

Avaliação do cuidado na estratégia saúde da família em metrópoles do nordeste brasileiro

Objective: To evaluate the implementation of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Brazilian cities of the Northeast, expanding coverage, analyzing the progress, challenges and innovations. Methods: Multicentric Evaluation Research, Studies Baselines in urban centers, using as a case study method. Selected cases of Aracaju, being capital, advanced coverage with extended team, and Fortaleza, capital coverage incipient and minimal staff. In Fortaleza, purposive sample of 11 Units Primary (APS), 03 managers, 53 professionals and 109 users. In Aracaju, 09 units of APS, 02 managers, 36 professionals, and 90 users. Structured interviews for managers, and structured to professionals and users. Descriptive analysis focusing on the political and institutional dimensions, organization and comprehensive care. Results: There was consensus that the ESF is the preferred port users and acts as inducing changes in care. In the case of Fortaleza, the specificities were: care protocols and community activities aimed at chronic conditions (100%) , with greater participation of doctors and nurses (93%) ; conjunction with more complex services, but the teams reported difficulties with the examination center and experts, the long waits and poor access to local services were the main difficulties reported by users., As innovative practice, the therapeutic group of elderly caregivers mentioned by respondents; There was intersectoral initiatives and teams 87 % of users have participated in meetings about health problems. In the case of Aracaju, care protocols were directed to the lines of care and formulated locally, 85 % coverage of the population with FHS counterpart local financing; employees hired by public tender; 70 % of teams with expertise in public health center for continuing education acting; democratization in management; access technologies, welcoming and computerization in different integrated networks, and evaluation matrix. Conclusions: The ESF has promoted access to health care and inclusion of disadvantaged populations. Different perceptions and practices in the organization of care, with distinct trajectories of reorganization. In the case of Fortaleza, predominance of model programs valuing older, with evidence of advances in care practices and teamwork, but restricted to primary care practices and incipient in public policy perspective. In Aracaju, had network integration with technologies related to the family, in which the ESF is consolidated as public policy. It can be argued that the XII APS expanding coverage, exhibited efficacy, despite the challenges inherent to the different degrees of implementation

Um olhar sociológico sobre a criança e o brincar: espaço e tempo de construção, reinvenção e aprendizagem

This research I discuss the play, also talking with the other subjects that make up the universe in which the play is inserted, such as family, school and culture. The fundamental proposition of this dissertation assumes that the absence of play in children's lives affect their physical structure, psychological, biological, cultural, social, historical and theirs development. The initial questions were: What are the spacetimes reserved in the school for play? What is the importance of play in the development of children? Does the school recognize the importance of play in its social space? How the children perceive and use the spacetimes to play at school? Are there spacetimes at school to play? This is a theoretical and empirical research of exploratory study. The research‟s field was the Municipal School Professor Ulysses Góes, located in district of Nova Descoberta, in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte and, as research techniques, I used: participant observation, photography, structured interviews with students and questionnaires with teachers. The results indicate that for most of children, the school allows the play, few disagree with this preposition.Teachers recognize the importance of play in school, but for various reasons do not provide your practice. The dissertation points the possibility of new studies and developments for the theme.

O homem na estratégia de saúde da família

The research aimed to understand the general perception of men about their health care in a health unit família. This is an exploratory and descriptive qualitative approach, developed at the Center for Health Dr Vulpiano Cavalcante in the City of Parnamirim / RN. Participated in the investigation 12 men enrolled in the Estratégia de Saúde da Família ESF (Family Health Strategy), in the age-group 20 to 59 years lived in the catchment area of one of the ESF teams unit above. Data were collected from July to August 2009, through structured interviews, which, after transcription have undergone a process of identifying meaning units, coded and categorized according to the precepts of content analysis according to Bardin. Following in the footsteps of this method, originated the following themes: "Revealing what motivates men to seek assistance in the Estratégia de Saúde da Família," "Expressing knowledge of the Estratégia de Saúde da Família ", "an opinion about the care health and relationship with the ESF. The analysis was processed according to the principles of symbolic interactionism as Blumer. To support the discussions were used literary themes about man in the context of public health policies and the man in the family and the influences of gender. These, when they had their properties and dimensions analyzed, raised the central category Man on the Estratégia de Saúde da Família . The results show that respondents have limited knowledge about the ESF, your actions turn to use the service when no obligation arising from discomforts and accuracy of care. Moreover, delivering the opinion of the care with your health, even need, but recognizing that do not perform self-care. Given this reality, we can conclude that the perception of the man about his health in the ESF permeates gender issues that influence their behavior toward disease prevention and health promotion. This situation requires that the professionals and managers of health initiatives for the inclusion of man in the actions of the ESF assistance starting from the understanding of their conceptions of health care.

Repercussões da terapia comunitária no processo de trabalho na estratégia saúde da família: um estudo representacional

The Community Therapy (CT) is in a practice of therapeutic effect and may also be considered as a technology takes care of the therapeutic procedure group, whose purpose is to promote health, prevent illness, developed within primary care in mental health. In this study we sought to understand the social representations of health professionals who work with the Community Therapy, on use of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the city of Joao Pessoa. This is a field research with a qualitative view Moscovician Theory of Social Representations, held with seven professionals of the FHS, therapists of Community Health District II. The empirical data were obtained by carrying out two thematic therapies in April 2009, which were wheeled CT. It was used as a technique for analyzing the collective subject discourse, and the data presented through graphs, charts, maps, pictures and graphics and arranged in three stages: Subjects of the study, characterizing the study participants; Social Representations of Therapist Community presenting and discussing the social representations of therapists community studied on CT, and Consequences of Community Therapy at the Family Health Strategy, discussing the meanings attributed by the study participants about changes in FHS. Meanings were attributed to the CT by the therapists studied originated from the speeches, songs, drawings and constructed, and that presented by schematic illustration show the relation between the representations: life, listening, faith / light, change, transformation. The web, symbol of CT, appeared on the images constructed by the representatives of the study and represents the formation of bonds that allows the construction of social support networks that strengthen relationships among community. In the study, proved by professionals who have the meanings about the changes in the work process from the introduction of CT, and shown that the change took place within a more welcoming attitude on the part of professionals, the relationship between Team members had no significant changes, explained by the low compliance of team members to the CT in relation to the user front, the bond was strengthened, and this involved strengthening the role of the therapist community. It is recognized, thereby transforming the character of CT in building links with users, requiring, however, that the team is viewed as offering therapeutic services, not the professional therapist. Therefore, the CT for being a new phenomenon in health services and community belonging, it fits like a novelty which affects the construction of a representation dispute. Still, can contribute to the reorganization of mental health care in line with the new model of mental health care advocated by the Psychiatric Reform.

O processo de trabalho e a composição técnica do trabalho do enfermeiro no cuidado à saúde da criança em unidades de saúde da familia

With the trajectory that the problems related to child health are taking in our society, particularly with regard to infant mortality, beyond the process of decentralization of health and the implementation of the Family Health Strategy in the cities, where it has increased considerably performance of nursing staff in Primary Health Care, they can be considered essential factors for reflections on the care of nurse dispenses the health of these children. In order to check how it is organized the working process of the nurse in caring for these children in USFs as well as the difficulties found in the dynamics of this work, this research aimed to analyze the work processes of nurses in care Child Health in USFs, with emphasis on technologies used in producing care. This is a research exploratory and descriptive with qualitative approach, based on the theoretical reference in about Work Process and Composition Technique of Work. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews of 11 nurses who, at the moment, perform their functions for more than 01 year at USF. The guiding questions were based at theoretical reference. To analyze the results, was used the referential of content analysis, and was refer to thematic analysis. In situations that were involved closed questions of the interview, was used the aid of SPSS 15.0 program for Windows. The results indicated that the process of nurse work in health care of children, focuses on the preventive character, whose focus of the actions are healthy children, following the routines and protocols established by the Ministry of Health with a view to maintaining health them. When analyzing the data through theoretical references of Composition Technique of Work found that the core technologies of daily tasks of the nurse are directed for the use of technology soft-hard and hard, and the reason established between the Dead Working and Alive Working, there is prevalence of the first against the second in the production of this care. These situations contribute to the explanation of the emergence problems related to adhesion of mothers / caregivers to monitoring the CD, due to character prescriptive and normalizer of actions. The results also suggested the presence of "vanishing lines" in the make of nurses, confirming the self-governance of health professionals in daily work. These "vanishing lines" express the own execution of the Work Live in action, guided by the use of soft technologies, however, was not characterized as a process of technology transition. So, to get a better resolution to the problems related to child health, the nurse has reorganize your work process by focusing on the execution of work live in action.