The contribution of volunteer recorders to our understanding of biological invasions

The process of invasion and the desire to predict the invasiveness (and associated impacts) of new arrivals has been a focus of attention for ecologists over centuries. The volunteer recording community has made unique and inspiring contributions to our understanding of invasion biology within Britain. Indeed information on non-native species (NNS) compiled within the GB Non-Native Species Information Portal (GB-NNSIP) would not have been possible without the involvement of volunteer experts from across Britain. Here we review examples of ways in which biological records have informed invasion biology. We specifically examine NNS information available within the GB-NNSIP to describe patterns in the arrival and establishment of NNS providing an overview of habitat associations of NNS in terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments. Monitoring and surveillance of the subset of NNS that are considered to be adversely affecting biodiversity, society or the economy, termed invasive non-native species (INNS), is critical for early warning and rapid response. Volunteers are major contributors to monitoring and surveillance of INNS and not only provide records from across Britain but also underpin the system of verification necessary to confirm the identification of sightings. Here we describe the so-called ‘alert system’ which links volunteer experts with the wider recording community to provide early warning of INNS occurrence. We highlight the need to increase understanding of community and ecosystem-level effects of invasions and particularly understanding of ecological resilience. Detailed field observations, through biological recording, will provide the spatial, temporal and taxonomic breadth required for such research. The role of the volunteer recording community in contributing to the understanding of invasion biology has been invaluable and it is clear that their expertise and commitment will continue to be so. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015,

Recent applications of Chemical Imaging to pharmaceutical process monitoring and quality control

Chemical Imaging (CI) is an emerging platform technology that integrates conventional imaging and spectroscopy to attain both spatial and spectral information from an object. Vibrational spectroscopic methods, such as Near Infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy, combined with imaging are particularly useful for analysis of biological/pharmaceutical forms. The rapid, non-destructive and non-invasive features of CI mark its potential suitability as a process analytical tool for the pharmaceutical industry, for both process monitoring and quality control in the many stages of drug production. This paper provides an overview of CI principles, instrumentation and analysis. Recent applications of Raman and NIR-CI to pharmaceutical quality and process control are presented; challenges facing Cl implementation and likely future developments in the technology are also discussed. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An introduction to biological nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques available to biology. This review is an introduction to the potential of this method and is aimed at readers who have little or no experience in acquiring or analyzing NMR spectra. We focus on spectroscopic applications of the magnetic resonance effect, rather than imaging ones, and explain how various aspects of the NMR phenomenon make it a versatile tool with which to address a number of biological problems. Using detailed examples, we discuss the use of 1H NMR spectroscopy in mixture analysis and metabolomics, the use of 13C NMR spectroscopy in tracking isotopomers and determining the flux through metabolic pathways (‘fluxomics’) and the use of 31P NMR spectroscopy in monitoring ATP generation and intracellular pH homeotasis in vivo. Further examples demonstrate how NMR spectroscopy can be used to probe the physical environment of a cell by measuring diffusion and the tumbling rates of individual metabolites and how it can determine macromolecular structures by measuring the bonds and distances which separate individual atoms. We finish by outlining some of the key challenges which remain in NMR spectroscopy and we highlight how recent advances— such as increased magnet field strengths, cryogenic cooling, microprobes and hyperpolarisation—are opening new avenues for today’s biological NMR spectroscopists.

Developments in the production of biological and synthetic binders for immunoassay and sensor-based detection of small molecules

The need for chemical and biological entities of predetermined selectivity and affinity towards target analytes is greater than ever, in applications such as environmental monitoring, bioterrorism detection and analysis of natural toxin contaminants in the food chain.

Electrical Based Sensors and Remote Monitoring System for Assessing the Corrosion Related Activity in Concrete at Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Concrete structures in marine environments are subjected to cyclic wetting and drying, corrosion of reinforcement due to chloride ingress and biological deterioration. In order to assess the quality of concrete and predict the corrosion activity of reinforcing steel in concrete in this environment, it is essential to monitor the concrete continuously right from the construction phase to the end of service life of the structure. In this paper a novel combination of sensor techniques which are integrated in a sensor probe is used to monitor the quality of cover concrete and corrosion of the reinforcement. The integrated sensor probe was embedded in different concrete samples exposed to an aggressive marine environment at the Hangzhou Bay Bridge in China. The sensor probes were connected to a monitoring station, which enabled the access and control of the data remotely from Belfast, UK. The initial data obtained from the monitoring station reflected the early age properties of the concretes and distinct variations in these properties were observed with different concrete types.

Monitoring the moisture transport in building stones using fibre optic relative humidity sensors

Weathering of stone is one of the major reasons for the damage of stone masonry structures and it takes place due to interlinked chemical, physical and biological processes in stones. The key parameters involved in the deterioration processes are temperature, moisture and salt. It is now known that the sudden variations in temperature and moisture greatly accelerate the weathering process of the building stone fabric. Therefore, in order to monitor these sudden variations an effective and continuous monitoring system is needed. Furthermore, it must consist of robust sensors which are accurate and can survive in the harsh environments experienced in and around masonry structures. Although salt penetration is important for the rate of deterioration of stone masonry structures, the processes involved are much slower than the damage associated with temperature and moisture variations. Therefore, in this paper a novel fibre optic temperature cum relative humidity sensor is described and its applicability in monitoring building stones demonstrated. The performance of the sensor is assessed in an experiment comprising wetting and drying of limestone blocks. The results indicate that the novel fibre optic relative humidity sensor which is tailor made for applications in masonry structures performed well in wetting and drying tests, whilst commercial capacitance based sensors failed to recover during the drying regime for a long period after a wetting regime. That is, the fibre optic sensor has the capability to measure both sorption and de-sorption characteristics of stone blocks. This sensor is used in a test wall in Oxford and the data thus obtained strengthened the laboratory observations.

Molecularly imprinted polymers for the extraction of imiquimod from biological samples using a template analogue strategy

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) against imiquimod, a highly potent immune response modifier used in the treatment of skin cancer, were synthesised using a template analogue strategy and were compared with imprints of the drug itself. An investigation of the complexation between the functional monomer and the template analogue revealed an association constant of 1,376 ± 122 M-1, significantly higher than previously reported values for similar systems. The binding characteristics of the synthesised imprinted polymers were evaluated and extremely strong binding for imiquimod was observed while imprinting factors as high as 17 were calculated. When applied as sorbents in solid-phase extraction of imiquimod from aqueous, urine and blood serum samples, clean extracts and recoveries up to 95% were achieved, and it is concluded that while imiquimod imprints exhibited higher capacity for the drug, template analogue imprints are more selective. The results obtained suggest potential applications of imiquimod imprints as sorbents in rapid extraction and monitoring of undesirable systemic release of the drug.

Growth of Gold Nanocrystals Incorporated with Magnetic Microbead-based Separation as a Tool for Quantification of Biological Interactions

Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely used not only as optical labels or ‘weight” labels for the detections of biorecognition events but also an amplifier of surface plasmon resonance biosensors. The intrinsic property of gold nuclei composing of a group of Au atoms to catalyze the reduction of metal ions on the NPs and thereby to enlarge the metallic nanoparticles is employed in different biosensing paths. In a solution containing Au+ ions (e.g. HAuCl4) and the Au clusters, hydrated electrons which are reduced from oxidation of reducers (H2O2, sodium citrate, ascorbic acid, or NaBH4) will be used to reduce the Au+ ion leading to the deposition of Au+ to the Au0 (Au clusters). The reaction will be catalyzed continuously by the Au0 until the Au+ ions and hydrated electrons are exhausted. As a result, the AuNPs will be grown and their optical properties are also changed. If the AuNP nanoclusters are used as probes, the color change will be dependent on amount of analytes, thus give a quantitative monitoring of the analytes.

In this study, we incorporate the use of magnetic beads with the nanocrystalline growth to quantify a target protein based on immunoreactions. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is chosen as the target analyte because of its values in diagnosis of prostate cancer. A double-sandwiched immunoassay is performed by gold-tagged monoclonal PSA antibody-PSA antigen – magnetic bead-tagged polyclonal PSA antibody interactions. After the immunoreactions, the target analytes are preconcentrated and separated by the magnetic beads while the nanogrowth plays a role of colorimetric signal developer.

The result shows that this is a very sensitive, robust and excellent strategy to detect biological interactions. PSA antigen is detected at femtomolar level with very high specificity under the presence of undesired proteins of crude samples. Furthermore, the method also shows great potential to detect other biological interactions. More details will be described in our presentation.

Towards a Mobile Assistive Technology for Monitoring and Assessing Cognitive Fatigue in Individuals with Acquired Brain Injury

Those living with an acquired brain injury often have issues with fatigue due to factors resulting from the injury. Cognitive impairments such as lack of memory, concentration and planning have a great impact on an individual’s ability to carry out general everyday tasks, which subsequently has the effect of inducing cognitive fatigue. Moreover, there is difficulty in assessing cognitive fatigue, as there are no real biological markers that can be measured. Rather, it is a very subjective effect that can only be diagnosed by the individual. Consequently, the traditional way of assessing cognitive fatigue is to use a self-assessment questionnaire that is able to determine contributing factors. State of the art methods to evaluate cognitive! fa tigue employ cognitive tests in order to analyse performance on predefined tasks. However, one primary issue with such tests is that they are typically carried out in a clinical environment, therefore do not have the ability to be utilized in situ within everyday life. This paper presents a smartphone application for the evaluation of fatigue, which can be used daily to track cognitive performance in order to assess the influence of fatigue.

Determinant factors for the use of imposex in TBT pollution monitoring

Os compostos de tributilestanho (TBT) foram utilizados como biocidas em tintas antivegetativas (AV) e amplamente aplicados, durante décadas, de forma a evitar a bioincrustação em superfícies submersas, principalmente em cascos de embarcações. Os seus efeitos deletérios em organismos não-alvo tornaram-se evidentes após o aparecimento de gastrópodes prosobrâquios com imposex – sobreposição de caracteres sexuais masculinos sobre o tracto reprodutivo das fêmeas. Desde então, a expressão do imposex em prosobrânquios tem sido amplamente utilizada como biomarcador da poluição por TBT. Um dos objectivos da presente tese é avaliar se as mais recentes restrições legais na utilização das tintas AV com compostos organoestânicos (OTs) resultaram numa redução da poluição pelos mesmos na costa continental Portuguesa. Para tal, foi levada a cabo a análise da variação temporal do imposex como biomarcador dos níveis ambientais de TBT e a validação de procedimentos, de modo a seguir de forma precisa a evolução da intensidade deste fenómeno ao longo do tempo. O trabalho de investigação teve início no momento em que a ineficácia da legislação anterior (Directiva 89/677/CEE) na redução da poluição por TBT no litoral Português era reportada na literatura e quando estavam já agendados instrumentos decisivos para a diminuição definitiva deste tipo de poluição: o Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003 do Parlamento e do Conselho da União Europeia (UE) que bania as tintas AV baseadas em TBT na sua frota a partir de 1 de Julho de 2003; a "Convenção Internacional sobre o Controlo de Sistemas Antivegetativos Nocivos em Navios” (Convenção AFS), adoptada em 2001 pela Organização Marítima Internacional (OMI), que procurava erradicar os OTs da frota mundial até 2008. Os níveis de imposex e as concentrações de OTs nos tecidos de fêmeas de Nucella lapillus foram medidos em 17 locais de amostragem ao longo da costa Portuguesa em 2003, a fim de se avaliarem os impactos do TBT nas populações desta espécie e de se criar uma base de dados para seguir a sua evolução futura. O índice da sequência do vaso deferente (VDSI), o índice do tamanho relativo do pénis (RPSI) e a percentagem de fêmeas afectadas por imposex (%I) foram utilizados na medição da intensidade deste fenómeno em cada local de amostragem e os seus valores variaram entre 0,20-4,04, 0,0- 42,2% e 16,7-100,0%, respectivamente. Foram encontradas fêmeas estéreis em 3 locais de amostragem, com percentagens a variar entre 4,0 e 6,2%. As concentrações de TBT e dibutilestanho (DBT) nas fêmeas variaram respectivamente entre 23-138 e <10-62 ng Sn.g-1 de peso seco, e o conteúdo em TBT nos tecidos revelou-se significativamente correlacionado com o imposex (nomeadamente com o RPSI e o VDSI). Os níveis de expressão do fenómeno e o conteúdo em OTs nos tecidos, foram superiores na proximidade de portos, confirmando as conclusões obtidas anteriormente por outros autores de que os navios e a actividade dos estaleiros são as principais fontes destes compostos no litoral Português. As infra-estruturas associadas ás principais fontes de OTs – portos, estaleiros e marinas – estão geralmente localizadas no interior de estuários, motivo pelo qual estas áreas têm vindo a ser descritas como as mais afectadas por estes poluentes. Por esta razão, foi levado a cabo o estudo pormenorizado da poluição por TBT na Ria de Aveiro, como caso de estudo representativo da poluição por estes compostos num sistema estuarino em Portugal continental. N. lapillus foi usada como bioindicador para avaliar a tendência temporal da poluição por TBT nesta área entre 1997 e 2007. Foi registada uma diminuição da intensidade do imposex após 2003, embora as melhorias mais evidentes tenham sido observadas entre 2005 e 2007, provavelmente devido à implementação do Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003 que proibiu a aplicação de tintas AV com TBT em navios com a bandeira da UE. Apesar desses progressos, as análises ao conteúdo em OTs nos tecidos de fêmeas de N. lapillus e em amostras de água colhidas em 2006 indicaram contaminação recente por TBT na área de estudo, evidenciando assim a permanência de fontes de poluição. A utilização de N. lapillus como bioindicador da poluição por TBT na Ria de Aveiro apresenta algumas limitações uma vez que a espécie não ocorre nas áreas mais interiores da Ria e não vive em contacto com sedimentos. Assim, a informação obtida a partir da sua utilização como bioindicador é fundamentalmente relativa aos níveis de TBT na coluna de água. Foi então necessário recorrer a um bioindicador complementar – Hydrobia ulvae – para melhor avaliar a evolução temporal da poluição por TBT no interior deste sistema estuarino e estudar a persistência de TBT nos sedimentos. Não foi registada uma diminuição dos níveis de imposex em H. ulvae na Ria de Aveiro entre 1998 e 2007, apesar da aplicação do Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003. Pelo contrário, houve um aumento global significativo da percentagem de fêmeas afectadas por imposex e um ligeiro aumento do VDSI, contrastando com o que tem sido descrito para outros bioindicadores na Ria de Aveiro no mesmo período. Estes resultados mostram que a diferente biologia/ecologia das espécies indicadoras determina vias distintas de acumulação de TBT, apontando a importância da escolha do bioindicador dependendo do compartimento a ser monitorizado (sedimento versus água). A ingestão de sedimento como hábito alimentar em H. ulvae foi discutida como sendo a razão para a escolha da espécie como indicadora da contaminação dos sedimentos por TBT. Foram também estudados os métodos mais fiáveis para reduzir a influência de variáveis críticas na medição dos níveis de imposex em H. ulvae. As comparações de parâmetros do imposex baseados em medições do pénis devem ser sempre realizadas sob condições de narcotização bem standardizadas uma vez que este procedimento provoca um aumento significativo do comprimento do pénis (PL) em ambos os sexos. O VDSI, a % e o PL em ambos os sexos revelaram ser fortemente influenciados pelo tamanho dos espécimes: a utilização de fêmeas mais pequenas conduz à subestimação do VDSI, da %I e do PL, enquanto que diferenças no tamanho dos machos provocam variações no índice do comprimento relativo do pénis (RPLI), independentemente dos níveis de poluição por TBT. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de controlar algumas variáveis envolvidas na análise do imposex que mostraram afectar a fiabilidade dos resultados. Uma vez que N. lapillus é o principal bioindicador dos efeitos biológicos específicos do TBT para a área da OSPAR, foi também estudada a influência de algumas variáveis na avaliação dos níveis de imposex nesta espécie, especificamente as relacionadas com o ciclo reprodutor e o tamanho dos espécimes. O estudo do ciclo reprodutor e a variação sazonal/espacial do comprimento do pénis do macho (MPL) incidiu num único local no litoral Português (Areão – região de Aveiro) de forma a avaliar se o RPSI varia sazonal e espacialmente na mesma estação de amostragem e se tais variações influenciam os resultados obtidos em programas de monitorização do imposex. Nos meses de Dezembro de 2005 a Junho de 2007, foram encontrados espécimes de N. lapillus sexualmente maturos e potencialmente aptos para a reprodução. Contudo, foi também evidente um padrão sazonal do ciclo reprodutor – o estado de desenvolvimento da gametogénese nas fêmeas variou sazonalmente e ocorreu uma diminuição do volume da glândula da cápsula e do factor de condição no final do Verão / início do Outono. Contrariamente, a gametogénese nos machos não apresentou variação sazonal significativa, embora os valores mais baixos do factor de condição, do comprimento do pénis e dos volumes de esperma e da próstata tenham também sido registados no final do Verão / início do Outono. Além disso, o MPL mostrou variar, no mesmo local de amostragem, inversamente com a distância aos ninhos de cápsulas ovígeras; um aumento dos valores do MPL foi também observado em espécimes de maior tamanho. Todas estas variações no MPL introduzem desvios nos resultados da avaliação do imposex quando é usado o RPSI. A magnitude do erro envolvido foi quantificada e revelou-se superior em locais com níveis mais elevados de poluição por TBT. Apesar do RPSI ser um índice que fornece informação importante sobre os níveis de poluição por TBT, a sua interpretação deve ser cuidadosa e realizada complementarmente com os outros índices, destacando-se o VDSI como índice mais fiável e com significado biológico mais expressivo. Novas campanhas de monitorização do imposex em N. lapillus foram realizadas ao longo da costa Portuguesa em 2006 e 2008, e os resultados subsequentemente comparados com a base de dados criada em 2003,de forma a avaliar a evolução da poluição por TBT no litoral Português naquele período. Nestes estudos foram aplicados novos procedimentos na monitorização e tratamento dos dados, de forma a minimizar a variação nos índices de avaliação do imposex induzida pelos factores acima descritos, para seguir com maior consistência a tendência da poluição por TBT entre 2003 e 2008. Foi observado um declínio global significativo na intensidade de imposex na área de estudo durante o referido período e a qualidade ecológica da costa Portuguesa, segundo os termos definidos pela Comissão OSPAR, revelou melhorias notáveis após 2003 confirmando a eficácia do Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003. Não obstante, as populações de N. lapillus revelaram-se ainda amplamente afectadas por imposex, tendo sido detectadas emissões de TBT na água do mar ao longo da costa em 2006, apesar da restrição anteriormente referida. Estes inputs foram atribuídos principalmente aos navios que à data ainda circulavam com tintas AV com TBT aplicadas antes de 2003, uma vez que a sua utilização nas embarcações foi apenas proibida em 2008. Considerando que o Regulamento (CE) N.º 782/2003 constitui uma antecipação da proibição global da OMI que entrou em vigor em Setembro de 2008, prevê-se, por analogia, que haja uma rápida diminuição da poluição por TBT à escala mundial num futuro próximo. Na sequência desta previsão, é apresentada uma discussão teórica preliminar relativamente ás possíveis estratégias usadas por N. lapillus na recolonização de locais onde, no passado, as populações terão aparentemente sido extintas devido a níveis extremamente elevados de TBT. Estes locais são tipicamente zonas abrigadas junto de infra-estruturas portuárias, cuja recolonização por esta espécie será provavelmente muito lenta dada a mobilidade reduzida dos adultos e o ciclo de vida não apresentar fase larvar pelágica. Foram então equacionadas duas hipotéticas vias de recolonização de zonas abrigadas por espécimes provenientes de populações de costa aberta/exposta: a migração de adultos e/ou a dispersão de juvenis. No entanto, em ambos os casos, estaria implicada a transposição de um problema amplamente descrito na bibliografia: as populações de N. lapillus de costa aberta podem apresentar um fenótipo muito diferente das de zonas abrigadas, podendo inclusivamente variar no número de cromossomas. A recolonização pode portanto não ter sucesso pelo simples facto dos novos recrutas não estarem bem adaptados aos locais a recolonizar. Para analisar este problema, foram estudados tanto a forma da concha de espécimes de N. lapillus ao longo da costa Portuguesa como o respectivo número de cromossomas. Embora a forma da concha tenha revelado diferenças, de acordo com o grau de hidrodinamismo entre as populações de N. lapillus avaliadas, o cariótipo 2n = 26, típico de zonas expostas, foi registado em todos os locais amostrados. Por outro lado, foi também testada em laboratório a possível mortalidade de juvenis em dispersão no interior menos salino dos estuários. Foi então verificada a ocorrência de mortalidade elevada de juvenis expostos a salinidades baixas (=100% após 1 hora a salinidades ≤9 psu), o que também pode comprometer a recolonização de zonas estuarinas menos salinas por esta via. Mesmo assim, os juvenis mostraram um comportamento de flutuação à superfície da água em condições laboratoriais, que pode ser considerado um benefício específico na colonização de áreas mais internas dos estuários, se tal facto vier a ser confirmado em estudos de campo. As conclusões deste estudo contribuem certamente para a descrição do final da “história do TBT” dado que, uma vez controlados alguns factores determinantes no uso do imposex como biomarcador, a avaliação do declínio da poluição por estes compostos, agora esperado à escala global, se torna mais rigorosa.

Volatile terpenoids and C13 norisoprenoids in wines: development of rapid methods of analysis and evaluation of the sesquiterpenoids biological potential

Vitis vinifera L., the most widely cultivated fruit crop in the world, was the starting point for the development of this PhD thesis. This subject was exploited following on two actual trends: i) the development of rapid, simple, and high sensitive methodologies with minimal sample handling; and ii) the valuation of natural products as a source of compounds with potential health benefits. The target group of compounds under study were the volatile terpenoids (mono and sesquiterpenoids) and C13 norisoprenoids, since they may present biological impact, either from the sensorial point of view, as regards to the wine aroma, or by the beneficial properties for the human health. Two novel methodologies for quantification of C13 norisoprenoids in wines were developed. The first methodology, a rapid method, was based on the headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry operating at selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME/GC-qMS-SIM), using GC conditions that allowed obtaining a C13 norisoprenoid volatile signature. It does not require any pre-treatment of the sample, and the C13 norisoprenoid composition of the wine was evaluated based on the chromatographic profile and specific m/z fragments, without complete chromatographic separation of its components. The second methodology, used as reference method, was based on the HS-SPME/GC-qMS-SIM, allowing the GC conditions for an adequate chromatographic resolution of wine components. For quantification purposes, external calibration curves were constructed with β-ionone, with regression coefficient (r2) of 0.9968 (RSD 12.51 %) and 0.9940 (RSD of 1.08 %) for the rapid method and for the reference method, respectively. Low detection limits (1.57 and 1.10 μg L-1) were observed. These methodologies were applied to seventeen white and red table wines. Two vitispirane isomers (158-1529 L-1) and 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (TDN) (6.42-39.45 μg L-1) were quantified. The data obtained for vitispirane isomers and TDN using the two methods were highly correlated (r2 of 0.9756 and 0.9630, respectively). A rapid methodology for the establishment of the varietal volatile profile of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Fernão-Pires' (FP) white wines by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS) was developed. Monovarietal wines from different harvests, Appellations, and producers were analysed. The study was focused on the volatiles that seem to be significant to the varietal character, such as mono and sesquiterpenic compounds, and C13 norisoprenoids. Two-dimensional chromatographic spaces containing the varietal compounds using the m/z fragments 93, 121, 161, 175 and 204 were established as follows: 1tR = 255-575 s, 2tR = 0,424-1,840 s, for monoterpenoids, 1tR = 555-685 s, 2tR = 0,528-0,856 s, for C13 norisoprenoids, and 1tR = 695-950 s, 2tR = 0,520-0,960 s, for sesquiterpenic compounds. For the three chemical groups under study, from a total of 170 compounds, 45 were determined in all wines, allowing defining the "varietal volatile profile" of FP wine. Among these compounds, 15 were detected for the first time in FP wines. This study proposes a HS-SPME/GCxGC-TOFMS based methodology combined with classification-reference sample to be used for rapid assessment of varietal volatile profile of wines. This approach is very useful to eliminate the majority of the non-terpenic and non-C13 norisoprenic compounds, allowing the definition of a two-dimensional chromatographic space containing these compounds, simplifying the data compared to the original data, and reducing the time of analysis. The presence of sesquiterpenic compounds in Vitis vinifera L. related products, to which are assigned several biological properties, prompted us to investigate the antioxidant, antiproliferative and hepatoprotective activities of some sesquiterpenic compounds. Firstly, the antiradical capacity of trans,trans-farnesol, cis-nerolidol, α-humulene and guaiazulene was evaluated using chemical (DPPH• and hydroxyl radicals) and biological (Caco-2 cells) models. Guaiazulene (IC50= 0.73 mM) was the sesquiterpene with higher scavenger capacity against DPPH•, while trans,trans-farnesol (IC50= 1.81 mM) and cis-nerolidol (IC50= 1.48 mM) were more active towards hydroxyl radicals. All compounds, with the exception of α-humulene, at non-cytotoxic levels (≤ 1 mM), were able to protect Caco-2 cells from oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The activity of the compounds under study was also evaluated as antiproliferative agents. Guaiazulene and cis-nerolidol were able to more effectively arrest the cell cycle in the S-phase than trans,trans-farnesol and α-humulene, being the last almost inactive. The relative hepatoprotection effect of fifteen sesquiterpenic compounds, presenting different chemical structures and commonly found in plants and plant-derived foods and beverages, was assessed. Endogenous lipid peroxidation and induced lipid peroxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide were evaluated in liver homogenates from Wistar rats. With the exception of α-humulene, all the sesquiterpenic compounds under study (1 mM) were effective in reducing the malonaldehyde levels in both endogenous and induced lipid peroxidation up to 35% and 70%, respectively. The developed 3D-QSAR models, relating the hepatoprotection activity with molecular properties, showed good fit (R2LOO > 0.819) with good prediction power (Q2 > 0.950 and SDEP < 2%) for both models. A network of effects associated with structural and chemical features of sesquiterpenic compounds such as shape, branching, symmetry, and presence of electronegative fragments, can modulate the hepatoprotective activity observed for these compounds. In conclusion, this study allowed the development of rapid and in-depth methods for the assessment of varietal volatile compounds that might have a positive impact on sensorial and health attributes related to Vitis vinifera L. These approaches can be extended to the analysis of other related food matrices, including grapes and musts, among others. In addition, the results of in vitro assays open a perspective for the promising use of the sesquiterpenic compounds, with similar chemical structures such as those studied in the present work, as antioxidants, hepatoprotective and antiproliferative agents, which meets the current challenges related to diseases of modern civilization.

Recreational shore fishing in southern Portugal: biological and socio-economic aspects and perspectives for management

Although overfishing is a concern for many fish stocks, it was for a long time only associated with commercial fishing exploitation, with less or no attention being given to the recreational fisheries. Recent research has shown however that the impact of recreational fishing on particular species can be considerable, and that the recreational harvest needs to be taken into account if fisheries are to be accurately assessed and effectively managed. In Portugal, the first recreational fishing regulations were only recently implemented. However, mirroring other European countries, regulations lacked scientific support, and specific knowledge of the activity was limited to a few studies with limited coverage. This thesis aimed to characterize the biological and socioeconomic aspects of the recreational shore angling activity in southern Portugal, to investigate whether the regulations in place were adequate and effective, and to provide recommendations for improved management and conservation of the inshore fisheries resources. A combined aerial-roving survey was conducted to gather data on fishing effort, catch, fishing trips and socioeconomic aspects (including anglers’ perceptions of regulations) of the recreational angling activity. The analysis of anglers’ catches suggested that compliance with daily bag limits was high, with less than 0.5% of creels exceeding the 10 kg angler-1 day-1 bag limit. Overall, 11.5% of the retained fishes were undersized, but non-compliance with minimum size limits was found to be high for some species (e.g. seabass, 73% undersized). In terms of the impact of recreational shore angling, the total estimated catches corresponded to less than 1% of the commercial landings for the same period (shared species). However, shore angling catches for white sea bream (Diplodus sargus) were found to be considerable, corresponding to 65% of the commercial landings (39.4% of total catch). In terms of anglers’ perceptions about the recreational fishing regulations in Portugal, the present study has shown that the majority of anglers accepted the existence of some kind of SRF regulations, but in general there was a partial or total disagreement with the recreational fishing restrictions recently put in place. Most anglers perceived themselves as not being involved in the decision-making process and claimed that some restrictions lacked a meaningful rationale (e.g. prohibition of fishing from piers/jetties). Fishers’ awareness with regard to specific aspects of the restrictions (such as the rationale for minimum size limits) was found to be very limited. During the same period, catches from sport fishing competitions were examined to test for differences with the recreational activity in terms of catches, and evaluate long term trends in catch and mean size of fish. Catches of the sport fishing competitions were found to be different from those observed for recreational fishing, being dominated by different species (e.g. garfish, mullets), and suggesting different fishing strategies of the the two types of anglers. High percentages of undersized fish were observed to be captured (and retained) during the competitions (in particular seabass, with 100% undersized), probably as a result of a single allowable minimum size (AMS) of 15 cm for all species in use in competitions. Lastly, catch and release fishing experiments were carried out to assess post-release mortality of three recreationally important species: two banded sea bream Diplodus vulgaris; black sea bream Spondyliosoma cantharus; and gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Post-release mortalities were found to be low (0-12%). The main predictor of mortality for Sparus aurata was anatomical hooking location, with 63% of the fishes that died being deeply hooked. The results support the release of fish, either from mandatory (e.g. minimum landing sizes) or voluntary practices. In summary, this thesis has demonstrated that the impact of recreational fishing for particular species is significant and needs to be taken into account for more effective management and stock assessment purposes. It has also highlighted several management issues that should be addressed in order to promote more adequate regulations in the future and prevent noncompliance issues. A periodic monitoring of the recreational fishing activity including all fishing modes (i.e. spear fishing, boat, and shore angling) would also be beneficial to ensure a timely knowledge on the global recreational fishing activity and support future management actions.