Semantic change and intersubjectification: The origin of reprise evidential conditional in Old Catalan

The reprise evidential conditional (REC) is nowadays not very usual in Catalan: it is restricted to journalistic language and to some very formal genres (such as academic or legal language), it is not present in spontaneous discourse. On the one hand, it has been described among the rather new modality values of the conditional. On the other, the normative tradition tended to reject it for being a gallicism, or to describe it as an unsuitable neologism. Thanks to the extraction from text corpora, we surprisingly find this REC in Catalan from the beginning of the fourteenth century to the contemporary age, with semantic and pragmatic nuances and different evidence of grammaticalization. Due to the current interest in evidentiality, the REC has been widely studied in French, Italian and Portuguese, focusing mainly on its contemporary uses and not so intensively on the diachronic process that could explain the origin of this value. In line with this research, that we initiated studying the epistemic and evidential future in Catalan, our aim is to describe: a) the pragmatic context that could have been the initial point of the REC in the thirteenth century, before we find indisputable attestations of this use; b) the path of semantic change followed by the conditional from a ‘future in the past’ tense to the acquisition of epistemic and evidential values; and c) the role played by invited inferences, subjectification and intersubjectification in this change.

Pollen content and radiocarbon ages of profile Delorett, Austria

A pollen profile from the highest known peatbog in the Alps is presented. The peatbog started to grow about 8000 years ago and over the last 5000 years. The influence of man on the vegetation is documented. Before the beginning of the bronze age pasturing started.

Pollen, DNA and Vegetation records from surface sediments of lacustrine lakes along a forest tundra - tundra transect at the Taymyr peninsula, northern Siberia

Reliable information of past vegetation changes are important to project future changes, especially for areas undergoing rapid transitioning such as the boreal treeline. The application of detailed sedDNA records has the potential to enhance our understanding of vegetation changes gained mainly from pollen studies of lake sediments. This study investigates sedDNA and pollen records from 31 lakes along a gradient of increasing larch forest cover in northern Siberia (Taymyr Peninsula) and compares them with vegetation field surveys within the lake's catchment. With respect to vegetation richness, sedDNA recorded 114 taxa, about half of them to species level, while pollen analyses identified 43 pollen taxa. Both approaches exceed the 31 taxa revealed by vegetation field surveys of 400 m**2 plots. From north to south, Larix percentages increase, as is consistently recorded by all three methods. Furthermore, tundra sites are separated from forested sites in the plots of the principal component analyses. Comparison of ordination results by Procrustes and Protest analyses yields a significant fit among all compared pairs of records. Despite the overall comparability of sedDNA and pollen analyses certain idiosyncrasies in the compositional signal are observed, such as high percentages of Alnus and Betula in all pollen spectra and high percentages of Salix in all sedDNA spectra. In conclusion, our results from the treeline show that sedDNA analyses perform better than pollen in recording site-specific richness (i.e. presence/absence of certain vegetation taxa in the direct vicinity of the lake) and perform as good as pollen in tracing regional vegetation composition.

Results of a sediment profile and water analyses from Lake Hancza in northeastern Poland

We investigated the sedimentary record of Lake Hancza (northeastern Poland) using a multi-proxy approach, focusing on early to mid-Holocene climatic and environmental changes. AMS 14C dating of terrestrial macrofossils and sedimentation rate estimates from occasional varve thickness measurements were used to establish a chronology. The onset of the Holocene at c. 11600 cal. a BP is marked by the decline of Lateglacial shrub vegetation and a shift from clastic-detrital deposition to an autochthonous sedimentation dominated by biochemical calcite precipitation. Between 10000 and 9000 cal. a BP, a further environmental and climatic improvement is indicated by the spread of deciduous forests, an increase in lake organic matter and a 1.7% rise in the oxygen isotope ratios of both endogenic calcite and ostracod valves. Rising d18O values were probably caused by a combination of hydrological and climatic factors. The persistence of relatively cold and dry climate conditions in northeastern Poland during the first one and a half millennia of the Holocene could be related to a regional eastern European atmospheric circulation pattern. Prevailing anticyclonic circulation linked to a high-pressure cell above the retreating Scandinavian Ice Sheet might have blocked the influence of warm and moist Westerlies and attenuated the early Holocene climatic amelioration in the Lake Hancza region until the final decay of the ice sheet.

Palynology on lake sediments from the Pyrenees

A multi-proxy palaeoecological investigation including pollen, plant macrofossil, radiocarbon and sedimentological analyses, was performed on a small mountain lake in the Eastern Pyrenees. This has allowed the reconstruction of: (1) the vegetation history of the area based on five pollen diagrams and eight AMS14C dates and (2) the past lake-level changes, based on plant macrofossil, lithological and pollen analysis of two stratigraphical transects correlated by pollen analysis. The palaeolake may have appeared before the Younger Dryas; the lake-level was low and the vegetation dominated by cold steppic grasslands. The lake-level rose to its highest level during the Holocene in the Middle Atlantic (at ca. 5060±45 b.p.). Postglacial forests (Quercetum mixtum and Abieto-Fagetum) developed progressively in the lower part of the valley, while dense Pinus uncinata forests rapidly invaded the surroundings of the mire and remained the dominant local vegetation until present. The observed lowering of the lake levels during the Late Atlantic and the Subboreal (from 5060 ± B.P. to 3590±40 b.p.) was related to the overgrowth of the mire. The first obvious indications of anthropogenic disturbances of the vegetation are recorded at the Atlantic/Subboreal boundary as a reduction in the forest component, which has accelerated during the last two millennia.

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Caractérisation des recombinases XerC et XerD de Proteus mirabilis

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Caractérisation des recombinases XerC et XerD de Proteus mirabilis

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Pollen records of five sediment cores from northern Germany

Within a larger program research work is being done on the history of settlement and landscape of the 'Siedlungskammer' Flögeln and the adjacent area. The 'Siedlungskammer' consists of an isolated pleistocene sand ground (Geest-island) surroundet by bogs. Starting from the edge of the Geest, near which large-scale archaeological excavations are carried out, three raised bog profiles were taken at 300, 500 and 4000 m off the prehistoric settlement. They were investigated by means of pollen analysis, and reflect in a decreasing way the activities of man on the Geestisland. Another pollen diagram from the nearby fen peat was worked out for comparison. At the same time it helped to date back a prehistoric sand path to the Roman period. The pollen diagrams cover the vegetational history without gaps from the early Atlantic period to modern times. The vegetation was decisively determined by the poor soils of this area. T'he pollen diagrams give evidence of the activity of settlers since the Neolithic age, with some gaps in the beginning, but later continuously from the middle of the Bronze age until the early migration period. The influence of the nearby settlement, which existed from the Birth of Christ to the 4/5th century, comes out distinctly. Among the cereals which were then cultivated here, there also was rye, at least in the 4/5th century, but most probably already during the Roman period. Besides that people cultivated barley, oats, and flax. The settlement break during the so-called dark ages between the 4/5th century and the time about 800 A.D. was confirmed by pollen analysis. During this time the area was once more covered by forests. The fluctuations of man's activities during the late Middle Ages and modern times, as they are made visible by pollen analysis, correspond to historically wellknown developments.

El Cambio Climático en la Estrategia Global de Seguridad de la Unión Europea

El cambio climático es uno de los mayores desafíos de la actualidad. La UE ha abordado el tema de forma claramente insuficiente desde el punto de vista teórico, con unos planteamientos demasiado inmovilistas y hasta conformistas con su propia acción. Pero, al mismo tiempo, ha sido uno de los primeros y principales actores internacionales en actuar y posicionarse claramente en la lucha contra el cambio climático. La Estrategia Global de Seguridad de la UE no aborda adecuadamente ni el cambio climático como prioridad fundamental ni algunas de sus implicaciones en las políticas de los Estados Miembros de la UE.

Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Metrics as Potential Biomarkers for Survival in Glioblastoma.

OBJECTIVE: Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) is an MRI technique with potential applications in measuring brain tumor perfusion, but its clinical impact remains to be determined. We assessed the usefulness of IVIM-metrics in predicting survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma. METHODS: Fifteen patients with glioblastoma underwent MRI including spin-echo echo-planar DWI using 13 b-values ranging from 0 to 1000 s/mm2. Parametric maps for diffusion coefficient (D), pseudodiffusion coefficient (D*), and perfusion fraction (f) were generated for contrast-enhancing regions (CER) and non-enhancing regions (NCER). Regions of interest were manually drawn in regions of maximum f and on the corresponding dynamic susceptibility contrast images. Prognostic factors were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards analyses. RESULTS: We found that fCER and D*CER correlated with rCBFCER. The best cutoffs for 6-month survival were fCER>9.86% and D*CER>21.712 x10-3mm2/s (100% sensitivity, 71.4% specificity, 100% and 80% positive predictive values, and 80% and 100% negative predictive values; AUC:0.893 and 0.857, respectively). Treatment yielded the highest hazard ratio (5.484; 95% CI: 1.162-25.88; AUC: 0.723; P = 0.031); fCER combined with treatment predicted survival with 100% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: The IVIM-metrics fCER and D*CER are promising biomarkers of 6-month survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.

Seguridad ciudadana y conflicto armado: el caso de las Mesas - Municipio de El Tablon de Gomez (Nari?o)

Las Mesas es un corregimiento del municipio del Tabl?n de G?mez, ubicado al norte del departamento de Nari?o con m?s de 7 mil habitantes, este pueblo ha sido considerado como un corregimiento de gente amable y trabajadora. Pero a partir de la d?cada de 1990 la poblaci?n civil experimenta un notorio cambio en su comportamiento sociocultural y econ?mico debido a la plantaci?n de cultivos il?citos; propiamente de amapola, llevando este corregimiento al aumento de niveles de violencia y convirti?ndose en un punto propicio del narcotr?fico para las fuerzas insurgentes del pa?s (grupos guerrilleros: FARC, ELN)1 y la alteraci?n del orden p?blico. Es as? que desde el 2008 vemos ya los notorios cambios : p?rdida de autoridad de muchos de los ni?os y las ni?as, adem?s los j?venes del corregimiento de Las Mesas, haciendo que la seguridad ciudadana de los habitantes de este corregimiento se vea muy afectada, siendo los ciudadanos propensos a robos, atracos a mano armada, ri?as , secuestros , extorciones, homicidios. Esta regi?n considerada por los lugare?os como el para?so terrenal, se convirti? en un campo propicio para los conflictos sociales y armados como respuesta de la administraci?n municipal, s?lo hay planteamientos escritos, sin el rigor de una pol?tica p?blica que contenga los fundamentos para evitar la proliferaci?n de dichos conflictos.

Verdad y memoria: v?ctimas del paramilitarismo en la inspecci?n de El placer-Valle del Guamez-Bajo Putumayo en el marco del conflicto armado en Colombia (1999-2006)

El presente Trabajo de Grado describe y analiza el proceso de verdad y memoria de las v?ctimas de la Inspecci?n de El Placer, municipio Valle del Guamuez en el departamento del Putumayo, donde a?n son visibles las cicatrices del conflicto armado. El periodo estudiado corresponde a 1999-20061. Se describen las causas del conflicto armado social y pol?tico en la regi?n, desde l?gicas espec?ficas de poder de cada grupo armado y de eventualidades que transformaron el contexto a un escenario de guerra, profundizando en las acciones de los paramilitares y de su papel protag?nico durante su permanencia en la regi?n hasta su desmovilizaci?n. Finalmente analizamos caracter?sticas del proceso de verdad y memoria2 de las v?ctimas, identificando las iniciativas de memorias individuales y colectivas que se promueven en la poblaci?n para la reconstrucci?n de los hechos violentos y del tejido social, en medio del conflicto armado, social y pol?tico. El estudio es un aporte a procesos de la construcci?n de la paz, esperamos contribuir a visibilizar poblaciones que permanecen en el olvido y resistiendo en medio de la guerra.

Identidad, reconocimiento moral y transformaci?n de conflictos en el caso del Naya en 2001

El mundo moderno y el ser humano viven un deterioro en su calidad de existencia; gran responsabilidad cae sobre los hombros de las estructuras pol?tico-administrativas que lo rigen, planteamiento sustentado por Galtung (2003, 2003:20), cuando aborda el fen?meno sobre ?la violencia directa dividida en pol?tica, represiva y econ?mica?, sustentadas en estructuras dominantes; todo en detrimento del ser humano mismo. Estructuras que no responden a un acuerdo inicial ?regulaci?n equitativa y garant?as del estado a cada ciudadano, con una institucionalidad que en desmedro de su deber obstaculiza el acceso claro a derechos y garant?as, obligaciones y deberes que van sujetos a la integralidad del ser humano.